ch. 13 Medical Math, ch. 7:4 Skeletal System, ch. 7 Anatomy and Physiology
define ratio
show relationship between numbers or like values
explain the 5 function of bones.
support - the skeletal system provides structure and shape for the body protection - the skeletal system surrounds and protects the internal organs mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus, two minerals that the body needs for important regulate functions, are stored inside the bones blood cell formation - red blood cells are manufactured in the bone marrow anchoring and movement of muscles - the bones of the skeletal system act as levers for muscular actions. Muscular movement would not be possible without tendons, fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone, and ligaments , fibrous cord of tissue that attach bone to bone
what is the decimal formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit?
(°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F
what is the decimal formula for converting temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius?
(°F - 32) × 5/9 = °C
define the following terms:
-cyte; cell -ectomy; surgical removal -emia; blood -itis; inflammation -logist; specialist Bio-; life path/o; disease -tomy; cut into, excision -oma; tumor -plasty; surgical repair -stomy; mouth, opening cardio-; heart neur/o; nerve my/o; muscle histo-; tissue sarc/o; flesh, connective tissue
the metric system is based on a unit of ---. fill in blank.
10
when using military time, midnight is
12AM
what is the boiling point of the water on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scale?
212°F = 100°C
what is the freezing point of water on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scale?
32°F = 0°C
fill in the blanks. household measurement 1 inch 1 teaspoon (tsp) 1 oz 1 pt 1 qt 4 qt 2 pt 60 gtts Equivalent measurement (fill in blank) 2.5 cm (example) --- ml --- ml --- ml --- ml --- gal --- qt --- tsp household measurement 1 linear foot 1 pound (lb) 1 pint 3 feet 2 tbsp Equivalent measurement (fill in blank) --- inches --- kg --- fluid ounces --- yard (yd) --- ounce Metric Prefix kilo hecto deci milli micro Meaning 1000 times --- times --- times --- --- --- Example kilogram (example) ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
5 ml 30 ml 500 ml 1000 ml 1 gal 1 qt 1 tsp equivalent measurement 12 inches 0.454 kg 16 fluid ounces 1 yard (yd) 1 ounce hecto: 100 times: hectogram deci: 1/10: decigram milli: 1/1000: milliliter micro: 1/1,000,000: microgram
differentiate congenital from inherited disease. give 2 examples of each.
A congenital heart condition is a problem with the structure of the heart, which develops before a baby is born. An inherited heart condition develops because there is a 'mistake' or mutation in a baby's genes. congenital example heart defects limb defects inherited example cystic fibrosis, alpha- and beta-thalassemias
Define Nomenclature
A method of naming
explain the role neurons.
A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. ... Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body. These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms.
Give 3 examples of Addition and Subtraction are used in healthcare.
Addition is adding two or more numbers together to find the sum, or total Examples counting and totaling supplies for an inventory adding oral (by mouth) intakes measuring and totaling output from the body such as amounts of urine Subtraction is the process of taking a number away from another number to the find the difference, or remainder, between the numbers Examples determining weight loss or gain maintaining an inventory of supplies performing laboratory tests
describe the soft connective tissue; adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue. Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. ... Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs.
define the term idiopathic disease and describe 2 idiopathic diseases.
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin. example; acute idiopathic polyneuritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic scoliosis, etc.
explain the post-secondary educational requirements, roles, and responsibilities of the following healthcare professionals: a. Biologist b. Cytologist c. Forensic Scientist d. Genetic Engineer
Biologist A solid foundation in subjects such as biology, mathematics and chemistry while you're in high school is good preparation for a career as a biologist. A bachelor's degree in the area of biological sciences my secure you an entry position as a biologist. Biology is the study of life and living organisms. The field is generally broken up into subcategories like microbiology and physiology. Biologists have a number of educational paths from which they may choose, depending on their career intentions. A bachelor's degree in biology, biological sciences or a related discipline is sufficient for entry-level careers, but advanced research and teaching careers require a doctoral degree. Biologists study organisms and plant life to learn more about their composition, behaviors, habitats, and how they interact with other organisms and their environment. They conduct research, collect samples and measurements, perform tests and experiments, and interpret and report their findings. Regardless of field, biologists have similar duties. They research the basic principles of plant and animal life, including origin, anatomy and function. They also collect and study biological data that show how organisms interact with their environments. When biologists finish their research, they write reports on their findings and present them to clients, government agencies or the general public. Their duties may also include presenting their research at conferences, managing lab technicians, and programming computers to store, process and analyze data. 1) Develop and maintain liaisons and effective working relations with groups and individuals, agencies, and the public to encourage cooperative management strategies or to develop information and interpret findings. 2) Program and use computers to store, process and analyze data. 3) Collect and analyze biological data about relationships among and between organisms and their environment. 4) Study aquatic plants and animals and environmental conditions affecting them, such as radioactivity or pollution. 5) Communicate test results to state and federal representatives and general public.... Cytologist The job of a cytologist is to study how diseases, infections, and cancers affect cells. To embark on a career in cytology, a bachelor's degree in cytology is required at minimum, but most in this field have a master's degree or higher. Cytologists, or cytotechnologists, study and identify cells of diseases, such as cancer and bacterial infections, including the Pap test for cervical cancer. They must earn a bachelor's degree, but master's degrees are common in this field. These degree programs include classroom and hands-on work. All states require that cytotechnologists be licensed, but requirements vary. Cytologists may also become professionally certified if they choose. 1) Examine specimens using microscopes to evaluate specimen quality..... Forensic Scientist A minimum of a bachelor's degree in natural science or forensic science is required for working in this field. Some labs might require a master's degree in forensic science for more advanced positions, such as lab technician leader or supervisor. A master's degree might also be useful for specialized areas, such as DNA analysis or ballistics. Undergraduate programs include biochemistry, toxicology and criminal justice courses. Students are required to participate in extensive lab work and fulfill an internship. Forensic scientists generally perform their work inside the forensic or crime laboratory, where they are responsible for comparing and interpreting the physical evidence that was retrieved by crime scene investigators at the scene of the crime. Carrying out laboratory examinations and analyses submitted by law enforcement agencies and medical examiners Serving as expert witnesses in a court of law Genetic Engineer A genetic engineer starts by earning a bachelor's degree, typically in a branch of the physical sciences, such as biology or chemistry. Some schools offer undergraduate programs in genetic engineering or in closely-related fields such as biological engineering. Curricula typically include rigorous courses in calculus, biology, chemistry and physics. Genetic engineering research scientists, or biotechnologists, manipulate and modify the genes, or hereditary makeup, of microorganisms, plants, and animals. ... They use recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) techniques, or gene splicing, to isolate genetic material from one organism and transplant it into another. Genetic Engineering research scientist career involves manipulation, modification of the genes of plants, animals and other micro-organisms. They help in the preparation of tough antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical medicines.
differentiate degenerative from infectious disease. give 2 examples of each.
Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. In neurodegenerative diseases cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms degenerative example alzheimer 's disease parts of body breaks down faster infectious example viruses fungi
what is the difference between cartilage and osseous tissue?
Difference Between Bones and Cartilage. A bone is a hard connective tissue, while cartilage is soft connective tissue. Bones form the skeletal structure of the body, whereas cartilage is present in nose, ear, ribs, larynx, and joints and also act as a shock absorber in these joints.
define fracture and describe 8 types of bone fractures
Greenstick - bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children Simple or closed - complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin Compound or open - bone breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance of infection Impacted - broken bone ends jam into more than two pieces Comminuted - bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces Spiral - bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks Depressed - a broken piece of skull bone moves inward Colles - breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist
What 3 systems of measurements used in health care?
Household system Metric Sytem Apothecary System
Define each system of measurements.
Household system - a system of units developed so patients could measure out dosages at home using ordinary containers found in the kitchen Metric system - a decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass Apothecary system - a system used for weighing drugs and solutions, brought to the United States from England during the colonial period
describe 4 diseases and abnormal conditions of the skeletal system
Other common conditions that affect the skeletal system include: Osteoporosis: This is a disease in which the bones become fragile and prone to fracture. Leukemia: This is a cancer of the white blood cells. Osteopenia, osteitis deformans, and osteomalacia: Similar to osteoporosis, these are other types of bone loss.
what type of cells are found in the red marrow of the bones and how do the cells interrelate to the immune system?
Our bone marrow produces blood cells, called red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Inside the marrow, blood cells start off as young, immature cells called stem cells.
describe the medical term for bones of the fingers and toes.
Phalanx: Anatomically, any one of the bones in the fingers or toes. (Plural: phalanges.) There are 3 phalanges (the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx) in most of the fingers and toes. However, the thumb and large toe have only two phalanges that accounts for their being shorter.
Choose 1 of the 3 healthcare professionals listed above then state how many years of post - secondary education are required to obtain a degree in that profession. List 10 specific task performed by personnel in that career.
Physical therapist they have 3 years of post - secondary education to obtain a degree in this profession. task Assist with patient intake Preparation of equipment Preparing hot and cold packs Transporting patients Observing patients Documenting patients' responses and progress Liaise with physicians' offices and hospital personnel Active Listening: An ability to hear and carry out precise instructions from a physical therapist or physical therapist assistant. Listening to the needs of patients also is important. Interpersonal Skills: An ability to read other people's cues and react accordingly. A strong desire to help others. Attention to Detail: Patients have precise exercises that are part of their treatment, and equipment must be prepared properly to handle these. It's also important to keep treatment rooms neat and orderly. Critical Thinking: An ability to weigh different options and take decisive action. Stamina: Moving and preparing equipment and helping to move patients can be physically demanding some days. Compassion: Patients often are recovering from injuries or dealing with other serious health issues. A genuine concern for their recovery or well-being is vital to being a good P.T. aide.
What are the 7 common prefixes used in the Metric system? a. Define each prefix used in the Metric system.
Prefix: Kilo: Meaning: 1000 times: Example: Kilogram,Kilometer,Kiloliter: Meaning of example: 1000 of a gram, 1000 of a meter, 1000 of a liter Prefix: Hecto: Meaning: 100 times: Example: Hectogram: Meaning of example: 100 grams Prefix: Deca (also "Deka"): Menaing: 10 times: Example: Decaliter: 10 liters Prefix: meter, liter, gram: whole units of measuremnet Deci: 1/10: decigram: 1/10 of a gram centi: 1/100: centimeter: 1/100 of a meter milli: 1/1000: milliliter: 1/1000 of a liter micro: 1/1000000: microgram :1/1000000 of a gram
analyze the spinal column and list each region
The spine is made of 33 individual bones stacked one on top of the other. This spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist, while protecting the spinal cord from injury. Strong muscles and bones, flexible tendons and ligaments, and sensitive nerves contribute to a healthy spine.
Explain why is military time used in health care?
military time is used in healthcare to avoid the confusion created by the AM and PM used in the traditional system to designate the correct time
what 2 units of measurement are used to measures volume?
milliliters and liters
List 3 examples of how percentages are used in health care?
percentages are used to express either a whole or part of a whole Example recording statistics such as the percentage of people who die of lung cancer preparing solutions for laboratory tests calculating the amount of tax that must be subtracted from a salary check
there are 2 types of bone tissue: describe each type of bone tissue, where the tissue is located in the skeletal system, the composition of the bone tissue, and list the cells produced in each type of tissue
There are two types of bony tissue: compact and spongy. Both are with solid bony matrix secreted by osteoblast cells but arrangement of bony tissue with respect to space occupying marrow is different. Explanation: In bony tissue young osteoblasts or young osteocytes remain arranged in concentric lines: called lacunae. In between rows of cells, there are concentric layers of bony matrix: called lamellae. In compact bone, such concentric lacunae and lamellae form a small unit called osteon, with a microscopic Haversian canal running through its centre. Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are present inside Haversian canal which respectively provide nourishment to the tissue and drainage. Nerve branches are also present in Haversian canal.Compact bone, also called cortical bone, forms the shaft of long bones and inside such long bone a well defined marrow cavity remains present. Yellow bone marrow is present within marrow cavity of shaft. Compared to this, marrow cavity in spongy bone is irregular, with a mesh work of bony tissue traversing through out. Bony beams of spongy bone are called trabeculae while marrow-filled irregular cavities are called cancelli. Spongy bone is also called trabecular bone/cancellous bone. Spongy bone is present in heads of long bones; it forms all irregular bones including vertebrae, girdles, etc. and is stronger than compact bone. Moreover red bone marrow is present in spongy bone marrow cavities where blood cells are generated.
differentiate between false ribs and true ribs
True ribs: The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true ribs (or sternal ribs). False ribs: The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs.
explain the 3 roles / responsibilities of the following healthcare professionals who treat conditions and diseases of the skeletal system; physical therapist, orthopedic surgeon, and prosthetist
physical therapist 3 roles Physical therapists (PTs) are health care professionals who diagnose and treat individuals of all ages, from newborns to the very oldest, who have medical problems or other health-related conditions that limit their abilities to move and perform functional activities in their daily lives. PTs examine each individual and develop a plan using treatment techniques to promote the ability to move, reduce pain, restore function, and prevent disability. In addition, PTs work with individuals to prevent the loss of mobility before it occurs by developing fitness- and wellness-oriented programs for healthier and more active lifestyles. Physical therapists provide care for people in a variety of settings, including hospitals, private practices, outpatient clinics, home health agencies, schools, sports and fitness facilities, work settings, and nursing homes. State licensure is required in each state in which a physical therapist practices. responsibility Physical therapists help people with physical injuries or illnesses of to regain range of movement and control their pain. Physical therapists, or PTs, help people who have lost motor function due to accidents, illness or age. They help determine the root causes of the trauma, counsel patients, and work with them to create a plan for rehabilitation. Physical therapists typically create plans that involve stretching, strength training, exercises and physical manipulation to help people recover. They are experts at what the body can do, and will educate patients and families about what is possible, and keep patients motivated during ongoing therapy. PTs will track progress and report to patients and their families. Consulting with patients to learn about their physical condition and symptoms Diagnosing movement dysfunction and developing a treatment plan Teaching patients how to properly use therapeutic exercise techniques Providing stimulation or massage to promote healing Assisting patients with the use of equipment such as wheelchairs or walkers Maintaining patient records and keeping track of goals and progress Advising the patient and family about in-home treatment options and exercises orthopedic surgeon 3 roles Orthopedic surgeons work with the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments. They perform surgery to address trauma, tumors, injuries, infections and other conditions requiring surgical intervention. responsibilities Treat patients with skeletal injuries and diseases. Perform orthopedic surgeries as per established guidelines. Utilize medical equipment and tools effectively to avoid any accidents. Work with Nurses, ER Physicians and other hospital departments to ensure excellent patient care services. Recommend proper diagnostic tests to identify patient's illness. Analyze patient's symptoms and develop treatment plans. Monitor and record patient's progress according to documentation guidelines Educate patients about treatment procedures. Maintain up-to-date records of patient services and treatment procedures. Communicate with patients to obtain their medical history. Assess patient's health condition and prescribe appropriate medications. Address patient and staff concerns in a timely manner. Attend regular staff meetings to discuss about any issues or updates. Guide clinical staffs in their assigned job duties. Attend medical courses and programs for professional development. prosthetist 3 roles Prosthetists provide care to patients with partial or total absence of limbs by designing, fabricating, and fitting prostheses or artificial limbs. The prosthetist creates the design to fit the individual's particular functional and cosmetic needs; selects the appropriate materials and components; makes all necessary casts, measurements, and modifications (including static and dynamic alignment); evaluates the fit and function of the prosthesis on the patient; and teaches the patient how to care for the prosthesis resposibilities Prosthetic or medical appliance technicians create devices and appliances such as leg braces, hearing aids and artificial limbs. Orthotists and prosthetists create a design for a medical device or appliance based on the needs of the patient. The technician uses the design specifications to create the device. Technicians determine the best material and tools to use to build the prosthetic limb or medical appliance. Materials may include leather, plastic and metal. In addition, prosthetic technicians repair or change devices according to the orthotics and prosthetics professional's instructions. Maintain patients' records. Publish research findings, and present them at conferences and seminars. Research new ways to construct and use orthopedic and prosthetic devices. Show and explain orthopedic and prosthetic appliances to healthcare workers. Train and supervise orthopedic and prosthetic assistants and technicians, and other support staff. Update skills and knowledge by attending conferences and seminars. Confer with physicians in order to formulate specifications and prescriptions for orthopedic and/or prosthetic devices. Construct and fabricate appliances or supervise others who are constructing the appliances. Design orthopedic and prosthetic devices, based on physicians' prescriptions, and examination and measurement of patients. Examine, interview, and measure patients in order to determine their appliance needs, and to identify factors that could affect appliance fit. Fit, test, and evaluate devices on patients, and make adjustments for proper fit, function, and comfort. Instruct patients in the use and care of orthoses and prostheses. Make and modify plaster casts of areas that will be fitted with prostheses or orthoses, for use in the device construction process. Repair, rebuild, and modify prosthetic and orthopedic appliances. Select materials and components to be used, based on device design.
explain the difference between physiology and pathophysiology.
physiology - is the study of the processes of living organisms pathophysiology - the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
describe the characteristics of the the three kinds of muscle tissue.
skeletal - attach to bones and provide movement cardiac - causes heart to beat visceral - present in walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels
list the main group of bones in each division of the skeletal system.
the axial skeleton skull facial bones sternum (breast bone) ribs vertebral column the appendicular skeleton shoulder girdle arm wrist handbones pelvic girdle leg ankle foot bones
explain how blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the skull
the blood supply and nerves of the eye. ... sinuses as well as continuing to enter the skull and supply the meninges. ... This nerve leaves the skull via the optic canal, and provides us with our sense of sight.
define genome.
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
which system of measurement is more accurate, household or metric?
the metric system is more accurate than household because they use it for medication
explain a common health care application of the metric system?
the metric system is the most widely used measurement system in the world; it is also the primary measurement system used in the medical field. health care professionals, including medical assistants, must have the ability to convert units of measurement within and between the metric and US customary systems.
describe the anatomic parts of the long bone
the shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis. each end of a long bone is called an epiphysis. the epiphyseal plate, also known as the epiphyseal line or growth plate, represents an area of cartilage tissue that is consistently being replaced by bony, tissue as the bone grows
Give 3 examples of how whole numbers are used in healthcare.
Whole numbers are what we traditionally use to count (1,2,3...). Examples 30 40 50
explain the difference between diagnosis, ethology, and prognosis.
a diagnosis is identifying the disease or stating what it is. etiology refers to the cause of the disease. prognosis refers to a prediction of the probable course and/or the expected outcome of the disease.
define proportion
a settlement of equality between two ratios
use proportions to calculate the following problems: (show your work) a. How many 250mg tablets must be given for a total of 100mg dose? b. How many 5 grains apirins must be given for a total dosage of 75 grains?
a. 25mg 250mg 25 x 100 2500 ------ = -------- ---------- = ------ = 10 1mg 100mg 1 x 250 250 b. 5g 75g 5*x 5 ---- = ----- ---- = ---- = 15 1ml x 75*1 75
Divide each medical term into its word parts then write a definition of the term. a. arthritis b. osteoporosis c. osteotomy d. osteomalacia
a. arthritis arthr/itis - inflammation of joint b. osteoporosis oste/o/porosis - condition of small holes in the bones; noticeable loss of bone density c. osteotomy oste/o/tomy - incision in bone d. osteomalacia oste/o/malacia - abnormal softening of the bone
Refer to Appendix C page 982 DHO Simmers Textbook and answer the following questions: a. explain how to convert from 2 inches to centimeters? b. explain how to convert 2 feet to centimeters? c. explain how to convert from 2.54 centimeters to inches? d. explain how to convert from 2.2 pounds to kilograms? e. explain how to convert from 1 kilogram to pounds? f. explain how to convert from 240ml to ounces?
a. step 1: take length value 1in = 2.54cm - 2 inches step 2: multiply your length value by 2.54 - 2 x 2.54 step 3: label new value as centimeters - 2 x 2.54 = 3.08cm b. step 1: take length value 1 foot = 30.48cm - 2 feet step 2: multiply your length value by 30.48 - 2 x 30.48 step 3: label new value as centimeters - 2 x 30.48 = 60.96cm c. to convert from centimeters to inches you have to divide - 2.54/1 d. to convert from pounds to kilograms - 2.2/1 e. to covert kilograms to pounds you have to multiply - 2.2 x 1 d. to convert pounds to kilograms you have to divide f. to convert the ml to ounces you have to divide by 30 - 240/30
define the following medical terms.
acr/o - extremities ankyl/o - bent or crooked arthr/o - joint burs/o - sac carp/o - wrist cervic/o - neck chrondr/o - cartilage myel/o - marrow, spinal cord scoli/o - twisted or crooked tars/o - ankle, framework of the eyelid -centesis; puncture -ectomy; surgical removal -itis; inflammation -malacia; soft -penia; deficiency -plasty; surgical repair -oste/o; bone -tomy; cut into, excision synovi/o - synovial membrane, synovial joint rheumat/o -
explain anatomy.
anatomy - the study of the form and structure of an organism
give 3 examples of how angles are used in health care.
angles are used in: injecting medications describing joint movement indicating bed positions
give 2 examples of ball-and-socket in addition to gliding, pivot, saddle, hinge, and condylar
ball-and-socket sholder hip gliding wrist ankle knee elbow pivot neck between radius and ulna saddle thumb hinge ankle elbow knee condylar wrist
define the term bone processes and bone depression; what are their differences?
bone processes - are areas on bones that extend outward and serves as attachment zones for muscles and tendons. bone depression - an opening or hollow region in the surface of a bone at which one bone articulates with another to form a joint. bone processes has tubercules, trochanters, tuberosities, and condytes, while a bone depression has fossa, foramen, fissure, sulcus, and sinus
describe the basic parts of a cell.
cell membrane - the outer protective covering of the cell. it is also called the plasma membrane or plasma lemma. it is semipermeable; that is, it allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell while proventing the passage of other substances cytoplasm - a semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus. it contains water (70-90 percent), proteins, lipids(fats), carbohydrates, minerals, and salts. it is the site for all chemical reactions that take place in the cell, such as protein synthesis (formation) and cellular respiration organelles - or cell structures that help a cell to function, are located in the cytoplasm. the main organelles are the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum nucleus - a mass in the cytoplasm. it is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm. it is often called the "brain" of the cell because it controls many cell activities and is important in the process of mitosis or cell division. nucleolus - one or more small, round bodies located inside the nucleus, and important in cell reproduction. chromatin - located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein centrosome - located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus mitochondria - rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm golgi apparatus - a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum - a fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm vacuoles - pounchlike structures found in throughout the cytoplasm that have a vacuolar membrane with the same structure as the cell membrane lysosomes - oval or round bodies found in throughout the cytoplasm pinocytic vesicles - pocketlike folds in the cell membrane
explain the primary role of a cell.
cells are microscopic structures of life. they take on food and oxygen; produce heat and energy; move and adapt to their environment; eliminate wastes; perform special functions; and reproduce to create new, identical cells.
list the 4 main groups of tissues.
connective nerve epithelial muscle
describe the function of each type of tissue.
connective - supporting fabric of organs and other body parts nerve - controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages throughout body epithelial - it forms the lining of intestines,respiratory tract and other body cavities muscle - produce power and movement
what part of the human cell contains the nucleus, mithochondria, ribosomes, golgi apparatus?
cytoplasm
describe the three types of joints and give examples of each joint and their location in the skeletal system
diarthrosis - freely movable; located in the neck, wrist, hand, fingers, elbows, knees amphiarthrosis - slightly movable; located in the vertebrae synarthroses - immovable; located in the skull, teeth
what is the primary difference between edema and dehydration?
edema is an excess amount (too much tissue fluid) while dehydration is an insufficienct amount (not enough tissue fluid)
what type of tissue forms the lining of intestines, respiratory tract and other body cavities?
epithelial
define the term estimations.
estimation: a rough calculation or one based on incomplete data
Discuss 4 guidelines/ recommendations for estimating.
first, use rounding to get numbers that are easier to mentally complete second, watch a place value carefully third, look at the size of the answer fourth, be careful about placing decimal points
describe the primary function of blood.
form cells and intestinal tract cells reproduce continuously
describe where the long bones are located in the skeletal system
found in the extremities
Military time is always expressed using ____ digits
four
Refer to pages 354-356 in DHO Textbook: converting systems of measurement a. explain the steps used to perform conversions for distance/length, capacity/volume, and mass/weight from household measurement to the corresponding metric system unit of measure
health care work sometimes requires that units from one system of measurement are converted to those of another. this requires knowledge of equivalencies between the units of the system. there are frequently no exact equivalents, so when converting between systems, the answer is the appropriate equivalencies, a proportion is set up to identify and solve for the unknown quantity. the following steps are used for performing conversions: identify an equivalent between the two systems set up a proportion so unit measurements on each side of the equation are the same use x for the unknown value being calculated cross multiply solve for a x verify that the answer is reasonable. if converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit the answer will be smaller. for example when converting 100ml to teaspoons, the result will be smaller unit than 10 because a milliliter is a smaller unit than a teaspoon. because there are 5ml in 1 teaspoon, 10ml = 2 teaspoons if converting froma larger unit to a small unit, the answer will be larger. for example, when converting grains to milligrams, the result will be a larger unit than 2 because a grain is a larger unit than a milligram. because there are 60mg in every grain the following examples illustrate how to perform conversions: example 1: convert 19 inches to centimeters: identify the equivalency: 1 inch = 2.5 centimeters set up a proportion with the same units on each side of the equation. use x for the unknown. 1 in 2.5 cm ----- = ----- 19 in x cm cross multiply: 1*x = 2.5*19 1x = 47.5 solve for x: 1x/1 = 47.5/1 x = 47.5cm verify that the answer is reasonable: it takes a larger number of centimeters (2^1/2) to measure the same distance as 1 inch. therefore, it makes sense that the answer is larger than 19 answer: there are 47.5 centimeters in 19 inches example 2 : covert 1.5 meters to inches: identify the equivalency: 39.4 inches = 1 meter set up a proportion with the same units on each side of the equation. use x for the unknown. 39.4 inches 1 m ------------- = ------------ x in 1.5m cross multiply: 1*x = 1.5*39.4 1x = 59.1 solve for x: 1x/1 = 59.1/1 x = 59.1 inches verify that the answer is reasonable. it takes many inches to measure the distance designated by 1 meter. therefore, the answer 59.1 inches makes sense. answer: there are 59.1 inches in 1.5 meters example 3: covert 5 teaspoons to milliliters: 1 tsp 5 ml ----- = ----- 5 tsp x ml 1*x = 5*5 1x = 25 x = 25 ml answer: there are 25 milliliters in 5 teaspoons Example 4: convert 75 milliliters to ounce: 1 oz 30ml ----- = ----- x oz 75ml 30x = 75 (Note that in solving for x, eachside is dividing by 30) x = 2.5 oz answer: there are 2.5 ounces in 75 milliliters Example 5: convert 120 pounds to kilograms 2.2 lb 1 kg ------ = ------ 120 lb x kg 2.2 x = 120 ( Note that in solving for x eachside is dividing by 2.2) x = 54.5 kg (rounded to nearest tenth) answer: there are 54.5 kilograms in 120 pounds Example 6: convert 15 grains to milligrams 1 gr 60 mg ------ = ------ x = 900 mg 15 gr x mg answer: there are 900 milligrams in 15 grains Example 7: convert 2 grams to grains 15 gr 1 g ------ = ------ x gr 2 g x = 30gr answer: there are 30 grains in 2 grams example 8: convert 60 kilograms to ounces: 2.2 lb. 1 kg ------ = ------ x oz. 60 kg this problem cannot be solved using this proportion, because the unit measurements on the left side of the equation are not the same size (pound and ounce). to solve this problem, pounds must first be converted to ounces. 16oz. 1 lb ----- = ----- x. 2.2 lb knowing that 2.2 pounds = 35.2 ounces = 1 kilogram allows the appropriate proportion to be set up : 35.2 oz. 1 kg x = 2,112 oz -------- = --------- x 60 kg answer: there are 2,112 ounces in 60 kilograms. b. Distance/Length 1 mile = 5 meters two hours for a movie Capacity/Volume how many ml does 10 l represent? v=lwh Mass/Weight object= 1kg 50 lb
What are improper fractions?
improper fractions have numerators that are larger than the denominator. to reduce these fractions, divide the denominators into the numerators. the result will be a whole number or a mixed number ( whole number and a fraction). For example: the fraction 12/4 would be reduced to the whole number 3 (12/4 = 3) the fraction 11/4 would be reduced to the mixed number 2 (11/4 = 2 ^ 3/4)
list each body system then explain the primary function of each.
integumentary - protects body from injury, infection, and dehydration; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; produces vitamin D skeletal - creates framework of body, protects internal organs, produces blood cells, acts as levers for muscles muscular - produces movement, protects internal organs, produces body heat, maintains posture nervous - coordinates and controls body activities special senses - allow body to react to environment by providing sight, hearing, taste, smell, and balance circulatory - carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells; carries waste products away from cells; helps produce cells to fight infection lymphatic - carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood, assists with fighting infection respiratory - breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide digestive - digest food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste urinary - filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine endocrine - produces and secretes hormones to regulate body processes reproductive - provides for reproduction
what are the major organs/ structures of each body system?
integumentary - skin, sweat and oil, nails, and hair skeletal - bones and cartilage muscular - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles nervous - nerves, brain, spinal cord special senses - eye, ear, tongue, nose, general sense receptors circulatory - heart, blood vessels, blood, spleen lymphatic - lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, and thymus respiratory - mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas urinary - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra endocrine - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and thymus glands; pancreas, ovaries, tests reproductive - ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
the adult body contains bones of various shapes and sizes, describe the classification of the 5 types of bones then give 2 examples of each.
long bones - found in the extremities; example; humerus, femur, tibia short bones - located in hands and feet. they are cubed shaped and composed of spongy bone, which allows for flexible movement. example; carpals, phalanges flat bones - protect vital organs and provides a broad surface area for muscle attachment. example; cranium, scapulae, facial bones, sternum sesamoid bones - so name because they resemble large sesame seeds, are embedded within tendons. sesamoid bones facilitate joint movement and are found in the patella (kneecap), hands, wrist, and feet irregular bones - have an unusual or complex shape, and therefore cannot be categorized as long, flat, or short. they provide both support and protection yet allow flexible movement. example; vertebrae, jawbones, and coccyx
what soft connective tissue stores fat as a source of energy?
loose connective tissue
explain the primary function of synovial fluid
lubrication. reduces friction between bones. nutrient distribution. circulates within a joint to provide nutrients and waste disposal for chondrocytes. shock absorption. helps to distribute pressure evenly across the joint.
how is an organ form?
two or more tissue joined togetherroduces t
list the nomenclature that is used in the metric and household system of measurement for distance/length, capacity/volume, and mass/weight.
type of measurement: Distance/Length: Nomenclature: inch (" or in), foot (' or ft), yard (yd), mile (Mi): Common Equivalents: 12in = 1ft, 3ft = 1yd, 1760yds = 1mi type of measurement: Capacity/Volume: Nomenclature: drop (gtt), teaspoon (tsp), tablespoon (tbsp), ounce (oz), cup (C), pint (pt), quart (qt), gallon (gal): Common Equivalents: 60gtts = 1t, 3t = 1T, 2T = 1oz, 8oz = 1c, 2c = 1pt, 2pt = 1qt, 4qt = 1gal type of measurement: Mass/Weight: Nomenclature: ounce (oz), pound (lb): Common Equivalents: 16oz = 1lb
when using military time, the 12th hour is at
12 noon or 12PM
what type of cells are stored in the medullary canal?
fat cells
describe the composition of protoplasm.
the basic substance of all life
describe cartilage.
Cartilage is an important structural component of the body. It is a firm tissue but is softer and much more flexible than bone. Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including: Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles. Ends of the ribs.
define stem cells.
Cells within an organism that retain their ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types.
compare floating ribs to false ribs and explain their difference
Floating rib: One of the last two ribs. ... True ribs: The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true (or sternal) ribs. False ribs: The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs.
what membrane cartilage turns into solid after approximately 2 years after birth?
Intramembranous Ossification
choose a disease or condition that affects a body system then indicate how it is diagnosed, what the etiology is and what is its prognosis.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement. The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) has long been thought to involve both genetic and environmental factors, but until recently there has been no direct evidence to support either one as a causative factor. However, in the past 8 years six different genes have been identified as causing familial PD. Together, they support the notion that common pathogenetic mechanisms exist across the etiologic spectrum of PD. Specifically, mutations in alpha-synuclein, parkin, UCHL1, DJ1, PINK1, and LRRK2 cause PD, with a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. DJ1 and PINK1 are mitochondrial proteins and overexpression of alpha-synuclein and parkin induce mitochondrial defects. These same proteins are involved in the response to oxidative stress and affect proteasomal function. In contrast, few environmental factors have been characterized. Nevertheless, those toxins that have been demonstrated to have the ability to cause nigrostriatal cell death appear to interact by interfering with mitochondrial function, inducing oxidative stress, and modifying proteasomal function. Therefore, common themes are beginning to emerge in the etiopathogenesis of PD. This bodes well for research focused on the development of treatments that will modify the course of PD. Parkinson's Disease Prognosis. Parkinson's disease is not a fatal illness. However, it's a degenerative disorder that usually progresses until it leaves its patients completely debilitated. The condition usually worsens over an average of 15 years.
describe the membrane that covers the bones
Periosteum, dense fibrous membrane covering the surfaces of bones, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer (cambium). ... It also contains many blood vessels, branches of which penetrate the bone to supply the osteocytes, or bone cells.
describe the calcaneous bone.
The calcaneus, also called the heel bone, is a large bone that forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot. The calcaneus connects with the talus and cuboid bones. The connection between the talus and calcaneus forms the subtalar joint.
describe the interrelationship between the cardiovascular and respiratory system.
The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
explain the primary function of the intervertebral disks
The intervertebral discs have the following functions: They provide cushioning for the vertebrae and reduce the stress caused by impact. By keeping the vertebrae separated from each other, they act as a type of shock absorber for the spine.
name the three bones that compare the pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle, as I said above, is made up of three fused bones: the ischium, the ilium, and the pubis.
the cranium consist of 8 bones; describe each bone and the function of each cranial bone
one frontal - The frontal bone is a bone of the skull found in the forehead region. It is one of eight bones that form the cranium, or brain case. The frontal bone plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the delicate nervous tissue of the brain. It gives shape to the skull and supports several muscles of the head. two parietal - The parietal bone forms most of the upper lateral side of the skull (see Figure 3). These are paired bones, with the right and left parietal bones joining together at the top of the skull. Each parietal bone is also bounded anteriorly by the frontal bone, inferiorly by the temporal bone, and posteriorly by the occipital bone. two temporal - The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull (see Figure 3). Common wisdom has it that the temporal bone (temporal = "time") is so named because this area of the head (the temple) is where hair typically first turns gray, indicating the passage of time. one occipital - The occipital bone is the single bone that forms the posterior skull and posterior base of the cranial cavity . On its outside surface, at the posterior midline, is a small protrusion called the external occipital protuberance, which serves as an attachment site for a ligament of the posterior neck. Lateral to either side of this bump is a superior nuchal line (nuchal = "nape" or "posterior neck"). The nuchal lines represent the most superior point at which muscles of the neck attach to the skull, with only the scalp covering the skull above these lines. On the base of the skull, the occipital bone contains the large opening of the foramen magnum, which allows for passage of the spinal cord as it exits the skull. On either side of the foramen magnum is an oval-shaped occipital condyle. These condyles form joints with the first cervical vertebra and thus support the skull on top of the vertebral column. one ethmoid - The ethmoid bone is a single, midline bone that forms the roof and lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity, the upper portion of the nasal septum, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit . On the interior of the skull, the ethmoid also forms a portion of the floor of the anterior cranial cavity. one sphenoid - The sphenoid bone is a single, complex bone of the central skull . It serves as a "keystone" bone, because it joins with almost every other bone of the skull. The sphenoid forms much of the base of the central skull and also extends laterally to contribute to the sides of the skull . Inside the cranial cavity, the right and left lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, which resemble the wings of a flying bird, form the lip of a prominent ridge that marks the boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossae. The sella turcica ("Turkish saddle") is located at the midline of the middle cranial fossa. This bony region of the sphenoid bone is named for its resemblance to the horse saddles used by the Ottoman Turks, with a high back and a tall front. The rounded depression in the floor of the sella turcica is the hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa, which houses the pea-sized pituitary (hypophyseal) gland. The greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend laterally to either side away from the sella turcica, where they form the anterior floor of the middle cranial fossa. The greater wing is best seen on the outside of the lateral skull, where it forms a rectangular area immediately anterior to the squamous portion of the temporal bone.
