CH 13 Study Guide

32.In the context of attitudes, _____ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes. A. self-perception B. self-efficacy C. social identity D. social comparison

A. self-perception

33.If a person is demonstrating aggressive behavior, it is likely that he or she has low levels of _____ in the brain. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. norepinephrine D. testosterone

B. serotonin

36. According to research done on aggressive behavior, when compared with adolescents who do not play violent video games, adolescents who play such games are: A. more likely to engage in delinquent acts. B. more sensitive to real-life violence. C. less likely to engage in aggressive behaviors. D. more likely to be sensitive to the feelings of others.

A. more likely to engage in delinquent acts.

6.Conformity is to obedience as A. Milgram is to Sherif. B. Asch is to Milgram. C. Zajonc is to Milgram. D. Milgram is Zajonc.

B. Asch is to Milgram

37. Which of the following statements best defines conformity? A. A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard B. Behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority C. The ability of a person to overcome a social influence D. Unselfish interest in helping another person

A. A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

4.When compared with adolescents who do not play violent video games, adolescents who do play these games are A. more likely to engage in delinquent acts. B. more sensitive to real-life violence. C. less likely to engage in aggressive behaviors. D. more likely to be sensitive to the feelings of others.

A. more likely to engage in delinquent acts.

46._____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. A. Groupthink B. Discrimination C. Deindividuation D. Prejudice

B. Discrimination

35.Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? A. It states that besides frustration, no other experiences can cause aggression. B. It states that frustration can lead to aggression or passivity. C. It states that aggression usually leads to obedience. D. It states that aggression stems from an attitude of altruism.

B. It states that frustration can lead to aggression or passivity

43._____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. A. Informational social influence B. Social facilitation C. Groupthink D. Group polarization

C. Groupthink

40._____ refers to an individual's motivation to reject attempts to be controlled. A. Obedience B. Conformity C. Reactance D. Aggression

C. Reactance

31.An individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts is known as: A. mere exposure B. egoism C. cognitive dissonance D. prejudice

C. cognitive dissonance

49. In the context of persuasion strategies, the door-in-the-face technique involves: A. making a smaller request at the beginning. B. relying on the notion that the person doing the persuading has formed a relationship with the person being persuaded. C. making the biggest pitch first. D. avoiding the notion that the person being persuaded feels a sense of obligation to the person doing the persuading.

C. making the biggest pitch first.

27.In the original Milgram experiment, where the "learner" was on the other side of the wall and the "teacher" could only hear him pounding on the wall at 300 volts, what percentage of the "teachers" administered "shocks" all the way to the 450-volt level? A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 50 percent D. 65 percent

D. 65 percent

17. The bystander effect occurs because A. we tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do. B. if no one else is helping, we assume help is not needed. C. responsibility is diffused among witnesses. D. All of these.

D. All of these

22.The Sherif's Robbers Cave Study provided an excellent example of the power of A. the mere exposure effect. B. effort justification. C. the investment model. D. task-oriented cooperation.

D. task-oriented cooperation.

2.Cognitive dissonance theory states that individuals A. change attitudes in order to be more popular. B. change behavior in order to be more popular. C. do not perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior. D. try to make attitudes conform to behavior.

D. try to make attitudes conform to behavior.

38. In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____. A. conformity B. obedience C. reactance D. altruism

A. conformity

48.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that increases the credibility of a communicator and helps the communicator persuade other people? A. Similarity B. Prejudice C. Expertise D. Attractiveness

B. Prejudice

15.The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big ugly election sign on their lawn. If people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The committee is using A. the foot-in-the-door strategy. B. the door-in-the-face strategy. C. the elaboration likelihood model. D. the negative appeal approach.

B. the door-in-the-face strategy.

28.The processes by which individuals use social stimuli to form impressions of others is known as _____. A. self-perception B. cognitive dissonance C. person perception D. effort justification

C. person perception

7.Which of the following is NOT a reason why people develop prejudice? A. competition between groups B. cultural learning C. limits on our information-processing abilities D. in-born tendencies

D. in-born tendencies

18.Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of A. inoculation. B. social loafing. C. mere exposure effect. D. polarization.

D. polarization.

23.In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best advised to use A. a reward structure based on race. B. competition among students. C. group polarization. D. the jigsaw classroom.

D. the jigsaw classroom.

1.It appears that many attractive people possess a number of positive characteristics. This is possibly due to A. the fundamental attribution error. B. social conditioning. C. the self-serving bias. D. the self-fulfilling prophecy.

D. the self-fulfilling prophecy.

45. Ethnocentrism involves: A. asserting one's own group's dominance. B. accepting all ethnicities. C. resisting prejudice. D. being self-centered within a group.

A. asserting one's own group's dominance

29.The process by which individuals come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called _____. A. attribution B. altruism C. egoism D. ethnocentrism

A. attribution

12.You see a student stumble and drop her books in the hall. According to the fundamental attribution error, how would you explain this student's behavior? A. She must have tripped over something. B. She is a clumsy person. C. She had too many books to carry. D. She was trying to get out of someone's way.

B. She is a clumsy person

47.The advertising committee for a politician is going door-to-door and asking people to place a big, unattractive election sign on their lawns. Assuming that most people will refuse at first, the advertising committee is prepared to ask them to place a small sign on their lawns, which is the actual plan. Which strategy for successful persuasion is the advertising committee using in this scenario? A. The foot-in-the-door strategy B. The door-in-the-face strategy C. The inoculation technique D. The negative appeal approach

B. The door-in-the-face strategy

25.Subjects in Milgram's experiment who gave large shocks rationalized that they were NOT personally responsible for their actions. This raises questions about our willingness to commit inhumane acts as a result of A. self-assertion. B. obedience to a legitimate authority. C. conformity to group pressure. D. resistance compliance.

B. obedience to a legitimate authority

5.In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, approximately what percentage of participants conformed to the group's pressure? A. all of the participants B. none of the participants C. about 35% of the participants D. about 90% of the participants

C. about 35% of the participants

41.The tendency of each person in a group to exert less effort in the group because of reduced accountability is known as _____. A. obedience. B. conformity. C. social loafing. D. social facilitation.

C. social loafing.

34.The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____. A. estrogen B. thyroxin C. testosterone D. oxytocin

C. testosterone

19.The term "risky shift" is used to describe the tendency to A. make big decisions quickly. B. make riskier decisions when you are younger. C. endorse more conservative decisions when they are related to your work environment. D. endorse riskier decisions when it is a group rather than a personal decision.

D. endorse riskier decisions when it is a group rather than a personal decision.

16.A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best demonstrates the persuasion technique called A. targeting. B. positive illusion. C. social facilitation. D. the foot-in-the-door.

D. the foot-in-the-door.

26.Which of the following was the LEAST significant factor in determining the degree of obedience in Milgram's series of experiments? A. distance between the teacher and the experimenter (authority) B. amount of complaining, shouting and crying by the learner C. distance between the teacher and the learner D. the setting (whether Yale or off-campus) in which the experiment was conducted

D. the setting (whether Yale or off-campus) in which the experiment was conducted

50.The tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and underestimate the importance of a situation is called the A. halo effect. B. self-serving bias. C. fundamental attribution error. D. assumed similarity bias.

A. halo effect.

3.Research findings indicate that frustration A. always leads to some form of aggression. B. can lead to aggression or passivity. C. usually leads to obedience. D. usually leads to egoism.

B. can lead to aggression or passivity

13."Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement illustrates an attempt to reduce A. the exposure effect. B. cognitive dissonance. C. self-objectification. D. social contagion.

B. cognitive dissonance

14.Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Wal-Mart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Wal-Mart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects A. cognitive dissonance reduction. B. self-perception bias. C. informational influence. D. peripheral-route processing.

A. cognitive dissonance reduction

30.The theory of social comparison was proposed by _____. A. Albert Bandura B. Leon Festinger C. Stanley Milgram D. Soloman Asch

B. Leon Festinger

21.Prejudice is to ________ as attitude is to behavior. A.race B. discrimination C. culture D. egoism

B. discrimination

11.The light turns green and Kaylee is about to go. A man driving a red truck goes speeding through the red light. Mentally, Kaylee calls him a jerk and thinks to herself that his license should be revoked. Kaylee may be committing the ________ error. A. risky shift B. fundamental attribution C. false consensus D. conformity

B. fundamental attribution

20.After a rather lengthy trial, jurors deliberate about the defendant's guilt or innocence. The first several people talk vehemently about his guilt. Although several people have doubts, they do not express them because they do not want to get in the way of the group process. The defendant is quickly found guilty. What has just happened? A. social facilitation B. groupthink C. obedience D. risky shift

B. groupthink

39. Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____. A. reactance B. obedience C. conformity D. kindness

B. obedience

9.The fifth-grade teacher was surprised when her Japanese-American student, Hiroko, performed poorly in math. The teacher's reaction was due to A. polarization. B. stereotyping. C. self-serving bias. D. deindividuation.

B. stereotyping