Ch 13. Word Identification & Vocabulary Development
Name the correct number of morphemes in the following sentence: 'Take me to my village to die, surrounded by friends.'
12. This sentence has a total of 12 morphemes: 10 of which are free and 2 of which are bound. There are two affixes present: the suffix of '-ed' on 'surround' and suffix 's' on 'friends.'
When students are clapping syllables, how many times should they clap for the word 'bulldozer?'
3. In syllable clapping, each syllable receives one clap. Bulldozer has three syllables, so students should clap three times.
An example of using realia might include which of the following?
=Making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich in front of the class using English to describe every detail =Pointing to your shoe =Running around the room to demonstrate the phrase ''to run'' Realia is an actual item, thing, or action that helps to describe a word or action.
If a child uses the letter 'R' to represent the word 'are,' she or he is likely in the _____ stage of spelling development.
A child in the semi-phonetic stage of spelling development realizes that letters matter. For example, a child may write the letter 'u' for the word 'y-o-u,' and the letter 'r' stands in for the verb 'a-r-e.' During the semi-phonetic stage, children spell words based on what they know of phonics, but because their knowledge is limited, the words are often spelled with just one or two letters.
What is a phoneme?
A single unit of sound in speech A phoneme is a single unit of sound in speech, like /s/, or /a/. Language is built by combining these sounds into words. Students need an understanding of phonemes to grasp phonics and spelling.
Which of the following is an important use of dictation?
Assessing students' grasp of phonics Dictation can be a powerful assessment tool, giving teachers a sense of what phonics concepts students have grasped and where they might benefit from further instruction.
Spelling based on both sounding out words and some basic patterns occurs in the _____ of spelling development.
Between ages seven and eleven many children are in the transitional stage, which is stage 4 of spelling development. Here, spelling is partially reliant on how words sound, but also on patterns of spelling.
Where is the syllable break in the word 'spider'?
Between the 'i' and the 'd' When there is one consonant between two vowels in a word, you should divide the syllables after the first vowel. In the word 'spider,' the break looks like: 'spi/der'.
Where is the syllable break in the word 'snappy'?
Between the first 'p' and the second 'p' In any word where there are two of the same consonant in a row, the syllable break is between the first and second consonant. In the word 'snappy,' the syllable break would look like: 'snap/py'.
What is syllabication?
Breaking up words into their separate syllables Syllabication, an important part of both reading and spelling, refers to the process of breaking up words into their component syllables. Learning this skill helps students read and write increasingly complex words.
Word walls can be organized:
By theme or unit According to parts of speech Alphabetically
When teaching ELLs, what should also be explored and understood to help with independently comprehending larger, more complex vocabulary?
Roots Prefixes Suffixes Roots, prefixes, and suffixes should also be explored and understood to help with independently comprehending larger, more complex vocabulary. Homophones and homonyms will need to be constantly revisited and emphasized.
Which is a question used to assess phonological awareness?
Say a word that rhymes with 'cat'. Phonological awareness tests syllables, rhymes, onsets, onset rimes, and word knowledge. Students need a solid understanding of these concepts to succeed as readers and writers.
Vocabulary exposure in the classroom should be _____. Choose the BEST option.
Scaffolded Vocabulary exposure should be scaffolded. By focusing on a small group of words each week, teachers will be able to explicitly teach word meaning and word usage in context rather than overwhelming students with a slew of words that they will never fully understand.
Using meaning and context to figure out an unfamiliar word is ____ cueing.
Semantic cueing involves using meaning and context to figure out an unfamiliar word.
A student asks another student, 'Does that make sense?' The student is using ____ cueing.
Semantic cueing is associated with the question, 'Does that make sense?'
Why should you use sentence starters with ELLs?
Sentence starters make ELLs feel comfortable and encourage questioning. Sentence starters that may help are: How do you say such and such in English? Can you please explain this or that again? What does 'such and such' mean?
What is an emergent reader?
Someone who is still learning the basics of reading Emergent readers are in the early stages of developing literacy skills. They are just learning how words work and beginning to understand the connection between written and spoken language.
When a child just puts together a string of random letters, numbers, and symbols, they are likely in the _____ stage of spelling development.
Stage 1 is the pre-communicative stage of spelling development. This is common among three- to five-year-olds, and involves writing just random strings of letters, sometimes with numbers and other symbols thrown in.
A child who spells based on sound alone is likely in the _____ stage of spelling development.
Stage 3 is the phonetic stage and is common between ages five and seven. Children have a better understanding of phonics and are able to spell words based on their sounds.
The stage of spelling development that involves using a complete understanding of language is the _____ stage.
Stage 5, or the correct spelling stage, involves using a complete understanding of language, including sounds and patterns, to spell most words correctly.
Which of the following best describes the use of semantic cues for decoding unknown words?
Students determine unknown words based on their background knowledge about the topic of the story. Semantic cues use what the student knows about the topic to generate a list of words that make sense.
Which activity might help with sound spelling?
There are many different ways to work on sound spelling. The most important thing is to give students experience translating what they hear into written language. Even if they are not using conventional spelling, writing out the sounds they hear will increase their phonological awareness.
Word maps are:
Types of graphic organizers that can be used in vocabulary word study to learn definitions and word usage
What is phonological awareness?
Understanding the way sounds work within syllables and words Phonological awareness is an important part of decoding and encoding. Students with good phonological awareness can hear the sounds within a word and understand how they work separately as well as together.
When are graphic organizers useful in teaching ELLs?
When filled out before a unit Graphic organizers are useful in all content areas when filled out before a unit. A simple graphic organizer can be used as a reference guide throughout the unit. Imagine the benefit of a graphic organizer, like this table, prior to a geometry unit.
Which important reading skill is necessary for understanding text?
When students don't have strong vocabulary skills, they struggle to read and understand text. Teachers can help build vocabulary in a number of ways, including designing lessons and reading books with rich words.
What are sight words?
Words you don't need to sound out when reading
Which of the following is NOT part of making a word map?
Writing the word on one side of a card and the definition on the other A word map involves defining the word, using it in a sentence, finding the synonyms and antonyms of it, and having students draw a picture of the word. Flashcards involve writing the word on one side of a card and the definition on the other.
The morpheme that gives a word its meaning is a _____.
base morpheme
Zachary is able to use initial consonant substitution to decode the word 'hump.' Which of the following known words might he be comparing it to?
bump By replacing the initial consonant, 'b' with the initial consonant 'h,' Zachary is able to change 'bump' to 'hump.'
What is the alphabetic principle?
knowing that letters represent sounds and have a predictable relationship
Which is true about students' developmental stages in spelling?
students make progress through predictable stages as they mature and understand the alphabetic principle Students learn to spell as they mature as readers and writers. They progress through predictable stages, though not always at the same grade level or age.
How can teachers promote spelling for developmental stages?
use games to reinforce concepts provide purposeful writing integrate writing Teachers can support spellers at all levels by integrating writing in all content areas and using writing for purposes, like making lists. This way students are exposed to print, and spelling, in many forms.
One strategy that may help English learners is to _____.
use realia to explain vocabulary words Using realia can be used to help describe words, particularly nouns.
Which aspects should phonics instruction include?
It should be systematic. Successful phonics institution should take place daily and be systematic and explicit. Teachers should reinforce skills with plenty of opportunities for practice.
What can teachers use to determine a student's progress in spelling?
Observation of writing Teachers can tune into a student's writing to determine what stage of development a child is in and then design lessons specific to his or her needs.
Approximately how many sight words make up 50% of written language?
Only 100 basic sight words make up half of everything students will read. It is worth their time to memorize the basic sight words.
Which is a component of phonics?
Phonics is a broad term that refers to using sounds in speech to create written words. It has several components, including syllables, rimes, onset rimes, and phonemes.
A teacher asks a student, 'Does that look right?' The teacher is using ____ cueing.
The teacher is using a graphic cueing system which involves using visual clues to figure a word out such as looking at the letters that make up a word.
What information does a spelling inventory provide?
Level of spelling and phonics development A spelling inventory is given to assess a student's level of spelling and phonics use and development. By giving students words to spell, a teacher can see what understanding of phonics they are using to write words.
What types of tests can be used to measure a student's understanding of concepts in order to provide specific instruction?
Informal assessments Teachers administer informal assessments to students to determine their level of understanding of skills and concepts. They use this information to determine teaching goals and needs for students.
What is phonics?
Instruction in the relationship between letters and sounds Teachers instruct reading skills by teaching phonics, or the relationship between letters and sounds in speech.
Which is true about how students learn to spell?
It is a complex process and relies on reading and writing development. Research shows that learning to spell is a process that relies on learning to read and write, and should be supported with specific instruction.
Which skill do students use to read unknown words?
Decoding When students read unknown words they are decoding them - using their knowledge of sounds in speech and letters to determine what the word is.
What type of morpheme is the suffix 'less' in the word 'thoughtless'?
Derivational. The suffix '-less' is derivational because adding it to the base word of 'thought' drastically changes the meaning of the word, even though the function or part of speech remains the same.
Choose the BEST answer. When studying vocabulary, consider:
Focusing on no more than five words per week. Consider limiting vocabulary study to no more than five words per week, which will result in 20 words per month. This will keep students from getting overwhelmed by a lot of words at one time and increase their understanding of the words by focusing on a few at a time.
A morpheme that can stand alone is known as what type of morpheme?
Free
Teaching phonics and root words promotes ____ cueing.
Graphic cueing includes working on phonics, root words, syllables, and punctuation.
To a student with no skills in blending, how many syllables would the word 'dog' seem to have?
Students who cannot yet blend tend to ascribe a separate syllable to each letter. Such a student would read the word 'dog' as 'duh-oh-guh.' These students need help in learning how to put letters together to make coherent words.
What is a good starting point for teaching syllabication?
Students' names Children are comfortable with and interested in their own names. This makes names an ideal starting point for any literacy instruction, including syllabication.
Using the structure of language to figure out a word is ____ cueing.
Syntactic cueing involves using structural clues to figure a word out such as using the basic structure of language.
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of grammar that has meaning A morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of grammar that has meaning. Morphemes are the foundation of language and syntax.
Which of the following occurs when a student uses structural analysis to decode a multisyllabic word?
The student breaks up words into prefixes, suffixes, and root words.Structural analysis is breaking up words by parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and inflectional endings
Which of the following is an indicator that the student is using syntactic cues to determine an unknown word in the sentence, 'The biggest threat to humpback whales is the w---ing ....'
The student selects 'environment' as the missing word. The only answer choice that makes sense given the structure of the sentence and the definite article 'the' preceding the missing word would be environment. Syntactic cues use the structure of a sentence to find unknown words.
