Ch. 13.4; Psych

Tes and Lee own a baked goods specialty business, and are known for their high-end sweets and the posh atmosphere of their small, enduring chain of bakeries. They decide to expand to incorporate savory foods, opening a pizzeria featuring gourmet pizzas and dough-based confections. They are confident their expertise and exuberance will make it a hit. While the sweet treats sell, the pizzas are a flop. The pizzeria is forced to close quickly. Based on social-cognitive theories, how can this phenomenon be explained?

Although Tes and Lee have high self-efficacy in baking sweet treats, this talent does not necessary transfer to the art of pizza making.

How is Bandura's theory most different from Rotter's theory?

Bandura's theory places more emphasis on the environment than Rotter's.

Which construct is central to Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy?

COGNITION

Chavonne and Cheri are both applying to college. Chavonne believes that if she is diligent and answers all of the application questions thoroughly and succinctly she will be accepted. Cheri believes that if college admissions counselors are feeling generous that day she will be accepted. How do Chavonne and Cheri compare, according to Rotter's approach to social-cognitive theories of personality?

Chavonne has an internal locus of control, and Cheri has an external locus of control.

Dee and Jay are having a discussion about motivation. Dee contends that your attitude can affect your situation, but your situation can also affect your attitude. Jay rebuts that if he believes in himself taking control, instead of letting external things affect him, he will be the master of his destiny. What can be said of Dee and Jay?

Dee aligns with Mischel's person-situation theory, and Jay with Rotter's locus of control.

Dr. Baker is discussing social-cognitive theories with her psychology class. A student raises his hand and asks which theory could explain his teenage daughter's tendency to have different personalities with her family versus her peer group. How could Dr. Baker respond to this question?

Dr. Baker should incorporate the work of Walter Mischel into the discussion, whose theory helped explain the role of situational variables in influencing behavior.

Denise remembers when her husband used to laugh at all of her jokes, buy her flowers because it was Monday, or send her chocolates at work because he was thinking about her. Now that they have been married for over five years, he does not do those things anymore. It is like his whole personality has changed. She wonders if the man she dated is the same man she is married to. Which of the following is the best explanation you could offer Denise about the difference in her husband in terms of social-cognitive theories?

Explain that Walter Mischel suggests that different aspects of people's personalities come to the fore in different situations; the environment of marriage is different from that of courtship.

According to Julian Rotter, your behavior and personality are determined in large part by how you perceive others.

F

Gabby and Becky are both gymnasts. Gabby is the first to volunteer to try out for the most difficult tumble combinations; Becky, after breaking her ankle in a difficult program, has opted for less difficult combinations. Which of the following statements is most accurate about Gabby and Becky according to Bandura's theory?

Gabby has a higher self-efficacy with regard to difficult routines than Becky.

Ronnie is talking to his therapist about his difficulty passing the bar exam. He has failed the exam three times, believes the odds are against him, and is convinced he will fail the exam again, regardless of how much he studies. If Julian Rotter were Ronnie's therapist, how would he help him?

He would help Ronnie shift his locus of control from an external focus to an internal focus.

Jack really wanted a date with Lacey, so he made sure to consider what had worked for him in the past when asking for a date. He thought about the type of approach to which Lacey might be most susceptible. Having determined what he thought would be successful, he approached her with confidence. Jack is channeling the philosophy of which theorist?

Julian Rotter.

Loren believes people should take responsibility for their own actions and accept the consequences for those actions. She notices that when she has been successful it has tended to occur after she works hard and achieves her goals. Loren's philosophy is most similar to that of

Julian Rotter.

Jim and Tim were discussing their sister Lisa. Jim thought Lisa was shy because she lacked confidence. He wanted her to believe in herself in order to be more successful. Tim argued that Lisa was not always shy, only around new people; she simply needed to know people to feel comfortable with them. Jim and Tim's discussion reflect a comparison of which two theories?

Mischel's person-situation theory and Bandura's reciprocal determinism.

How does Bandura's theory differ from Mischel's theory?

Mischel's theory places more emphasis on the role of the environment and situational variables in determining behavior than Bandura's.

Sammi and Lucy are both struggling with the pottery requirement in their art class. Sammi believes that with enough hard work and persistence, she will eventually do well. Lucy believes that she will fail the class because the teacher doesn't like her. According to Rotter's approach to social-cognitive theories of personality, how do Sammi and Lucy's cognitions differ?

Sammi has an internal locus of control, and Lucy has an external locus of control.

Tamara wants her daughters to become financial responsible. If she were to apply, Bandura's theory of self-efficacy which of the following would you suggest she do to promote fiscal consciousness?

She should allow her daughters to help her in balancing the family checkbook and prioritizing bill payments.

Which of the following statements accurately contrasts an individual with an internal locus of control and an individual with an external locus of control?

Shirley believes her hard work will bring her victory, but Sammy believes that victory is the luck of the draw.

__ would be best applied to a study regarding the impact of gentrification of a neighborhood on Polish immigrants.

Social-cognitive theory f

What is the most distinctive difference between someone with an internal locus of control versus someone with an external locus of control?

Someone with an internal locus of control believes she has the ability to change the course of her life, whereas someone with an external locus of control does not.

Laney strives to follow in the trail blazed by ________. Her dissertation is based on a study of ten individuals, mapping displayed personality traits and changes in behavior from one setting to another. Her hypothesis is that the traits and behaviors displayed will be influenced by the situational environment.

Walter Mischel

Steve is a psychotherapist who believes that certain personality traits can predict future behavior. However, he also believes people tend to alter their behaviors according to a given situation. Steve's philosophy is most similar to that of

Walter Mischel.

Mary has wanted to open her own salon for many years. She has the industry knowledge and contacts to do it; but after her first failed attempt, she is worried that it cannot be done. She feels like the creditors are against her, the real estate market is not in her favor, and she will never find employees who will be loyal to her vision. She has hired you as a consultant to help her. According to social-cognitive theories, what would likely be your most effective course of action to help Mary's venture be successful?

You should work with Mary to empower her to take personal control of the situation, adopt an internal locus of control and set reasonable goals in accomplishing her vision.

Walter Mischel stirred up the person-situation debate when he put forward that

a person's behavior might change depending upon the situation.

After several failed dates, Georgianne has decided that no matter how hard she tries to find a husband it is not meant to be. Fate is simply against her; Georgianne has

an external locus of control.

Kim has a history of poor academic performance. After failing her high school algebra class twice, she has become convinced that the teacher does not like her, and she will fail no matter how much effort she puts into the class. Kim has

an external locus of control.

Tara easily gives up on tasks she attempts, blames others for her failures, and recently quit her job because she said she was going to be fired anyway. Tara's behavior can best be attributed to

an external locus of control.

Deborah, after several failed dates, takes a step back to evaluate her role in these failures. She is determined to settle down and start a family and she is certain she can find the right man if she simply understands her own needs and desires. Deborah has

an internal locus of control.

Despite many setbacks in her career, Laura is convinced that she can overcome any hurdles she may face. She was recently laid-off from her job and has not been offered any of the three jobs to which she has recently applied. Nevertheless, Laura persists as she believes her hard work will pay off and her efforts will be rewarded. Laura has

an internal locus of control.

repeats

at 75

Tandy is studying diligently for the upcoming exam. In the factors of reciprocal determinism, this is an example of the ________ component.

behavior

Jon is working hard for an upcoming weight-lifting competition. According to reciprocal determinism, this is an example of

behavior.

___ is central to Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy.

cognition

A person with an internal locus of control is most like a ____ in a car.

driver

Julie always does what she is told, is polite, and soft-spoken. She is generally a happy person who wants to be a businesswoman someday. Her home is loud, people are rude to one another, and no one follows the rules. What is the issue in terms of reciprocal determinism theory?

environment

In Banduras' belief of reciprocal determinism, the individual, the ___ and the individual's behavior interact and influence each other.

external environment

Janet is worried about her son, Edward. He earns good grades and is well liked; but whenever she congratulates him on an A project or a new award, Edward always says, "Oh, mom, that was just luck," or "The cards were in my favor." Janet's concern likely stems from Edward's

external locus of control.

Reciprocal determinism, as defined by Albert Bandura, is the idea that personality is produced by the interactions of the environment, behaviors, and

genetics

Reciprocal determinism typically fails to address all of the variables listed below EXCEPT for which one?

ideology

The primary assumption of reciprocal determinism is that an individual's personality

influences and is influenced by thoughts, behaviors, and environmental experiences.

According to Walter Mischel, our personalities can change according to

our situation

Marty believes she is a great learner and is mastering the art of learning to use a new smartphone she received for her birthday. Her belief that she is a great learner is the ____ variable in reciprocal determinism.

person

Trisha is a powerful speaker and she has honed her natural oratory abilities. She believes she will make a difference by just speaking up. Trisha's belief that she will make a difference is the ________ variable in reciprocal determinism.

person

Amber is concerned that her 10-years-old son Kayden has been refusing to eat meals that she cooks for him. According to Bandura's concept of self-efficacy, how could Amber help ensure that Kayden eats at meal time?

preparation

Sharon is hoping to find a job as a pastry chef. She sets up a booth at a local culinary fair and offers free samples of her pastries. As she had hoped, Sharon gets an interview for a local pastry chef position and is later hired. This is an example of

reciprocal determinism.

Tariq has been told he is a disappointment his entire life. At age 22 he has come to believe that he is incapable of positive change. He makes no attempt to better himself through education or training. Tariq works part-time at a local fast food chain just to pay his bills. Younger employees are quickly promoted over him. This is an example of

reciprocal determinism.

The belief that complex reciprocal interactions exist among individuals, their behaviors, and their environments is referred to as

reciprocal determinism.

Joan feels very confident when she is speaking in public. She always has gotten a lot of praise when she has spoken in public in the past. Which of the following is high for Joan when it comes to her ability to speak publicly?

self-esteem

The assumption that personality influences and is influenced by thought, behaviors and environmental experiences is most consistent with ________ theories.

social-cognitive

A major criticism of the social cognitive perspective is that it fails to recognize the ________ of personality.

stability

Kai suffered several fractured ribs, a broken leg, and temporary paralysis following a serious car accident. However, Kai's spirits are strong and he believes he will make a full recovery in a relatively short period of time. Kai most likely has

strong self-efficacy.

According to Julian Rotter, your behavior and personality are determined in large part by

what you expect to happen.