CH. 14

True

True or false: Cardiovascular disease increases significantly from middle adulthood until late adulthood. True False

False

True or false: Deaths associated with cardiovascular disease have been increasing in the United States since 1970. True False

True

True or false: Religious attendance and commitment have been positively associated with health outcomes in middle adulthood. True False

blood

Viagra works by allowing increased ___ flow to the penis.

A decline in estrogen production

What causes hot flashes? Misfirings in the brain A decline in estrogen production Thinning of uterine tissue Sharp increases in cortisol

People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist.

What was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life? People find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist. People will best find meaning when they finally realize that free will is an illusion. Searching for meaning is destined to be a fruitless exercise. It is difficult to find meaning in life without organized religion to provide a framework.

LDL

When _____ is too high it sticks to the lining of the blood vessels, which can lead to atherosclerosis. HDL LDL FDL PDL

Perceptual speed increased in middle adulthood.

Which of the following is NOT a finding of the Seattle Longitudinal Study? Middle-aged men and women showed similar levels of peak performance in most cognitive abilities. Perceptual speed increased in middle adulthood. Number ability decreased in middle age. Four of the six intellectual abilities assessed reached their highest level of functioning in middle adulthood.

Stress

______ has a cumulative effect that often takes a toll on the health of individuals by the time they reach middle age.

Religion

______ is an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or ultimate truth). Religion Spirituality Morality Religiousness

Religiousness

______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in its prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers. Religiousness Righteousness Holiness Spirituality

back and legs

A loss of strength in middle adulthood is most common in the ______. back and legs feet and hands neck and knees arms and shoulders

increases; decreases

According to Horn, crystallized intelligence ______ in middle adulthood and fluid intelligence _______. decreases; decreases increases; increases decreases; increases increases; decreases

sarcopenia

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is referred to as ______. metabolic syndrome alopecia sarcopenia osteoporosis

Prozac

All of the following, EXCEPT _____, are used to treat erectile dysfunction. Cialis Levitra Viagra Prozac

50%

As many as _____ of 50-years-olds experience a loss in hearing. 50% 15% 75% 25%

globalization

Because of _____, the workforce today is sometimes outsourced to other countries with a significantly less expensive labor force. globalization nationalism socialism populism

hypertension digestive disorders diabetes

Being overweight or obese in middle adulthood is associated with increased risk of ______. (Select all that apply.)

stress

Chronic ___ is/are linked to the overproduction of corticosteroids such as cortisol.

slow; long

Chronic disorders have a _____ onset and a _____ duration. fast; short fast; long slow; long slow; short

offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults

Companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in ______. efforts to keep middle-aged adults as part of the workforce an increase in benefits for American workers mandating retirement at age 70 offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults

fewer

Cross-cultural studies on menopause indicate that Asian women report _____ hot flashes than women in Western societies. shorter longer more fewer

lose

During middle adulthood, people tend to _____ height. gain remain the same lose

increases considerably

During middle age, cardiovascular disease ______. decreases slightly increases slightly increases considerably decreases considerably

less

For many adults, susceptibility to colds and allergies are _____ common in middle adulthood compared to adolescence and early adulthood. less equally not more

Blank 1: hormone Blank 2: replacement Blank 3: therapy or theropy

HRT, which was once routinely prescribed to treat some side effects of menopause, stands for ____ ____ ____ . (Watch your spelling!)

ovaries

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ____.

estrogen

Hot flashes are associated with a decline in the production of the hormone ____.

more common in some cultures than others

Hot flashes during menopause are _______. more common in some cultures than others much more frequent today than in prior generations universal very rare

more common in some cultures than others

Hot flashes during menopause are _______. much more frequent today than in prior generations universal more common in some cultures than others very rare

high

In midlife, sensitivity to ______ pitches usually declines first. high low

decline in memory

It has been concluded that in general, there is a(n) ______ during middle adulthood. decline only in short-term memory increase only in short-term memory increase in memory decline in memory

crystallized; fluid

John Horn argues that ________ intelligence continues to increase in middle adulthood, whereas ______ intelligence begins to decline in middle adulthood. crystallized; mechanical mechanical; fluid fluid; crystallized crystallized; fluidterm-77

close, near, closer, close up, or close-up

Many middle-aged adults experience decreases in the visual fields, creating a problem seeing objects that are _____.

39 and 59

Menopause TYPICALLY occurs between the ages of ______.

40s to mid 60s

Middle adulthood has been defined as the age period between the ______. mid 60s to mid 80s teens to 20s 20s to mid 40s 40s to mid 60s

testosterone

Middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone ____ at a rate of 1% per year.

The ability to reason abstractly

Multiple Choice Question How is fluid intelligence defined? Verbal and other communication skills Book learning and academic expertise The ability to reason abstractly Cumulative learned experiences

It can consist of various forms of estrogen, and usually a progestin.

Multiple Choice Question Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hormone replacement therapy? It can consist of various forms of estrogen, and usually a progestin. It lowers the risk of stroke. It does not appear to have serious side effects. It increases the risk of falls and hip fracture.

gain weight

On average, middle-aged adults tend to ______. experience frequent ups and downs in weight lose weight maintain the same weight gain weight

gain weight

On average, middle-aged adults tend to ______. experience frequent ups and downs in weight maintain the same weight lose weight gain weight

leisure

One of the top six regrets among U.S. adults was not engaging in more ______. exercise work religion leisure

crystallized

One's accumulated information and verbal skills are components of ______ intelligence. mechanical crystallized fluid dynamic

crystallized; fluid

Recent research suggests that ______ intelligence is a better predictor of practical problem solving in middle adulthood, while ______ intelligence is a better predictor in young adulthood. fluid; crystallized verbal; nonverbal nonverbal; verbal crystallized; fluid

improve bone health reduce the risk of stroke improve muscle strength

Research has recently identified that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been found to ______. (Select all that apply.) improve bone health reduce the risk of stroke increase the risk of prostate cancer improve muscle strength

has shown mixed results

Research on practical problem solving in young versus middle aduthood ______. has shown mixed results shows consistent increases over time shows consistent decreases over time

diabetes premature death high blood pressure

Select all that apply Being overweight or obese in middle adulthood is associated with increased risk of ______. (Select all that apply.) diabetes premature death cataracts high blood pressure

Verbal memory Spatial orientation Inductive reasoning Verbal ability

Select all that apply In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men and women in middle age? Verbal memory Perceptual speed Spatial orientation Numeric ability Verbal ability Inductive reasoning

more time is needed to learn new information long-term memory becomes less reliable more time is needed to retrieve information

Select all that apply Starting in late middle age, due to changes in working memory, ______. (Select all that apply.) more time is needed to learn new information people's problem-solving strategies become increasingly less effective long-term memory becomes less reliable more time is needed to retrieve information

more time is needed to learn new information long-term memory becomes less reliable more time is needed to retrieve information

Select all that apply Starting in late middle age, due to changes in working memory, ______. (Select all that apply.) people's problem-solving strategies become increasingly less effective more time is needed to learn new information long-term memory becomes less reliable more time is needed to retrieve information

Freedom Spirituality Responsibility

Select all that apply Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities? Freedom Communication Spirituality Responsibility

Hypertension Obesity Lack of exercise

Select all that apply What are some of the contributors to erectile dysfunction? Hypertension Obesity Low cholesterol Lack of exercise Metabolic syndrome

Elevated cholesterol levels Smoking Diabetes

Select all that apply What are some of the contributors to erectile dysfunction? Metabolic syndrome Low levels of triglycerides Elevated cholesterol levels Smoking Diabetes

Hypertension Obesity Insulin resistance

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of metabolic syndrome? Muscle loss Hypertension Obesity Bone loss Insulin resistance

Exercise Eating foods low in saturated fat Weight control

Select all that apply What can reduce many cardiovascular problems in middle age? Exercise Eating foods low in saturated fat Hormone replacement therapy Weight control

Verbal skills Accumulated information

Select all that apply What does crystallized intelligence include? Verbal skills Problem solving Effects of culture and reasoning Abstract reasoning Accumulated information

Cardiovascular disease Diabetes

Select all that apply What may metabolic syndrome lead to? Sarcopenia Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Weight loss

Bone loss usually accelerates with further aging. Joint performance generally peaks in one's 20s. Age-related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% to 2% per year after age 50.

Select all that apply Which of the following accurately describe age-related physical changes? Bone loss usually accelerates with further aging. Maximum strength is attained in the 30s. Joint performance generally peaks in one's 20s. Age-related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% to 2% per year after age 50.

healthy eating habits exercising higher SES

Select all that apply Which of the following are associated with a lowered risk of death from cardiovascular disease? reducing alcohol consumption healthy eating habits exercising higher SES

A decrease in height in middle adulthood is usually associated with bone loss. On average, men lose one inch in height from early to middle age. Women can lose as much as 2 inches in height during adulthood.

Select all that apply Which of the following describe the effects of aging on an individual's height? A decrease in height in middle adulthood is usually associated with bone loss. On average, men lose one inch in height from early to middle age. Women can lose as much as 2 inches in height during adulthood. On average, individuals gain height in middle adulthood.

Visual field's size decreases. Retina receives only one-third as much light as 20 years before. The eye's blind spot increases.

Select all that apply Which of the following describe vision changes in middle age? Individuals often need to stop driving in middle adulthood. Visual field's size decreases. Retina receives only one-third as much light as 20 years before. The eye's blind spot increases.

Chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood. Infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century. In middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the mortality rates of people in middle adulthood? Chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood. Infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the twentieth century. At the present time, chronic disorders are declining and infectious disease rates are increasing. In middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition.

50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements regarding changes in midlife are TRUE? 50-year-olds are in better shape today than 40-year-olds a generation or two ago. Middle age is lasting longer than in years past. Medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today. Middle age is starting earlier than in years past.

It can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis. It is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. It is most beneficial before age 60.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements regarding hormone replacement therapy are true? It may reduce cardiovascular disease. It can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis. It is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. It is most beneficial before age 60.

Obesity increases from early to middle adulthood. Nearly 40% of middle-aged adults were classified as obese in a recent study. Obesity in middle adulthood increases one's risk for hypertension.

Select all that apply Which statements about weight in midlife are TRUE? Obesity increases from early to middle adulthood. Nearly 40% of middle-aged adults were classified as obese in a recent study. On average body fat accounts for about 10% of weight in middle age. Obesity in middle adulthood increases one's risk for hypertension.

In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to colds than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to allergies than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Frequency of accidents declines in middle adulthood compared to early adulthood and adolescence.

Select all that apply Which statements regarding health and disease in middle adulthood are TRUE? In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to colds than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Most all middle-aged adults will have a disease or persistent health problem. In middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to allergies than in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Frequency of accidents declines in middle adulthood compared to early adulthood and adolescence.

improve sexual functioning improve muscle strength improve bone health

Select all that apply Research has recently identified that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been found to ______. (Select all that apply.) improve sexual functioning decrease the risk of prostate cancer improve muscle strength improve bone health

genetic makeup lifestyle factors

Select all that apply Which factors play a role in the rate of aging in middle age? sexual orientation genetic makeup marriage status lifestyle factors

Skin beginning to wrinkle and sag Fingernails and toenails developing ridges and becoming thicker Pigmentation in the skin producing age spots

Select all that apply Which of the following are among the more visible and obvious signs of aging? Skin beginning to wrinkle and sag Hair becoming thicker and gray or white in color Fingernails and toenails developing ridges and becoming thicker Pigmentation in the skin producing age spots

Cancer and cardiovascular disease

Select the leading causes of death in middle adulthood. Cancer and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease and automobile accidents Cerebrovascular disease and cancer Automobile accidents cerebrovascular disease

less frequently than

Sexual activity in middle adulthood usually occurs ______ in early adulthood. as frequently as less frequently than more frequently than

decreases

Speed of processing information ______ in middle adulthood. decreases levels off does not change increases

increase

Starting in middle adulthood, rates of chronic disease begin to ______. increase decrease level off slow down

immune

Stress can affect the ____ system, which consists of millions of white blood cells that fight off bacteria, viruses, and tumors.

a positive

Studies report that there is _________ association between religious participation and longevity. a neutral no a positive a negative

little

The ability of men and women to function sexually shows ______ biological decline in middle adulthood. no steady little much

the decline in information technologies

The challenges facing many of today's middle-aged workers include all of the following, EXCEPT ______. early retirement the decline in information technologies downsizing of organizations pension and health care concerns globalization

erectyle dysfunction

The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as ____ _____(Watch your spelling!)

dysfunction

The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as erectile ______. incapacity dysfunction maladaption failure

working

The mental "workbench" where people organize information, solve problems, and comprehend language is known as ____ memory.

physical changes

The most visible signs of aging in middle adulthood involve ______. sarcopenia physical changes cardiovascular problems problems with vision

climacteric

The term ___ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines. (Watch your spelling!)

climacteric

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

middle

The time period between one's 40s and 60s is known as ____ adulthood.

menopause

The time when women's menstrual periods completely cease is known as ____.

HDL is high and LDL is low

There is a lower risk of cardiovascular disease when _______. HDL and LDL are both low HDL and LDL are both high HDL is high and LDL is low HDL is low and LDL is high

later; longer

Today, middle age is starting ______ and lasting ______ for increasing numbers of individuals. later; longer earlier; longer earlier; less time later; less time

Men do not lose fertility in middle age.

Which of the following statements about hormonal changes in middle-aged men is TRUE? Middle-aged men may experience an increase in sexual drive. Erections are more full and more frequent. Men's sperm count does not decline until late adulthood. Men do not lose fertility in middle age.

Most have not yet reached their peak in earnings.

Which of the following statements about middle-aged workers is FALSE? Many are saddled with financial burdens. Most have not yet reached their peak in earnings. Many are planning for their retirement. Many recognize the limitations in career progress.

There are more natural killer cells present during times of stress.

Which of the following statements about the immune system and stress is FALSE? There are more natural killer cells present during times of stress. The immune system recognizes foreign materials and destroys them. Natural killer cells are more likely to be present in low-stress situations. Viruses and bacteria are more likely to multiply when one is under stress.

The age of onset for menopause has decreased significantly in the 20th century.

Which of the following statements regarding menopause is FALSE? There is no correlation between the age at which a female has her first period and the age at which she starts menopause. Later menopause is linked with increased risk of breast cancer. The age of onset for menopause has decreased significantly in the 20th century. There is a large variation in the age at which menopause occurs.

The rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults.

Which statement about the rate of physical changes in middle adulthood is FALSE? Lifestyle factors have been implicated in whether and when chronic disease appears. Genetic makeup plays an important role in whether and when chronic disease appears. Midlife changes are more gradual than those of adolescence and late adulthood. The rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults.

Increases in memory are usually found in cross-sectional studies.

Which statement regarding changes in middle-aged adults' memory is FALSE? Most experts conclude that memory does decline at some point in midlife. Increases in memory are usually found in cross-sectional studies. There is still some controversy over whether memory declines in middle adulthood. Many studies on memory compare 20-year-olds with 50-year-olds.

It is most common in the 30s but can occur in the 20s.

Which statement regarding perimenopause is FALSE? It is a transition period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all. During this time, women may complain of depressed feelings, headaches, and moodiness. It can last up to 10 years. It is most common in the 30s but can occur in the 20s.

Most workers are starting to retire.

Which statement regarding work in midlife is FALSE? Many middle-aged adults have reached their maximum earnings potential. Financial burdens may consume many middle-aged adults. Most workers are starting to retire. Many individuals reach their peak in position.

Reaction

____ -time tasks are one common way of assessing speed of information processing.

Sarcopenia

____ is the term given to describe age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

Menopause

____ is the time for women in middle age, usually during their late 40s or early 50s when their menstrual periods stop.

Perimenopause

____ is the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all.

Leisure

____ refers to the pleasant times after daily work hours when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.

Chronic

_____ disorders have a slow onset and a long duration. Chronic Acute Mental Seasonal

Fluid

_____ intelligence involves one's ability to reason. Crystallized Mechanical Fluid Dynamic

Women; men

______ are more likely to have nonfatal chronic disorders, while ______ are more likely to suffer from fatal chronic disorders. Men; women Women; men

Religion

is an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or ultimate truth).