Ch. 14, Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy, 1790-1814
What did 1800s see attempts implement when countries beyond France caught "the French plague"?
"Liberal" ideas
What did countries beyond France catch as the leaders feared?
"The French plague"
How did monarchs fight back to liberal people?
- became more restrictive, more authoritarian - squashed rebellions
Liberal ideas:
- more representation - more people should have the right to vote - nationalism
How long did the Napoleon is invasions last from?
1799-1815
Years that Congress of Vienna met
1814-1815
Congress of Vienna, powerful European rulers sought to defeat & remove Napoleon, restrain & defeat revolutionary/Enlightenment ideas, preserve their own power & set up lasting peace in Europe
1815
Universal male sufferage
All men got the vote
Examples of Nationalism:
Austrian, Ottoman, Russian Empires
Why was the Industrial Revolution delayed in Europe?
Because of fighting/ Napoleonic invasions
Why did liberals challenged conservatives?
Because they embraced Enlightenment ideas & French Revolution
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Britain
What did the delay of the Industrial Revolution in Europe lead to?
Britain gaining advantage and continental Europe falling behind technologically
David Ricardo
British/ English
Adam smith
British/Scottish
How did COV restore monarchy in France?
By putting King Louis XVIII in power
Who differed on goals?
Capitalists, or owners of businesses and workers in factories, mines
What churches did conservatives back?
Catholic, Lutheran, and Orthodox churches
Austrian foreign minister & Austria's rep at COV
Clemens von Metternich
What arrangement did European monarchs make?
Concert of Europe
Who was COV a victory for?
Conservatives (monarchs & their officials, nobles landowners, church leaders)
What did liberals oppose?
Divine right theory and tradition ruling aristocracy
French Revolution (1789-1799) and Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)
Dual revoltuion
Orthodox
Eastern Europe
What happened to European empires during the 1800s?
Empires remained, but became weaker until Austrian, Ottoman and Russian Empires ended after World War I, by 1918
Who did Napoleon threaten?
European monarchs
What was seen as an opportunity for capitalists and entrepreneurs to succeed (capitalists owned property such as factories, land) ?
Free market economics
What did conservatives oppose?
Freedom of the press
What did those in Caribbean and America sought at a time when European countries were weak?
Independence
Persons could use their resources freely
Laissez faire economics
What did economics did liberals support?
Laissez faire economics of economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo
What did liberals call for?
Leaders to be elevated by male property owners and for leaders to be responsible to the people (ideas of social contract theory)
What did more representation mean?
Limited monarchies with constitutions, legislatures/ and or republics
What happened during the 1800s?
Much transition, but much stayed the saem
idea that ethnicities deserved to have their own countries, not be controlled and governed by outside power, not be part of an empire; ideas "traveled" to the new world
Nationalism
What did liberals defend and support?
Natural rights (liberty and equality) and supported property rights and freedom of religion
What did conservatives believe would lead to chaos?
Natural rights and constitutional government (ex. France 1789)
Lutheran
Northern Europe
What did conservatives benefit from?
Old older
What did Napoleon undermine?
Old values/ traditions
What did liberals mainly favor?
Republic or at least constitutional monarchy
What did Clemens von Metternich believe?
Revolutionary ideas of French Revolutions (spread via conquests)
What did conservatives prefer?
Slow change and believed peace and stability benefitted all
Where was Napoleon exiled to?
St. Helena (far away, off the west coast of Africa)
What ignited revolts across Europe?
Their goals and rising tide of nationalism (ethnicities wanting own political borders & leaders)
Why did monarchs fight back to liberal thinkers?
They wanted things to stay the same/ conserve the old ways
Why were European countries weak?
They were fighting other Europeans
Why did the COV redraw European political borders?
To block France from conquering again and to keep a "balance of power" in Europe
Why did the COV meet?
To deal with Napoleonic invasions
Why did European monarchs make the Concert of Europe?
To ensure stability & prevent revolution
What did some liberals see the governments only functions was?
To protect basic rights
What did peasants want to preserve?
Traditional ways
Catholic
Western Europe
What did liberals want governments to be based on?
Written constitutions and separation of powers
Who did liberals mainly speak for?
non noble professionals/bourgeoisie or middle class (business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, newspaper editors, writers)
What did conservatives want to restore?
royal families who had been replaced when Napoleon had invaded