ch 15 digestive system part 2

Indicate which of the following are functions of the adult liver.

Removal of toxins from blood Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D and B12 Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism Secretion of bile

unsaturated

Seeds, nuts, and plant oils

What is the name of the double-layered fold of the peritoneal membrane that anchors the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

mesentery

The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which _____ intestinal contents.

mixes; propel

After bile is synthesized by hepatic cells within hepatic lobules it flows through fine ______, then through ______. Structures from neighboring lobules, converge to become ______.

bile canaliculi; bile ductules; hepatic ducts

Sugar, glycogen and cellulose are all examples of:

carbohydrate

Active transport into blood in capillaries

Monosaccharides

Enzymes, keratin, hemoglobin, antibodies and some hormones are examples of what type of macromolecule?

Proteins

What are some common sources to find cholesterol?

meats butter egg yolks

What stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile?

Cholecystokinin

Into lymph in lacteals

Fatty acids

The mesentery is

A double-layered peritoneal membrane. A membrane that contains the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall.

Identify the components of bile.

Bile salts Electrolytes Cholesterol Bile pigments like bilirubin and biliverdin

Indicate three characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins.

Bile salts in the intestine promote their absorption. They are not affected by cooking or food processing. They can be stored in various tissues, and excess intake can lead to overdose.

What are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

Breaks down glycogen to glucose Polymerizes glucose to glycogen Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

saturated fats

Foods of animal origin, such as meats, eggs, milk, and lard

What roles does the liver play in the metabolism of proteins?

Formation of urea Synthesis of plasma proteins Conversion of certain amino acids into other amino acids Deamination of amino acids Synthesis of clotting factors

Indicate where chemical digestion of carbohydrates occurs.

In the small intestine, using enzymes secreted by pancreas and those present on the intestinal mucosa In the mouth, using enzymes secreted in saliva

What is the function of bile salts?

Increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes.

Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. Sources of carbohydrates include

Monosaccharides from honey and fruits Starch from grains and vegetables Glycogen from meats Disaccharides from milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses

What are mass movements?

Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa, Movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine, Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day, Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum

monounsaturated fats

Olive, peanut, and canola oils (the healthiest).

Identify the functions of the various bacteria (intestinal flora) that inhabit the large intestine.

Production of thiamine and riboflavin Breakdown of cellulose Production of gas (flatus) Production of vitamins B12 and K

Indicate which of the following are characteristics of minerals.

They may play diverse roles (i.e. nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, blood clotting). They include elements such as calcium, iron, phosphate, sodium and chloride.

Identify the substances absorbed by the large intestine.

Vitamin K Electrolytes Water

The small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum functions in the immune response is the

appendix

B vitamins function as:

coenzymes

The common hepatic duct (from the liver) and the duct _______(from the gallbladder) join to form the bile duct, which leads bile to the duodenum.

cystic

The body digests proteins from foods into amino acids, but must ______ these smaller molecules before they can be used as energy sources. This process removes the nitrogen-containing group.

deaminate

The small intestine consists of three sections. As food passes from the stomach through the small intestine, it passes through the ____ , then through the ______, and then the ________ .

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

______ amino acids is one of eight amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize these amino acids.

essential

Most nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood capillaries, except for ______ which are absorbed into the lacteals.

fatty acids and glycerol

This is a falsely colored radiograph of a gallbladder that contains _____ ______ which may form when cholesterol in bile precipitates and forms crystals.

gallstones; cholelithiasis

What is the monosaccharide used most by the body's cells for energy source?

glucose

To obtain energy, the body first metabolizes _____, then ______ and finally ______.

glucose; glycogen; fats and protein.

What structure is a double fold of the peritoneal membrane that lies anterior to the small intestine, stomach and transverse colon and can help wall off infection in the abdominal cavity?

greater omentum

Food energy is measured not in calories, but technically in a larger unit, the

kilocalorie or Kcal

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli and it ______ haustra.-

lacks; has; has

The large intestine begins in the lower ______ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the _____ side, crosses obliquely to the ____, and descends into the pelvis..

right; right; left

After proteins are digested into amino acids, they undergo deamination in the liver, losing their -NH2 groups that subsequently react to form the waste

urea

The vitamin that promotes iron absorption, collagen synthesis and synthesis of certain hormones from cholesterol is:

vitamin C

The individual nutrients in what class of nutrients can be classified as fat-soluble and water-soluble?

vitamins

are organic compounds (other than carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) required in small amounts for normal metabolism, that cells can not synthesize in adequate amounts. Therefore, they are essential nutrients that must come from foods.

vitamins

Osmosis into blood in capillaries

water