Ch. 15 Host defenses 2 Specific immunity and imunization
Cluster of differentiation receptors are known by the abbreviation "_____ receptors"
CD
Proteins protruding from the cell membrane of a variety of cells involved in the immune response are termed ______ molecules
CD
_____ T cells target virally infected cells through the recognition of viral peptides expressed on the target cell surface
Cytotoxic
People who are deficient in this type of cell are more susceptible to cancer
Cytotoxic T cell
_____ is the ability of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell such as an infected cell or cancer cell.
Cytotoxicity
Benefits of using passive antibodies are_____
1. Antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccines exist 2. Antibodies are available to act immediately
List the steps of DNA vaccine preparation in the correct order (first to last).
1. Extract DNA that codes for antigen from the pathogen genome. 2. Insert pathogen DNA into a plasmid vector 3. Inject plasmid vector into a host 4. Plasmid DNA is translated and transcribed by host cell 5. Host cell expresses foreign protein on surface to stimulate immunity
The order of steps in generating diversity in B cells
1. In the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes 2. Cells build their unique immunoglobulin receptor 3. Cells migrate to secondary tissues
The order of steps in generating diversity in T cells
1. In the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes 2. cells migrate to the thymus 3. cells build their unique antigen receptor 4 cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues
Oral vaccines have the following advantages
1. easy to administer 2. more readily accepted 3. can stimulate secretory IgA 4. well tolerated
The carrier confers the following in a hapten-carrier complex
1. increases the size of the complex 2. enhances the proper spatial orientation of the hapten
The T cell antigen-receptor differs from the B cell antigen-receptor in that it
1. is never secreted like antibodies 2. has fewer antigen binding sites 3. is a smaller molecule
The disadvantages associated with using live attenuated vaccines include
1. requiring special storage facilities 2. can be transmitted to others (it can multiply and cause problems in immunocompromised individuals) 3. possibility of mutating back to a virulent strain
T cell independent antigens are usually
1. simple molecules 2. carbohydrates 3. made up of many repeating invariable units
Match each of the following antibody class with the number of antibody binding sites per antibody molecule: IgG IgD IgE Secretory IgA IgM
2: IgG IgD IgE 4: Secretory IgA (dimeric IgA) 10: IgM
______ classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been identified.
3
______ vaccines are based on DNA inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a person with the hopes that a cell will take up the plasmid and make protein which would then stimulate a protective immune response
DNA
A significant decrease int he number of helper T cells with CD4 receptors is found in patients with ____
AIDS
B cells can act as APCs, which is an acronym for_____
Antigen Presenting Cells
This fragment contains the antigen binding region, but does not interact with complement or phagocytosis
FAb
______ is the abbreviation for the antigen binding fragment of an antibody molecule
Fab
True or false: A given host cell can express only one type of receptor
False
This fragment of the antibody reveals a region for activating or fixing complement following binding of antigen by the antibody
Fc
______ are foreign molecules that elicit a specific immune response
Antigens
______ cell activation is triggered by the binding of antigen to surface IgD molecules
B
An antigen must meet certain requirements in
foreignness, shape or complexity, accessibility, size
Microbes enter the human body most frequently through the _____ and _____mucosa
gastointestinal and respiratory
Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion which results in a large population of:
genetically identical daughter cells
The enzymes that attack target cells during apoptosis are called___
granzymes
The more closely related individuals are, the _____ the probability is that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common
greater
A ________ is an incomplete or partial antigen and must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response
hapten
Most B cells must interact with T ____ cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional
helper
Vaccination programs protect individuals within a population, both directly and indirectly due to the concept of ______ _____
herd immunity
Specific immune globulin is derived from patients who are convalescing and in a(n) ______state
hyperimmune
The ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances is ____
immunocompetence
Dendritic cells engulf and modify an antigen, thus increasing its _____
immunogenicity
B cells recognize antigen using their specific B cell receptor, which is the ______ it will secrete once clonal selection has taken place
immunoglobulin
What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen?
immunoglobulin
Upon phagocytosis of antigens, the phagocyte cell can induce a(n) _____ response in the surrounding tissues
inflammatory
Immunoglobulins exist as structural and functional classes called____
isotypes
The _____ _____ and _____ are the two most important organs at concentrating antigens and circulating them through areas populated by lymphocytes.
lymph nodes and spleen
The clonal selection theory states that during stem cell differentiation, there are trillions of unique_____created, each with its own antigen-specific receptor
lymphocytes
Mature (and primed to react with presented antigens) B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out of ____ organs
lymphoid
Antigen presenting cells process and present antigenic determinants on their surface and include B-cells, _____, and dendritic cells
macrophages
Like B cells, T cells also form ______ cells which can quickly respond upon exposure to eliciting antigen.
memory
iga circulates in the blood as a(n)____
monomer
To produce a tremendous repertoire of antigen specific receptors, lymphocytes employ:
more than 500 gene segments
There is _____ for vaccine connection to diabetes, asthma, or autism
no convincing evidence
B cell activation follows the binding of antigen and the interaction with interleukins which together send activation signals to the B cell _____
nucleus
____ are molecules (i.e. antibodies) that coat microbes or other particles, enhancing their phagocytosis.
opsonins
The process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing molecules, such as antibodies and complement, to the surface of foreign cells or particles is called ____
opsonization
IgE is in low concentration in the blood except during _____.
parasitic infections and allergic reaction
IgM is a ____and thus has 10 antigen binding sites
pentamer
Upon antigen activation, CD8 cytotoxic T cells release ______ which are proteins that punch holes in the membranes of target cells
perforins
In antibody-mediated immunity, during a primary immune response antibodies are produced and secrete by different B cells called ____ cells
plasma
In order to be activated, T cells require antigen-_____ cells which display antigen plus MHC.
presenting
Lymphocyte antigen receptor diversity is due to random genetic _____events.
rearrangement
The ______ response, also called the anamnestic response, is the specific immune response generated upon subsequent exposure to previous antigen and it is directed by memory cells.
secondary
The specific immune response is highly____ which means that a given antibody, B cell receptor, or T cell receptor only recognizes a specific antigen.
selective
Pooled human____ from donor blood is now used for immunotherapy
serum
The two features that characterize the specific immune response are ____ and _____
specificity, memory
_____ _____ techniques are based on isolating microbe genes are being employed in vaccine development.
Genetic Engineering
_____ _____ maintained through immunization is an important force in preventing epidemics
Herd immunity
CD8 cells recognize antigen bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) ______ molecules
I
Complement proteins are encoded by genes in the MHC class ____ gene complex
III
Secretory antibody
IgA
The immunoglobulin in colostrum and breast milk that forms a protective coating in the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant is _____
IgA
Main function is to serve as the B cell receptor
IgD
Allergies; worm infections
IgE (Can bind to Fc fragment on basophil and mast cell and basophils, causing the cells to release potent inflammatory substances upon the binding of allergen)
Vaccinations, like natural active immunity, vary
the degree and length of protection
Long term immunity, opsonization, neutralize toxins
IgG (Can bind to Fc fragment on phagocyte)
First antibody produced in response to antigen
IgM
_____ is the class of antibodies that comprise the majority of antibodies produced early in the primary immune response
IgM
______ like IgG, can fix complement.
IgM
_____ _____ _____ (ISG) is used for passive immunization and contains immunoglobulin estracted from the pooled blood of many donors
Immune Serum Globulin
In ____ or _____ vaccines, a whole cell or intact virus preparation in which the microbes are dead or preserved and cannot multiple but are still capable of conferring immunity
Killed or inactivated
After antigen presenting cells process an antigen, it is bound to _____ molecules and then moved to the surface for presentation.
MHC
What is the name for molecules that, following antigen processing, bind the antigen fragment and display it on the surface of the cell?
MHC
One set of genes that codes for human cell receptors and plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system is the ________ _________ ________ or the MHC.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
_____B and T cells circulate for long periods of time in order to rapidly respond to the same antigen in the future.
Memory
_____ _______ cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific
Natural Killer (NK)
____immunity can last from a few months to a lifetime
Natural active
Most materials that serve as good antigens include
Nucleoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, proteins
______ is the process of enhanced phagocytosis due to the attachment of host proteins such as antibodies to microbes or other invaders
Opsonization
_____ immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by the injection of preformed antibody
Passive
The term_____ originated from the Latin word for cow because cowpox virus was used against smallpox as a preparation for active immunization.
vaccination
Killed vaccines often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective because_____
the microbe does not multiply (Without microbial growth, antigen is cleared quickly before a strong immune response is made).
______ are cell surface molecules involved in recognition, binding, and intracellular signalling
Receptors
The use of ___ has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases
vaccines
_____, such as some bacterial toxins, are potent stimulators of T cells and are responsible for diseases such as toxic shock
Superantigens
Cell mediated immunity is based on the activation of _____ cells
T
_____ cells direct the responses that take place in cell-mediated immunity
T
____cells are the "mediators" of cell mediated immunity.
T
The CD4 coreceptor is found on which type of cell?
T helper cells
The antigen binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, consisting of a combination of heavy and light chains whose molecular conformation is specific for the antigen is called the _____ region
variable
True or false: After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs
True
True or false: At the beginning of an immune response, most antibodies produced are IgM, but as the response progresses, you see mainly IgG antibodies or some other class being produced
True
True or false: B and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.
True
A(n) _______ exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen
Vaccine
Neutralization
When antibodies coat the surface of a virus to prevent its attachment to cells
An antibody has a symmetrical ___-shape
Y
The process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules during the development process is called immune____
tolerance
Cytotoxic T cells can destroy: a foreign cells b. cancer cells c. virally infected cells d. post infection plasma cells
a foreign cells b. cancer cells c. virally infected cells
A _____ is a toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting a protective immune response when used as a vaccine
toxoid
antigens stimulate _____ that have specific receptors for that antigen a. B cells b. NK cells c. T cells d. Monocytes e. Phagocytes f. Erythrocytes
a. B cells c. T cells (phagocytes do not have antigen-specific receptors)
Match each type of lymphocyte with the type of antigen that it can recognize a. B cells b. T cells 1. whole, unprocessed antigen 2. processed antigen bound to MHC molecule
a. B cells = 1. whole, unprocessed antigen b. T cells = 2. processed antigen bound to MHC molecule
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II molecules are found on the following host cells: a. Dendritic cells b. T lymphocytes c. Erythrocytes d. Macrophages e. B lymphocytes
a. Dendritic cells d. Macrophages e. B lymphocytes
Which of the following is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta? a. IgG b. IgD c. IgA d. IgE e. IgP f. IgM
a. IgG
Match each antibody with its average half-life in serum a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d IgE e. IgD 1. 23 days 2. 3 days 3. 5 days 4. 2.5 days 5. 6 days
a. IgG = 1. 23 days b. IgA = 5. 6 days c. IgM = 3. 5 days d IgE = 4. 2.5 days e. IgD = 2. 3 days
Match each antibody class with its percentage of the total concentration in serum a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d IgE e. IgD 1. 0.002% 2. 6% 3. 13% 4. 80% 5. 1%
a. IgG = 4. 80% b. IgA = 3. 13% c. IgM = 2. 6% d IgE = 1. 0.002% e. IgD = 5. 1%
Antigens that enter the body intravenously become localized in the___ a. Kidneys b. Spleen c. Lungs d. Bone marrow e. Heart f. Liver g. Brain
a. Kidneys b. Spleen c. Lungs d. Bone marrow f. Liver
CD8+T cells recognize peptides presented on which class of molecules? a. MHC I b. MHC II c. MHC I or II d. MHC III
a. MHC I
Which of the following refers to a preparation of highly concentrated immune globulin from a small group of patients? a. SIG b. ISP c. MSG
a. SIG ( are convalescing from the disease and are in a hyperimmune state) (ISG is a preparation made from a larger pool of donors and is a lower concentration of antibody)
Antigen that is presented with MHC on APCs is now accessible to a. T helper cells b. Cytotoxic T cells c. NK cells d. Plasma cells e. Phagocytes
a. T helper cells b. Cytotoxic T cells
During development, B and T lymphocytes arise from: a. The same basic stem cell b. variable stem cell types c. a different stem cell d. an undetermined precursor cell
a. The same basic stem cell
since superantigens are potent stimulators of T cells their prescence can result in what? a. a huge release of cytokines with deleterious effects b. a boost in specific immune response protection c. cell death d. Enhanced innate immunity
a. a huge release of cytokines with deleterious effects c. cell death
During the latent period at the beginning of a primary antibody response a. antigen is being concentrated and processed b. antigen is still just in circulation c. all B cells are being activated so that one can react to antigen d. the B cells are not ready to act
a. antigen is being concentrated and processed
CD molecules are components of the immune system that _____ a. are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells b. stimulate the immune system during a viral infection c. act as chemical messengers between different immune cells
a. are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells
Secreted antibody molecules: a. circulate freely in the tissue fluids b. are trapped in tissues c. are found in mucous d. circulate freely in the lymph e. circulate freely in the blood
a. circulate freely in the tissue fluids c. are found in mucous d. circulate freely in the lymph e. circulate freely in the blood
Naive B cells ____ and ____ a. circulated through the blood b. ingest and process antigen bound to B cell receptors, and then display antigen fragments on MHC class II molecules c. Synthesis and secrete large amounts of a single antigen-specific antibody d. hone in on specific sites (i.e. lymph nodes)
a. circulated through the blood d. hone in on specific sites (i.e. lymph nodes)
Which of the following is the region of an antibody in which the amino acid sequence does not vary greatly? a. constant region b. Heavy chain c. Variable region d. Light chain
a. constant region
NK cells are: a. cytotoxic to cancer cells and infected cells b. a type of lymphocyte c. not antigen specific d. sensitive to actions of cytokines e. part of the specific immune response f. most similar to T helper cells
a. cytotoxic to cancer cells and infected cells b. a type of lymphocyte c. not antigen specific d. sensitive to actions of cytokines
Cytotoxic T cells kill a. foreign cells and infected host cells b. only bacteria c. only foreign cells d. pathogens and infected host cells e. only pathogens
a. foreign cells and infected host cells
Vaccines can contain antigens: a. from several different pathogens b. only from one specific microbe c. with only one epitope d. only from one type of microbe
a. from several different pathogens
Match each type of T cell with its activity: a. helper T cells b. regulatory T cells c. cytotoxic T cells 1. Control the T cell response 2. destroy infected host cells 3. activate macrophages
a. helper T cells = 3. activate macrophages b. regulatory T cells = 1. Control the T cell response c. cytotoxic T cells = 2. destroy infected host cells
Since alloantigens are present in some but not all members of a species they contribute to a. incompatibilities of blood transfusions b. incompatibilities in organ grafting c. an individual's blood group determination d. an individuals MHC profile e. Allergy reactions and hypersensitivities
a. incompatibilities of blood transfusions b. incompatibilities in organ grafting c. an individual's blood group determination d. an individuals MHC profile
Antibodies attach to specific antigen and mark the antigen for: a. neutralization b. destruction c. protection d. T cell recognition
a. neutralization b. destruction
after antigen stimulation, B cells produce antibodies to ____ antigen a. neutralize b. inactivate c. target d. activate e. degrade
a. neutralize b. inactivate c. target
Caution must be used when vaccinating individuals who are a. pregnant b. immunocompromised c. teenagers d. immunocompetent
a. pregnant b. immunocompromised
Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes found in _____ a. saliva b. tears c. mucus d. sweat
a. saliva b. tears c. mucus
The characteristics that define passive immunity include: a. short-term effectiveness b. time before protection is available c. lack of antibody production to pathogen d. lack of memory cells e. immediate onset of protection f. long-term effectiveness
a. short-term effectiveness c. lack of antibody production to pathogen d. lack of memory cells e. immediate onset of protection
Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in _____ a. tears b. saliva c. sweat d. mucus
a. tears b. saliva d. mucus
In which of the following ways are gamma-delta T cells different from other T cells? a. they are rapidly responsive to phospholipids b. they have T cell receptors that recognize a range of antigens c. They respond to PAMPs on microbes d. They produce memory cells when activated
a. they are rapidly responsive to phospholipids c. They respond to PAMPs on microbes (b and d are properties shared with other T cells)
The Dc portion of an antibody molecule is involved in specific immune response effector functions and binds to: a. various immune antibodies b. antigen c. NK cell receptors d. various immune cells e. antibiotics
a. various immune antibodies d. various immune cells
A secondary immune response can occur after exposure to antigen _____later. a. years b. weeks c. months d. minutes
a. years b. weeks c. months
The aggregation (or clumping) by antibodies of whole cells or similar-size particles is called
agglutination
An antigen that provokes an allergic reactive is called a(n)_____
allergen
One problem with therapeutic antiserum and antitoxins from horses is that horse antigens can stimulate ______
allergies
An antigen that is present in some but not all members of the same species is called a(n)_____
alloantigen
Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some individuals of a species, but not others, and are responsible for phenomena such as blood groups and tissue histocompatibility are called ____
alloantigens
Vaccines are ____ or ____ when known or suspected adverse effects occur
altered, withdrawn
A plasma cell is the progeny of an activated B cell that actively produces and secretes ____
antibodies
A plasma cells secrete____
antibodies
During the primary immune response a latent period occurs at the beginning of the response and it is marked by a lack of _____ to the activating antigen
antibodies
The principal activity of a(n) _____ is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the antigen which is complementary to its receptor
antibody
Any exposed or released protein or polysaccharide is a potential ____, a molecule capable of eliciting an immune response
antigen
Each different antibody has been developed by random genetic rearrangements resulting in a unique ____ binding groove in the FAb
antigen
The _____ ______ site or FAb of an antibody is the end of the antibody that specifically recognizes antigen.
antigen binding
A molecule that stimulates a specific response by T and B cells are called a(n) ____ or ____
antigen, immunogen
The property of behaving as an antigen, binding specifically to a T or B cell receptor is called _______
antigenicity
A special type of antibody that can neutralize a bacterial exotoxin is called a(n)______
antitoxin
The presence of IgE on mast cells and basophils can lead to some destructive responses including____
asthma, anaphylaxis, allergies
Looking at a Y shaped antibody structure, the antigen binding sites are found:
at the end of each of the forks
The loss of immune tolerance (the ability to delete self reactive clones) is called
autoimmunity
Which of the following are possible accessory molecules found in an antibody? a. phospholipids b. J chains c. carbohydrates d. nucleic acids e. fatty acids
b. J chains c. carbohydrates
Activated T cells can differentiate into a. NK cells b. Memory T cells c. T helper cells d. Plasma cells
b. Memory T cells c. T helper cells Antigen activated give rise to T regulatory, T helper, and Cytotoxic T cells)
Which of the following is NOT a function of T cells after stimulation by antigen? a. Helping other immune cells b. Phagocytizing antigen c. Synthesizing cytokines d. Killing abnormal cells
b. Phagocytizing antigen
Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells? a. fix complement b. Prevent autoimmunity c. Prevent the spread of cancer cells d. Control the inflammatory response e. Prevent the targeting of normal biota
b. Prevent autoimmunity d. Control the inflammatory response e. Prevent the targeting of normal biota
Mature T cells constantly circulate between: a. endocrine system b. circulatory system c. lymphatic system d. nervous system
b. circulatory system c. lymphatic system
T helper 1 cells have the following functions a. drive B cell proliferation b. delayed hypersensitivity reactions c. destroy target cells by lysis d. activation of macrophages
b. delayed hypersensitivity reactions d. activation of macrophages
T cell maturation is directed by a. stromal cells b. hormones c. antigen presenting cells d. thylakoid cells e. the thymus gland
b. hormones e. the thymus gland
Requirements for an effective vaccine include: a. regular booster dose schedule b. low level of toxicity or adverse side effects c. produce a memory response d. should stimulate a B or a T cell response, but not both
b. low level of toxicity or adverse side effects c. produce a memory response
Haptens include molecules as a. large proteins b. ordinary chemicals c. lipopolysaccharides d. drugs e. metals
b. ordinary chemicals d. drugs e. metals
An antibody can bind to two of the same epitopes on____ a. only different cells b. the same cell c. only rare occasions d. two separate cells
b. the same cell d. two separate cells
Select the statements that accurately characterize NKT cells a. they produce antibodies b. they can produce cytokinds, granzymes, and perforins c. they express both T cell receptors and NK-cell markers d. they are stimulated by glycolipids on foreign cells e. they are a hybrid of B and T cells.
b. they can produce cytokinds, granzymes, and perforins c. they express both T cell receptors and NK-cell markers d. they are stimulated by glycolipids on foreign cells
B cells maturation occurs in the ____ ____
bone marrow
In an antibody molecule, the J chain is a protein component that joins monomers of: a. IgG b. IgE c. IgM d. IgA e. IgD
c. IgM d. IgA
_____ cells used the same killing mechanisms as cytotoxic T cells a. B b. T memory c. NK d. T helper e. Dendritic
c. NK
Adjuvants work by gradually releasing antigen in the tissues which facillitates contact with ____ and ____ a. receptors for PAMPs b. eosinophils c. antigen presenting cells d. lymphocytes
c. antigen presenting cells d. lymphocytes
The secondary response of specific immunity compared to primary response is _____ a. less able to produce antibody b. weaker c. more vigorous d. faster e. slower
c. more vigorous d. faster
The cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells is based in the secretion of: a. histamines b. lipopolysaccharides c. perforins d. granzymes e. leukocidens
c. perforins d. granzymes
T helper 2 cells have the following functions: a. delayed hypersensitivity reactions b. activate mast cells c. secrete cytokines d. target cell lysis e. drive b cell proliferation
c. secrete cytokines e. drive b cell proliferation
Cytotoxic T cells have the following function a. delayed hypersensitivity reactions b. activated macrophages c. target cell lysis d. drive B cell proliferation
c. target cell lysis
A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called_____ a. load b. concentration c. titer
c. titer
An antibody molecule is made up of (choose two) a. two different light chains b. two different heavy chains c. two identical light chains d. two identical medium chains e. two identical heavy chains f. two different medium chains
c. two identical light chains e. two identical heavy chains
The constant regions of antibodies usually have varying amounts of _____ attached
carbohydrates
All cells in a ______ share identical characteristics
clone
Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called ________
clones
Binding of antibody to antigen can activate the _____ cascade with can result in cell or virus lysis
complement
Antigen and antibody must have a(n) ______fit
complementary
Th Fc, or ______, region of an antibody has an amino acid content that does not vary greatly
constant (Fc stands for fragment crysallizable)
After maturation, B cells and T cells_____
constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics
T cells secrete mediators called ____that help destroy pathogens and regulate immune responses
cytokines
T helper cells activate macrophages directly through receptor contact and indirectly through_____
cytokines
The CD8 coreceptor is expressed on _____T cells
cytotoxic
What cell type destroys cells from other animals and humans based on the peptides they display on their surface with MHC class I? a. Natural Killer b. T Helper c. Eosinophil d. Cytotoxic T e. Dendritic
d. Cytotoxic T
The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes a. Orally b. Intranasally c. Absorption from a patch d. Intramuscular injection e. Intradermal injection f. Subcutaneous injection
d. Intramuscular injection e. Intradermal injection f. Subcutaneous injection
Rare but more serious complications associated with vaccines include: a. diabetes b. asthma c. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome d. disease from mutation back to a virulent strain e. autism f. disease due to a contaminating strain g. panencephalitis
d. disease from mutation back to a virulent strain f. disease due to a contaminating strain g. panencephalitis
In the blood IgA is a monomer but in mucus and secretions IgA is a(n)
dimeric
Lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific portions of antigen molecules called______ a. promoters b. haptens c. receptors d. immunogens e. epitopes
e. epitopes
A(n) _____ is the molecular fragment (or group) of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response
epitope
CD4 R cells have antigen specific receptors that recognize a(n) ____ of specific antigen, and a CD4 coreceptor that recognized MHC molecules
epitope
If exact ____ are known, it is possible to produce vaccines from them
epitopes
Which of the following is NOT a class of antibodies found in humans? a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d IgE e. IgD f. IgB
f. IgB
An important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived to be _____
foreign
Our immune system does not react to our own antigens, only to ____ antigens.
foreign
Large, complex antigens such as ____ or ____ are very effective immunogens
viruses, whole cells
