Ch. 15 Host defenses 2 Specific immunity and imunization

Cluster of differentiation receptors are known by the abbreviation "_____ receptors"

CD

Proteins protruding from the cell membrane of a variety of cells involved in the immune response are termed ______ molecules

CD

_____ T cells target virally infected cells through the recognition of viral peptides expressed on the target cell surface

Cytotoxic

People who are deficient in this type of cell are more susceptible to cancer

Cytotoxic T cell

_____ is the ability of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell such as an infected cell or cancer cell.

Cytotoxicity

Benefits of using passive antibodies are_____

1. Antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccines exist 2. Antibodies are available to act immediately

List the steps of DNA vaccine preparation in the correct order (first to last).

1. Extract DNA that codes for antigen from the pathogen genome. 2. Insert pathogen DNA into a plasmid vector 3. Inject plasmid vector into a host 4. Plasmid DNA is translated and transcribed by host cell 5. Host cell expresses foreign protein on surface to stimulate immunity

The order of steps in generating diversity in B cells

1. In the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes 2. Cells build their unique immunoglobulin receptor 3. Cells migrate to secondary tissues

The order of steps in generating diversity in T cells

1. In the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes 2. cells migrate to the thymus 3. cells build their unique antigen receptor 4 cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues

Oral vaccines have the following advantages

1. easy to administer 2. more readily accepted 3. can stimulate secretory IgA 4. well tolerated

The carrier confers the following in a hapten-carrier complex

1. increases the size of the complex 2. enhances the proper spatial orientation of the hapten

The T cell antigen-receptor differs from the B cell antigen-receptor in that it

1. is never secreted like antibodies 2. has fewer antigen binding sites 3. is a smaller molecule

The disadvantages associated with using live attenuated vaccines include

1. requiring special storage facilities 2. can be transmitted to others (it can multiply and cause problems in immunocompromised individuals) 3. possibility of mutating back to a virulent strain

T cell independent antigens are usually

1. simple molecules 2. carbohydrates 3. made up of many repeating invariable units

Match each of the following antibody class with the number of antibody binding sites per antibody molecule: IgG IgD IgE Secretory IgA IgM

2: IgG IgD IgE 4: Secretory IgA (dimeric IgA) 10: IgM

______ classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been identified.

3

______ vaccines are based on DNA inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a person with the hopes that a cell will take up the plasmid and make protein which would then stimulate a protective immune response

DNA

A significant decrease int he number of helper T cells with CD4 receptors is found in patients with ____

AIDS

B cells can act as APCs, which is an acronym for_____

Antigen Presenting Cells

This fragment contains the antigen binding region, but does not interact with complement or phagocytosis

FAb

______ is the abbreviation for the antigen binding fragment of an antibody molecule

Fab

True or false: A given host cell can express only one type of receptor

False

This fragment of the antibody reveals a region for activating or fixing complement following binding of antigen by the antibody

Fc

______ are foreign molecules that elicit a specific immune response

Antigens

______ cell activation is triggered by the binding of antigen to surface IgD molecules

B

An antigen must meet certain requirements in

foreignness, shape or complexity, accessibility, size

Microbes enter the human body most frequently through the _____ and _____mucosa

gastointestinal and respiratory

Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion which results in a large population of:

genetically identical daughter cells

The enzymes that attack target cells during apoptosis are called___

granzymes

The more closely related individuals are, the _____ the probability is that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common

greater

A ________ is an incomplete or partial antigen and must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response

hapten

Most B cells must interact with T ____ cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional

helper

Vaccination programs protect individuals within a population, both directly and indirectly due to the concept of ______ _____

herd immunity

Specific immune globulin is derived from patients who are convalescing and in a(n) ______state

hyperimmune

The ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances is ____

immunocompetence

Dendritic cells engulf and modify an antigen, thus increasing its _____

immunogenicity

B cells recognize antigen using their specific B cell receptor, which is the ______ it will secrete once clonal selection has taken place

immunoglobulin

What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen?

immunoglobulin

Upon phagocytosis of antigens, the phagocyte cell can induce a(n) _____ response in the surrounding tissues

inflammatory

Immunoglobulins exist as structural and functional classes called____

isotypes

The _____ _____ and _____ are the two most important organs at concentrating antigens and circulating them through areas populated by lymphocytes.

lymph nodes and spleen

The clonal selection theory states that during stem cell differentiation, there are trillions of unique_____created, each with its own antigen-specific receptor

lymphocytes

Mature (and primed to react with presented antigens) B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out of ____ organs

lymphoid

Antigen presenting cells process and present antigenic determinants on their surface and include B-cells, _____, and dendritic cells

macrophages

Like B cells, T cells also form ______ cells which can quickly respond upon exposure to eliciting antigen.

memory

iga circulates in the blood as a(n)____

monomer

To produce a tremendous repertoire of antigen specific receptors, lymphocytes employ:

more than 500 gene segments

There is _____ for vaccine connection to diabetes, asthma, or autism

no convincing evidence

B cell activation follows the binding of antigen and the interaction with interleukins which together send activation signals to the B cell _____

nucleus

____ are molecules (i.e. antibodies) that coat microbes or other particles, enhancing their phagocytosis.

opsonins

The process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing molecules, such as antibodies and complement, to the surface of foreign cells or particles is called ____

opsonization

IgE is in low concentration in the blood except during _____.

parasitic infections and allergic reaction

IgM is a ____and thus has 10 antigen binding sites

pentamer

Upon antigen activation, CD8 cytotoxic T cells release ______ which are proteins that punch holes in the membranes of target cells

perforins

In antibody-mediated immunity, during a primary immune response antibodies are produced and secrete by different B cells called ____ cells

plasma

In order to be activated, T cells require antigen-_____ cells which display antigen plus MHC.

presenting

Lymphocyte antigen receptor diversity is due to random genetic _____events.

rearrangement

The ______ response, also called the anamnestic response, is the specific immune response generated upon subsequent exposure to previous antigen and it is directed by memory cells.

secondary

The specific immune response is highly____ which means that a given antibody, B cell receptor, or T cell receptor only recognizes a specific antigen.

selective

Pooled human____ from donor blood is now used for immunotherapy

serum

The two features that characterize the specific immune response are ____ and _____

specificity, memory

_____ _____ techniques are based on isolating microbe genes are being employed in vaccine development.

Genetic Engineering

_____ _____ maintained through immunization is an important force in preventing epidemics

Herd immunity

CD8 cells recognize antigen bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) ______ molecules

I

Complement proteins are encoded by genes in the MHC class ____ gene complex

III

Secretory antibody

IgA

The immunoglobulin in colostrum and breast milk that forms a protective coating in the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant is _____

IgA

Main function is to serve as the B cell receptor

IgD

Allergies; worm infections

IgE (Can bind to Fc fragment on basophil and mast cell and basophils, causing the cells to release potent inflammatory substances upon the binding of allergen)

Vaccinations, like natural active immunity, vary

the degree and length of protection

Long term immunity, opsonization, neutralize toxins

IgG (Can bind to Fc fragment on phagocyte)

First antibody produced in response to antigen

IgM

_____ is the class of antibodies that comprise the majority of antibodies produced early in the primary immune response

IgM

______ like IgG, can fix complement.

IgM

_____ _____ _____ (ISG) is used for passive immunization and contains immunoglobulin estracted from the pooled blood of many donors

Immune Serum Globulin

In ____ or _____ vaccines, a whole cell or intact virus preparation in which the microbes are dead or preserved and cannot multiple but are still capable of conferring immunity

Killed or inactivated

After antigen presenting cells process an antigen, it is bound to _____ molecules and then moved to the surface for presentation.

MHC

What is the name for molecules that, following antigen processing, bind the antigen fragment and display it on the surface of the cell?

MHC

One set of genes that codes for human cell receptors and plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system is the ________ _________ ________ or the MHC.

Major Histocompatibility Complex

_____B and T cells circulate for long periods of time in order to rapidly respond to the same antigen in the future.

Memory

_____ _______ cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific

Natural Killer (NK)

____immunity can last from a few months to a lifetime

Natural active

Most materials that serve as good antigens include

Nucleoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, proteins

______ is the process of enhanced phagocytosis due to the attachment of host proteins such as antibodies to microbes or other invaders

Opsonization

_____ immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by the injection of preformed antibody

Passive

The term_____ originated from the Latin word for cow because cowpox virus was used against smallpox as a preparation for active immunization.

vaccination

Killed vaccines often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective because_____

the microbe does not multiply (Without microbial growth, antigen is cleared quickly before a strong immune response is made).

______ are cell surface molecules involved in recognition, binding, and intracellular signalling

Receptors

The use of ___ has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases

vaccines

_____, such as some bacterial toxins, are potent stimulators of T cells and are responsible for diseases such as toxic shock

Superantigens

Cell mediated immunity is based on the activation of _____ cells

T

_____ cells direct the responses that take place in cell-mediated immunity

T

____cells are the "mediators" of cell mediated immunity.

T

The CD4 coreceptor is found on which type of cell?

T helper cells

The antigen binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, consisting of a combination of heavy and light chains whose molecular conformation is specific for the antigen is called the _____ region

variable

True or false: After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs

True

True or false: At the beginning of an immune response, most antibodies produced are IgM, but as the response progresses, you see mainly IgG antibodies or some other class being produced

True

True or false: B and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.

True

A(n) _______ exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen

Vaccine

Neutralization

When antibodies coat the surface of a virus to prevent its attachment to cells

An antibody has a symmetrical ___-shape

Y

The process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules during the development process is called immune____

tolerance

Cytotoxic T cells can destroy: a foreign cells b. cancer cells c. virally infected cells d. post infection plasma cells

a foreign cells b. cancer cells c. virally infected cells

A _____ is a toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting a protective immune response when used as a vaccine

toxoid

antigens stimulate _____ that have specific receptors for that antigen a. B cells b. NK cells c. T cells d. Monocytes e. Phagocytes f. Erythrocytes

a. B cells c. T cells (phagocytes do not have antigen-specific receptors)

Match each type of lymphocyte with the type of antigen that it can recognize a. B cells b. T cells 1. whole, unprocessed antigen 2. processed antigen bound to MHC molecule

a. B cells = 1. whole, unprocessed antigen b. T cells = 2. processed antigen bound to MHC molecule

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II molecules are found on the following host cells: a. Dendritic cells b. T lymphocytes c. Erythrocytes d. Macrophages e. B lymphocytes

a. Dendritic cells d. Macrophages e. B lymphocytes

Which of the following is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta? a. IgG b. IgD c. IgA d. IgE e. IgP f. IgM

a. IgG

Match each antibody with its average half-life in serum a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d IgE e. IgD 1. 23 days 2. 3 days 3. 5 days 4. 2.5 days 5. 6 days

a. IgG = 1. 23 days b. IgA = 5. 6 days c. IgM = 3. 5 days d IgE = 4. 2.5 days e. IgD = 2. 3 days

Match each antibody class with its percentage of the total concentration in serum a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d IgE e. IgD 1. 0.002% 2. 6% 3. 13% 4. 80% 5. 1%

a. IgG = 4. 80% b. IgA = 3. 13% c. IgM = 2. 6% d IgE = 1. 0.002% e. IgD = 5. 1%

Antigens that enter the body intravenously become localized in the___ a. Kidneys b. Spleen c. Lungs d. Bone marrow e. Heart f. Liver g. Brain

a. Kidneys b. Spleen c. Lungs d. Bone marrow f. Liver

CD8+T cells recognize peptides presented on which class of molecules? a. MHC I b. MHC II c. MHC I or II d. MHC III

a. MHC I

Which of the following refers to a preparation of highly concentrated immune globulin from a small group of patients? a. SIG b. ISP c. MSG

a. SIG ( are convalescing from the disease and are in a hyperimmune state) (ISG is a preparation made from a larger pool of donors and is a lower concentration of antibody)

Antigen that is presented with MHC on APCs is now accessible to a. T helper cells b. Cytotoxic T cells c. NK cells d. Plasma cells e. Phagocytes

a. T helper cells b. Cytotoxic T cells

During development, B and T lymphocytes arise from: a. The same basic stem cell b. variable stem cell types c. a different stem cell d. an undetermined precursor cell

a. The same basic stem cell

since superantigens are potent stimulators of T cells their prescence can result in what? a. a huge release of cytokines with deleterious effects b. a boost in specific immune response protection c. cell death d. Enhanced innate immunity

a. a huge release of cytokines with deleterious effects c. cell death

During the latent period at the beginning of a primary antibody response a. antigen is being concentrated and processed b. antigen is still just in circulation c. all B cells are being activated so that one can react to antigen d. the B cells are not ready to act

a. antigen is being concentrated and processed

CD molecules are components of the immune system that _____ a. are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells b. stimulate the immune system during a viral infection c. act as chemical messengers between different immune cells

a. are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells

Secreted antibody molecules: a. circulate freely in the tissue fluids b. are trapped in tissues c. are found in mucous d. circulate freely in the lymph e. circulate freely in the blood

a. circulate freely in the tissue fluids c. are found in mucous d. circulate freely in the lymph e. circulate freely in the blood

Naive B cells ____ and ____ a. circulated through the blood b. ingest and process antigen bound to B cell receptors, and then display antigen fragments on MHC class II molecules c. Synthesis and secrete large amounts of a single antigen-specific antibody d. hone in on specific sites (i.e. lymph nodes)

a. circulated through the blood d. hone in on specific sites (i.e. lymph nodes)

Which of the following is the region of an antibody in which the amino acid sequence does not vary greatly? a. constant region b. Heavy chain c. Variable region d. Light chain

a. constant region

NK cells are: a. cytotoxic to cancer cells and infected cells b. a type of lymphocyte c. not antigen specific d. sensitive to actions of cytokines e. part of the specific immune response f. most similar to T helper cells

a. cytotoxic to cancer cells and infected cells b. a type of lymphocyte c. not antigen specific d. sensitive to actions of cytokines

Cytotoxic T cells kill a. foreign cells and infected host cells b. only bacteria c. only foreign cells d. pathogens and infected host cells e. only pathogens

a. foreign cells and infected host cells

Vaccines can contain antigens: a. from several different pathogens b. only from one specific microbe c. with only one epitope d. only from one type of microbe

a. from several different pathogens

Match each type of T cell with its activity: a. helper T cells b. regulatory T cells c. cytotoxic T cells 1. Control the T cell response 2. destroy infected host cells 3. activate macrophages

a. helper T cells = 3. activate macrophages b. regulatory T cells = 1. Control the T cell response c. cytotoxic T cells = 2. destroy infected host cells

Since alloantigens are present in some but not all members of a species they contribute to a. incompatibilities of blood transfusions b. incompatibilities in organ grafting c. an individual's blood group determination d. an individuals MHC profile e. Allergy reactions and hypersensitivities

a. incompatibilities of blood transfusions b. incompatibilities in organ grafting c. an individual's blood group determination d. an individuals MHC profile

Antibodies attach to specific antigen and mark the antigen for: a. neutralization b. destruction c. protection d. T cell recognition

a. neutralization b. destruction

after antigen stimulation, B cells produce antibodies to ____ antigen a. neutralize b. inactivate c. target d. activate e. degrade

a. neutralize b. inactivate c. target

Caution must be used when vaccinating individuals who are a. pregnant b. immunocompromised c. teenagers d. immunocompetent

a. pregnant b. immunocompromised

Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes found in _____ a. saliva b. tears c. mucus d. sweat

a. saliva b. tears c. mucus

The characteristics that define passive immunity include: a. short-term effectiveness b. time before protection is available c. lack of antibody production to pathogen d. lack of memory cells e. immediate onset of protection f. long-term effectiveness

a. short-term effectiveness c. lack of antibody production to pathogen d. lack of memory cells e. immediate onset of protection

Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in _____ a. tears b. saliva c. sweat d. mucus

a. tears b. saliva d. mucus

In which of the following ways are gamma-delta T cells different from other T cells? a. they are rapidly responsive to phospholipids b. they have T cell receptors that recognize a range of antigens c. They respond to PAMPs on microbes d. They produce memory cells when activated

a. they are rapidly responsive to phospholipids c. They respond to PAMPs on microbes (b and d are properties shared with other T cells)

The Dc portion of an antibody molecule is involved in specific immune response effector functions and binds to: a. various immune antibodies b. antigen c. NK cell receptors d. various immune cells e. antibiotics

a. various immune antibodies d. various immune cells

A secondary immune response can occur after exposure to antigen _____later. a. years b. weeks c. months d. minutes

a. years b. weeks c. months

The aggregation (or clumping) by antibodies of whole cells or similar-size particles is called

agglutination

An antigen that provokes an allergic reactive is called a(n)_____

allergen

One problem with therapeutic antiserum and antitoxins from horses is that horse antigens can stimulate ______

allergies

An antigen that is present in some but not all members of the same species is called a(n)_____

alloantigen

Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some individuals of a species, but not others, and are responsible for phenomena such as blood groups and tissue histocompatibility are called ____

alloantigens

Vaccines are ____ or ____ when known or suspected adverse effects occur

altered, withdrawn

A plasma cell is the progeny of an activated B cell that actively produces and secretes ____

antibodies

A plasma cells secrete____

antibodies

During the primary immune response a latent period occurs at the beginning of the response and it is marked by a lack of _____ to the activating antigen

antibodies

The principal activity of a(n) _____ is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the antigen which is complementary to its receptor

antibody

Any exposed or released protein or polysaccharide is a potential ____, a molecule capable of eliciting an immune response

antigen

Each different antibody has been developed by random genetic rearrangements resulting in a unique ____ binding groove in the FAb

antigen

The _____ ______ site or FAb of an antibody is the end of the antibody that specifically recognizes antigen.

antigen binding

A molecule that stimulates a specific response by T and B cells are called a(n) ____ or ____

antigen, immunogen

The property of behaving as an antigen, binding specifically to a T or B cell receptor is called _______

antigenicity

A special type of antibody that can neutralize a bacterial exotoxin is called a(n)______

antitoxin

The presence of IgE on mast cells and basophils can lead to some destructive responses including____

asthma, anaphylaxis, allergies

Looking at a Y shaped antibody structure, the antigen binding sites are found:

at the end of each of the forks

The loss of immune tolerance (the ability to delete self reactive clones) is called

autoimmunity

Which of the following are possible accessory molecules found in an antibody? a. phospholipids b. J chains c. carbohydrates d. nucleic acids e. fatty acids

b. J chains c. carbohydrates

Activated T cells can differentiate into a. NK cells b. Memory T cells c. T helper cells d. Plasma cells

b. Memory T cells c. T helper cells Antigen activated give rise to T regulatory, T helper, and Cytotoxic T cells)

Which of the following is NOT a function of T cells after stimulation by antigen? a. Helping other immune cells b. Phagocytizing antigen c. Synthesizing cytokines d. Killing abnormal cells

b. Phagocytizing antigen

Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells? a. fix complement b. Prevent autoimmunity c. Prevent the spread of cancer cells d. Control the inflammatory response e. Prevent the targeting of normal biota

b. Prevent autoimmunity d. Control the inflammatory response e. Prevent the targeting of normal biota

Mature T cells constantly circulate between: a. endocrine system b. circulatory system c. lymphatic system d. nervous system

b. circulatory system c. lymphatic system

T helper 1 cells have the following functions a. drive B cell proliferation b. delayed hypersensitivity reactions c. destroy target cells by lysis d. activation of macrophages

b. delayed hypersensitivity reactions d. activation of macrophages

T cell maturation is directed by a. stromal cells b. hormones c. antigen presenting cells d. thylakoid cells e. the thymus gland

b. hormones e. the thymus gland

Requirements for an effective vaccine include: a. regular booster dose schedule b. low level of toxicity or adverse side effects c. produce a memory response d. should stimulate a B or a T cell response, but not both

b. low level of toxicity or adverse side effects c. produce a memory response

Haptens include molecules as a. large proteins b. ordinary chemicals c. lipopolysaccharides d. drugs e. metals

b. ordinary chemicals d. drugs e. metals

An antibody can bind to two of the same epitopes on____ a. only different cells b. the same cell c. only rare occasions d. two separate cells

b. the same cell d. two separate cells

Select the statements that accurately characterize NKT cells a. they produce antibodies b. they can produce cytokinds, granzymes, and perforins c. they express both T cell receptors and NK-cell markers d. they are stimulated by glycolipids on foreign cells e. they are a hybrid of B and T cells.

b. they can produce cytokinds, granzymes, and perforins c. they express both T cell receptors and NK-cell markers d. they are stimulated by glycolipids on foreign cells

B cells maturation occurs in the ____ ____

bone marrow

In an antibody molecule, the J chain is a protein component that joins monomers of: a. IgG b. IgE c. IgM d. IgA e. IgD

c. IgM d. IgA

_____ cells used the same killing mechanisms as cytotoxic T cells a. B b. T memory c. NK d. T helper e. Dendritic

c. NK

Adjuvants work by gradually releasing antigen in the tissues which facillitates contact with ____ and ____ a. receptors for PAMPs b. eosinophils c. antigen presenting cells d. lymphocytes

c. antigen presenting cells d. lymphocytes

The secondary response of specific immunity compared to primary response is _____ a. less able to produce antibody b. weaker c. more vigorous d. faster e. slower

c. more vigorous d. faster

The cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells is based in the secretion of: a. histamines b. lipopolysaccharides c. perforins d. granzymes e. leukocidens

c. perforins d. granzymes

T helper 2 cells have the following functions: a. delayed hypersensitivity reactions b. activate mast cells c. secrete cytokines d. target cell lysis e. drive b cell proliferation

c. secrete cytokines e. drive b cell proliferation

Cytotoxic T cells have the following function a. delayed hypersensitivity reactions b. activated macrophages c. target cell lysis d. drive B cell proliferation

c. target cell lysis

A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called_____ a. load b. concentration c. titer

c. titer

An antibody molecule is made up of (choose two) a. two different light chains b. two different heavy chains c. two identical light chains d. two identical medium chains e. two identical heavy chains f. two different medium chains

c. two identical light chains e. two identical heavy chains

The constant regions of antibodies usually have varying amounts of _____ attached

carbohydrates

All cells in a ______ share identical characteristics

clone

Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called ________

clones

Binding of antibody to antigen can activate the _____ cascade with can result in cell or virus lysis

complement

Antigen and antibody must have a(n) ______fit

complementary

Th Fc, or ______, region of an antibody has an amino acid content that does not vary greatly

constant (Fc stands for fragment crysallizable)

After maturation, B cells and T cells_____

constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics

T cells secrete mediators called ____that help destroy pathogens and regulate immune responses

cytokines

T helper cells activate macrophages directly through receptor contact and indirectly through_____

cytokines

The CD8 coreceptor is expressed on _____T cells

cytotoxic

What cell type destroys cells from other animals and humans based on the peptides they display on their surface with MHC class I? a. Natural Killer b. T Helper c. Eosinophil d. Cytotoxic T e. Dendritic

d. Cytotoxic T

The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes a. Orally b. Intranasally c. Absorption from a patch d. Intramuscular injection e. Intradermal injection f. Subcutaneous injection

d. Intramuscular injection e. Intradermal injection f. Subcutaneous injection

Rare but more serious complications associated with vaccines include: a. diabetes b. asthma c. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome d. disease from mutation back to a virulent strain e. autism f. disease due to a contaminating strain g. panencephalitis

d. disease from mutation back to a virulent strain f. disease due to a contaminating strain g. panencephalitis

In the blood IgA is a monomer but in mucus and secretions IgA is a(n)

dimeric

Lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific portions of antigen molecules called______ a. promoters b. haptens c. receptors d. immunogens e. epitopes

e. epitopes

A(n) _____ is the molecular fragment (or group) of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response

epitope

CD4 R cells have antigen specific receptors that recognize a(n) ____ of specific antigen, and a CD4 coreceptor that recognized MHC molecules

epitope

If exact ____ are known, it is possible to produce vaccines from them

epitopes

Which of the following is NOT a class of antibodies found in humans? a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d IgE e. IgD f. IgB

f. IgB

An important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived to be _____

foreign

Our immune system does not react to our own antigens, only to ____ antigens.

foreign

Large, complex antigens such as ____ or ____ are very effective immunogens

viruses, whole cells