Ch. 16 Honors Bio OLu Vocab
chemoheterotroph
acquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules, are by far the largest most diverse group of prokaryotes
pathogen
an agent such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease
heterotroph
an organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products a consumer or a decomposer in a good chain
autotroph
an organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs.
chemoautotroph
an organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals. A chemoautotroph makes its own organic compounds from CO2 without using light energy
photoautotroph
an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis
photoheterotroph
an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources
gram-positive bacteria
diverse group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria
gram stain
microbiology technique to identify the cell wall composition of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria.
methanogens
a type of Archaea that produces methane as a metabolic waste product
plasmodial slime mold
a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodium feeding stage in its life cycle.
cellular slime molds
a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoa clade
ciliates
a type of protist that moves and feeds by means of cilia. Ciliates belong to the alveolate clade.
diatoms
a unicellular, autotrophic protist that belongs to the stramenopile clade. Diatoms possess a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica.
extreme thermophile
A microorganism that thrives in a hot environment
Alga
A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis
pseudopodium
a temporary extension of an amoeboid cell. Pseudopodia function in moving cells and engulfing food
endospore
a thick-coated, protective cell produced within a bacterial cell; endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions
alveolates
a clade of protists that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates
symbiosis
a close association between organisms of two or more species
proteobacteria
a diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.
water molds
a fungus-like protist in the stramenopile clade
chlamydia
a group of bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells. Includes human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis, a common sexually transmitted disease.
parabasalids
a heterotrophic protist that has modified mitochondria that generates some energy anaerobically.
alternation of generations
a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae
amoebozoan
a member of a clade of protists that include amoebas and slime molds and is characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia.
spirochetes
a member of a group of helical bacteria that spiral through the environment by means of rotating, internal filaments
diplomonads
a member of a group of heterotrophic protists that have modified mitochondria. The group diplomonads includes the waterborne parasite Giardia.
red algae
a member of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which includes the reed-building coralline algae.
green algae
a member of a group of photosynthetic protists that include chlorophytes and charophyceans, the closest living relatives of land plants. Green algae include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species.
dinoflagellates
a member of a group of protists belonging to the alveolata clade. Dinoflagellates are common components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton.
apicomplexans
a member of a protist group of parasitic alveolates, some of which cause human diseases
stramenopiles
a member of clade of protists that includes water mold, diatoms, and brown algae and is characterized by a "hairy" flagellum
protist
a member of the Kingdom Protista. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular
extreme halophile
a microorganism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake of the Dead Sea
endotoxin
a poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
peptidoglycan
a polymer of complex sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; a material unique to bacterial cell walls
secondary endosymbiosis
a process by which protist diversity is hypothesized to have evolved from a symbiotic association that arose when an autotrophic eukaryotic protist was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.
protozoan
a protist that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, "animal-like"protist.
radiolarians
a protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has a mineralized support structure composed of silica
foraminiferans
a protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has porous shells composed of calcium carbonate
bacillus
a rod-shaped prokaryotic cell
pilus
a short projection on the surface of a prokaryotic cell that helps the prokaryote attach to other surfaces. Specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold the mating cells together.
plasmodium
a single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei OR the amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold
coccus
a spherical prokaryotic cell
biofilm
a surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation
brown algae
one of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists belonging to the stramenopile clade; the most common and largest type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.
Bacteria
one of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Archaea
Archaea
one of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria
parasite
organism that derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction
cyanobacteria
photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plant life, oxygen-generating photosynthesis
amoeba
protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia
sporophyte
the multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergo alternation of generation; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.
gametophyte
the multicellular haploid from in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation
bioremediation
the use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems