Ch. 16 Honors Bio OLu Vocab

chemoheterotroph

acquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules, are by far the largest most diverse group of prokaryotes

pathogen

an agent such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease

heterotroph

an organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products a consumer or a decomposer in a good chain

autotroph

an organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules. Plants, algae, and numerous bacteria are autotrophs.

chemoautotroph

an organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals. A chemoautotroph makes its own organic compounds from CO2 without using light energy

photoautotroph

an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis

photoheterotroph

an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources

gram-positive bacteria

diverse group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria

gram stain

microbiology technique to identify the cell wall composition of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria.

methanogens

a type of Archaea that produces methane as a metabolic waste product

plasmodial slime mold

a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodium feeding stage in its life cycle.

cellular slime molds

a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle; members of amoebozoa clade

ciliates

a type of protist that moves and feeds by means of cilia. Ciliates belong to the alveolate clade.

diatoms

a unicellular, autotrophic protist that belongs to the stramenopile clade. Diatoms possess a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica.

extreme thermophile

A microorganism that thrives in a hot environment

Alga

A protist that produces its food by photosynthesis

pseudopodium

a temporary extension of an amoeboid cell. Pseudopodia function in moving cells and engulfing food

endospore

a thick-coated, protective cell produced within a bacterial cell; endospore becomes dormant and is able to survive harsh environmental conditions

alveolates

a clade of protists that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates

symbiosis

a close association between organisms of two or more species

proteobacteria

a diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.

water molds

a fungus-like protist in the stramenopile clade

chlamydia

a group of bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells. Includes human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis, a common sexually transmitted disease.

parabasalids

a heterotrophic protist that has modified mitochondria that generates some energy anaerobically.

alternation of generations

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae

amoebozoan

a member of a clade of protists that include amoebas and slime molds and is characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia.

spirochetes

a member of a group of helical bacteria that spiral through the environment by means of rotating, internal filaments

diplomonads

a member of a group of heterotrophic protists that have modified mitochondria. The group diplomonads includes the waterborne parasite Giardia.

red algae

a member of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which includes the reed-building coralline algae.

green algae

a member of a group of photosynthetic protists that include chlorophytes and charophyceans, the closest living relatives of land plants. Green algae include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species.

dinoflagellates

a member of a group of protists belonging to the alveolata clade. Dinoflagellates are common components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton.

apicomplexans

a member of a protist group of parasitic alveolates, some of which cause human diseases

stramenopiles

a member of clade of protists that includes water mold, diatoms, and brown algae and is characterized by a "hairy" flagellum

protist

a member of the Kingdom Protista. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular

extreme halophile

a microorganism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake of the Dead Sea

endotoxin

a poisonous component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

peptidoglycan

a polymer of complex sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides; a material unique to bacterial cell walls

secondary endosymbiosis

a process by which protist diversity is hypothesized to have evolved from a symbiotic association that arose when an autotrophic eukaryotic protist was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

protozoan

a protist that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, "animal-like"protist.

radiolarians

a protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has a mineralized support structure composed of silica

foraminiferans

a protist that moves and feeds by means of threadlike pseudopodia and has porous shells composed of calcium carbonate

bacillus

a rod-shaped prokaryotic cell

pilus

a short projection on the surface of a prokaryotic cell that helps the prokaryote attach to other surfaces. Specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold the mating cells together.

plasmodium

a single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei OR the amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold

coccus

a spherical prokaryotic cell

biofilm

a surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

brown algae

one of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists belonging to the stramenopile clade; the most common and largest type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.

Bacteria

one of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Archaea

Archaea

one of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria

parasite

organism that derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction

cyanobacteria

photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plant life, oxygen-generating photosynthesis

amoeba

protist that moves and feeds by means of pseudopodia

sporophyte

the multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergo alternation of generation; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

gametophyte

the multicellular haploid from in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation

bioremediation

the use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems