Ch 16 Respiratory System learnsmart

The amount of oxygen in atmospheric air is approximately

21%

The right main bronchus branches into ______ lobar (secondary) bronchi that serve the right lung.

3

The Po2 in the tissue fluid is ______ mm Hg.

40

he partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in systemic venous blood is _____mmHg.

40

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood?

45 mmHg

What is the adult value for resting tidal volume?

500

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood?

95

List four factors that affect breathing rate and depth

A person's emotional state Level of physical activity Stimulation by respiratory areas Chemical changes in body fluids

Pick the two correctly defined terms.

A respiratory capacity is the total amount of air that can be possibly contained, given the anatomical and physical limit of the space. A respiratory volume is the amount of air actually moved or present at a given time.

Name the process that occurs in the cells in which oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced.

Cellular respiration

Indicate the events that occur with inspiration.

Diaphragm contracts; thoracic cavity expands; intra-alveolar pressure drops; air flows into lungs

At the end of inspiration the pressure in the airways is _____ as the pressure outside of the thoracic wall.

about the same

What is tidal volume?

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle.

List three ways that blood transports carbon dioxide.

as a dissolved gas as bicarbonate ions as carbaminohemoglobin

Where does internal respiration occur?

at the capillary networks of the tissues

Mitochondrial respiration is a component of ____.

cellular respiration

As air pressure _________ within the lungs, air flow into the lungs will increase.

decreases

The air pressure within a container is inversely related to the volume of the container. Thus, as the volume of the container _______, the pressure of the air within it _______

decreases; increases

What are three functions of the chemosensitive areas (central chemoreceptors) in the medulla oblongata?

detect changes in levels of carbon dioxide detect changes in levels of hydrogen ions detect changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

The type of tissue making up the lungs accounts for _______, which contributes to the tendency for the lungs to return to their resting size after they have been stretched.

elastic recoil

The elastic cartilage structure that seals off the glottis during swallowing is the

epiglottis

When the _______ muscles contract, they cause a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

expiratory

Ventilation is a component of _____.

external respiration

List three function(s) of the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity.

filter pathogens and other particles humidifying inhaled air warming inhaled air

What is inspiration?

gases flow into lungs

Sound is produced as air is forced through the ______, causing vibration of the _____ vocal cords.

glottis; true

Indicate three properties of the larynx.

houses the vocal cords is the passageway for moving air into and out of the trachea prevents foreign materials from entering the trachea and lungs

When the chemosensitive areas in the medulla oblongata detect an increase in hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid, they signal the respiratory areas to _______ respiratory rate and _____ tidal volume.

increase; increase

Indicate three factors that increase the diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane.

increased surface area of membrane greater partial pressure gradient thinner membrane

List three factors that will increase the amount of oxygen that oxyhemoglobin releases at the tissue capillaries. Multiple select question.

increased temperature decreased blood pH increased blood Pco2

As the size of a pressure gradient increases, the amount of air flow

increases

When muscles of inspiration contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity

increases

The diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes are considered the muscles of _____ , causing that phase of ventilation.

inspiration

Larger inspirations increase the tidal volume, giving the

inspiratory reserve volume

Transport of blood gases is a component of

internal inspiration

Each ______ atom within each of the four ______ groups within a hemoglobin molecule binds one oxygen molecule.

iron; heme

During what type of ventilation are the abdominal muscles contracting?

labored expiration

List four components of a lung.

nerves air passages and alveoli blood and lymphatic vessels connective tissue

Emphysema is a type of chronic _____ pulmonary disease

obstructive

During archery class, another student accidentally shoots you in the chest with an arrow. Place the following structures or cavities in order based on the way in which the arrow would have pierced them (i.e. superficial to deep).

parietal pluera, plueral cavity, visceral, lung

Dissolved oxygen is carried in the blood primarily in the

plasma

The trachea branches to form the bronchial tree. As the trachea branches, two airways called the ______ _____are formed. These are the first airways of the bronchial tree.

primary bronchi

What factors cause the alveoli to decrease in size (recoil), aiding expiration?

recoil of elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and surface tension of fluid lining alveoli

List two functions of the paranasal sinuses.

resonance chambers reduce weight of skull

the _____ bronchi connect the primary bronchi to each lobe of the lungs. As such, the left lung has two of these bronchi and the right lung has three.

secondary

The nasal ____ which is composed of bone and cartilage, divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts.

septum

The forces needed for passive expiration come from the elastic recoil of the tissues and from

surface tension

Indicate the two factors that lead to recoil of the alveoli during expiration.

surface tension of the fluid lining alveoli elastic fibers within alveolar walls

The force required for expelling air during normal, relaxed expiration is generated by what three factors?

the relaxation of the diaphragm surface tension the elastic recoil of the tissues

The primary bronchi are formed as the _____ branches into two new airways.

trachea

Choose the structures found within the lower respiratory tract.

trachea & lungs

The bronchial tree consists of the passageways that connect the ______ to the _________.

trachea; alveoli

True or false: Pleural (serous) fluid decreases friction between pleural membrane layers during breathing.

true

The pharynx is component of the _______ respiratory tract.

upper

The PO2 of alveolar air is _____ mmHg. The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of _____ mmHg, and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of ____ mmHg.

104; 40; 104

Describe air pressures at the end of expiration (the pause between breaths).

Air pressures inside and outside of the lungs are equal

The control centers for respiration (respiratory areas) are located in what part of the central nervous system?

Brainstem

Why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the tissues into the capillaries?

Because of the Pco2 is higher in the tissues than in the blood

Pleural fluid is located in which space?

Between the visceral and parietal pleurae

Describe the interaction between blood oxygen levels and the regulation of respiration.

Blood oxygen has little direct effect on central chemoreceptors

Indicate the three statements that apply to the regulation of breathing.

Blood oxygen levels must be very low to trigger or stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors. Oxygen levels play only a minor role in the control of normal respiration. Low blood oxygen levels have little direct effect on the central chemoreceptors

How can the volume or intensity of the sounds produced by the true vocal cords be controlled?

Changing the force of the air passing through the vocal folds

Indicate two factors that control the pitch of the sounds produced by the true vocal cords.

Contracting or relaxing the muscles regulating the vocal cords Altering the tension on the vocal cords

What action would cause airflow through the airways into the alveoli?

Contraction of diaphragm

Which action would decrease intra-alveolar pressure?

Contraction of diaphragm

What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs?

External respiration

List three functions of the pharynx.

Help in the production of sounds Conduct air from nasal cavity to the larynx Conduct food from oral cavity to esophagus

hat effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on thoracic cavity volume?

Increases thoracic cavity volume

List two terms for the process that moves air into the lungs.

Inspiration & Inhalation

Indicate three characteristics of the tissue that lines the trachea?

It is a ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells. It functions to entrap particles and move them to the stomach for disposal. It is epithelial tissue.

Why do the lungs expand as the rib cage lifts and the diaphragm contracts?

Lung tissue adheres to the thoracic wall due to the pleural fluid and pleural membranes; when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs are pulled along.

List three functions of the respiratory system..

Obtain oxygen for the body Produce vocal sounds Regulate blood pH

In which two of the following situations would the gas show a net diffusion into the capillary?

PO2 in alveoli = 45mmHg; PO2 of capillary = 40 mmHG PO2 in alveoli = 104mmHg; PO2 of capillary = 40 mmHG

List three muscles of inspiration.

Pectoralis minor Diaphragm External intercostals

List three functions of the pleurae and the associated fluid.

Reduces friction during breathing Compartmentalizes organs of the thoracic cavity Assists in creating a pressure gradient for air flow

List three functions of the respiratory system.

Remove CO2 from the body Regulate blood pH Participate in gathering olfactory information

Indicate the order of events that occur during quiet expiration

Respiratory muscles relax; lungs recoil; intra-alveolar pressure increases; air flows out of lungs

List four components of the bronchial tree.

Segmental bronchi Terminal bronchioles Main bronchi Lobar bronchi

Which of these is not associated with the epithelium of the trachea?

Stratified squamous tissue

Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior lobes

List three factors that allow for the lungs to undergo normal expiration

Surface tension within alveoli Recoil of compressed abdominal organs Elastic tissue in the lungs and thoracic wall

Which three statements describe the nasal conchae?

They are bones and bony processes They increase the surface area of the internal nose They support the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

Which respiratory volume/capacity typically has the greatest value?

Total lung capacity

What segment of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx?

Upper respiratory tract