ch 16
Define synergistic effect. (Module 16.14A)
A synergistic effect is when two hormones have an effect where the net result is greater than the sum of the hormones' individual effects.
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
ACTH levels.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration? (Module 16.18C)
Aldosteronism
Define diabetes mellitus. (Module 16.13A)
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones?
MSH
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
PRL
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
PTH
Define endocrine system. (Module 16.3A)
The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.
Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus. (Module 16.13B)
The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.
Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal?
There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue.
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)
To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
aldosterone.
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland. (Module 16.6A)
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.
cardiovascular
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except
increase sweat gland secretions.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration? (Module 16.11B)
insulin
When blood glucose levels rise
insulin is released
During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
lipid reserves are mobilized.
The condition known as goiter can result from too
little iodine in the diet.
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
low blood glucose
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)
natriuretic peptides
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C)
parathyroid hormone
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone.
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
polyuria
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
prolactin; corticotropin
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
Which is a function of melatonin in humans?
sets circadian rhythms
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
several
Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm? (Module 16.4C)
steroid hormones
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
suprarenal
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists
The testes produce
testosterone.
All of the following are targets for insulin except
blood cells.
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
estrogen
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released
Define hormone receptor. (Module 16.4A)
A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders. (Module 16.18A)
Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Calcitonin
can be administered clinically to treat several metabolic disorders associated with elevated calcium levels and excessive bone formation.
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
Which of the following is mismatched?
endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other
The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.
endocrine; nervous
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
