ch. 16.1 and 16.2

National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS)

-all cases MUST be reported by physicians -Ex. West Nile, HIV, measles etc. -Studies track notifiable disease to determine risks

Case-control study

-compares groups/w disease to group w/o -commonly retrospective

Etiology alsoc covers the

Transmission Susceptible populations

cross-sectional study

a group is randomly selected, campares disease and no disease at a point in time

What is a notifiable disease?

any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities

cross-sectional study looks for

associations of measurable variables and the disease

Example of common source

broad street water pump

What is etiological agent>

cause of disease

Point source

common source that exists for short time (less than pathogen incubation)

Endemic disease

constantly present in a population

Continuous source

continuous contamination

Prospective

date from current subjects moving forward

What includes interviews and examination of medical records

desicriptive

Propagated

direct or indirect person to person contact

sporadic disease

disease that occurs only occasionally

How are experimental studies usually conducted?

double-blind studies with humans

Pandemic

epidemic across continents

What is the down side of experimental study?

ethical concerns

Cohort method is

examines individuals who share a particular characteristic

What provides best evidence of etiology

experimental

Who is John Snow

father of epidemiology

What is epidemiolgy?

field that studies distribution & timing of disease (infectious and non-infectious

Descriptive

gathers info about disease outbreak

Descriptive develops

hypothesis for etiology/causation

example of epidemic

influenza, west nile

Epidemic

larger then normal amount of cases

Retrospective

looking back at past things

example of endemic

malaria, ebola, chicken pox

What is a double blind study?

neither patients nor doctors know who is getting the placebo

Example of propagated

no single source

mortality rate

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time expressed in precent

Prevalence

number of individuals at certain time

Incidence

number of new cases

Intermittent source

on and off

Which source is less than pathogen incubation?

point source

Common source has 3 types?

point source, continuous source, intermittent source

Example of Point source

potato salad

What can have a more extended duration and can't be stopped easly?

propagated

cohort can be?

prospective or retrospective

Analytical

selects group to evaluate hypotheses can be: Retrospective or Prospective

Example of continuous source

sewage from up stream

Who is Florence Nightingale?

she recorded deaths and their causes during the Crimean War and promoted infection control processes

Common source

single source for all of the individuals infected

What is Etiology?

study of the cause of disease

What is Experimental studies?

subject are manipulated

What is observational studies

subject are not manipulated chosen at random

example of sporadic

tetanus, rabies, plague

mortality

the number of deaths from the disease

Morbidity

the number of individuals with disease

In an experiment drug

the outcome of group receiving the drug to the group not receiving drug

Morbidity rate

the percent of population with disease

Who is Joseph Lister

used epidemiology data of handwashing for better healthcare practices

example of pandemic

virulent influenza, ebola, etc

What did Joseph Lister use to wash hands?

Carbolic Acid

What did John Snow discover?

Cholera can be caught from drinking polluted water

Which source is longer than pathogen incubation?

Continuous source

What are the types of observational study?

Descriptive, analytical, cohort method, case-control, cross-sectional

What helps provide clues for suspect pathogen?

Epidemiology

Who determined many deaths from poor sanitation, not battle?

Florence Nightingale

Who protects public from disease/injury

CDC

What is the standard demonstrate to connect a disease?

Koch's postulates

The CDC publishes

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Why is the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report important?

Provides physicians and health-care workers with updates on public health issues and latest data on notifiable disease

example of intermittent source

Rainfall and runoff