Ch. 17 Cell Reproduction & Cell Differentiation

How can we best define the term chromatid?

A chromatid is an individual strand (DNA molecule) in a replicated chromosome.

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Anaphase

Which of the following represents the flow of information within a cell?

DNA > RNA > protein

Which of the following is NOT a rationale for using mRNA intermediates in gene expression?

DNA lacks the necessary information for protein production.

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is

DNA ligase.

Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?

DNA polymerases

Which of the following is not a correct description of a stage of mitosis?

In prophase, the DNA replicates and the cell prepares for division.

Which of the following is true about genetic mutation?

It is a change in the DNA base sequence.

How does the production of sperm differ from the production of eggs?

Meiosis during sperm production produces four sperm cells, whereas meiosis during egg production produces only one functional egg cell.

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Metaphase

G1

Phase during which most of the growth of a cell occurs is

G2

Phase during which the cell prepares for cell division is

S phase

Phase during which the cell's DNA is duplicated is

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

Prophase

You have designed a drug that irreversibly binds to the P-site of the ribosome. What is the outcome for a growing bacterial cell?

Protein translation would fail to initiate because of the inability of the initiator tRNA to bind within the ribosome.

During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?

T

If the nitrogenous base sequence in a molecule of DNA is AATGCTC on one side of a double helix, then the nitrogenous base sequence on the other side of the helix would be ________.

TTACGAG

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The "words" of the genetic code often overlap. In other words, the end of one "word" often forms the beginning of the next "word."

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated.

When considering DNA replication, which of the following statements is NOT true?

The components of the new nucleotides are assembled as the new strand of DNA is being generated.

Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

Which of the following statements about meiosis and mitosis is MOST correct?

The products of mitosis are two diploid cells, whereas the products of meiosis are four haploid cells. Mitosis and meiosis both begin with duplicated chromosomes. In mitosis the daughter cells are genetically identical, but in meiosis the daughter cells are genetically varied.

Which of the following is a way in which replication and transcription differ?

Transcription copies only one side of the DNA molecule.

The three principal structural components of a nucleotide are ________.

a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A gene is expressed when __________.

a protein is produced

As the cell cycle progresses, there are control mechanisms located at several _____, where the cell cycle may stop.

checkpoints

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

cytokinesis

Part complete When a human cell matures and becomes specialized, the process it has undergone is __________.

differentiation

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

four haploid cells.

Part complete A short segment of DNA that represents the code for a specific protein is a __________.

gene

If the human genome were considered to be a large cookbook, which of the following would represent the individual recipes?

genes

Which of the following are listed in order from largest (most inclusive) to smallest?

genome, chromosome, gene, nucleotide

During prophase I of meiosis,

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

Nirenberg and Matthaei are famous for ________.

identifying the first mRNA triplet

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

interphase

Which of the following lists the stages of the cell cycle in correct order?

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

mitosis, meiosis

involves chromosome movement and distribution to daughter cells preceded by replication of chromosomes during interphase

A mutation in the DNA of an organism is passed on to offspring only when __________.

it occurs in cells that give rise to an egg or a sperm

__________ contains codons and __________ contains anticodons.

mRNA; tRNA

When do homologous chromosomes pair up?

meiosis I

When does reduction division take place?

meiosis I

The first mRNA triplet discovered was a code for which amino acid?

phenylalanine

Which of the following is least likely to result in a genetic mutation?

poor health

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

prophase 1

The correct order of events during meiosis is

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

meiosis

results in the production of gametes results in production of four genetically different daughter cells involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing-over yields haploid daughter cells involves two successive nuclear and cell divisions

mitosis

results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells

Which of the following act(s) as a decoder, reading mRNA codons and bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome?

tRNA

When speaking of bonding patterns in DNA molecules, we can say that ________.

the phosphate of one nucleotide is bonded to the sugar of the next nucleotide via covalent bonds, and the nitrogenous bases are held together by hydrogen bonds

Which of the following statements best describes transcription?

the production of RNA from a DNA template

What is the name of the DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase attaches to a gene and assists in transcription initiation?

the promoter

What is the role of the A-site in translation?

to accept the next tRNA and its accompanying amino acid to the ribosome

The difference between transcription and translation is that ________.

transcription is the process of producing the mRNA, and translation is the process of using the mRNA to assemble a sequence of amino acids that form a polypeptide

True or false. Of the two meiotic divisions, meiosis II is more similar to mitosis.

true

True or false. The semiconservative model of DNA replication states that each newly synthesized DNA molecule is composed of one parental strand of DNA and one newly synthesized complementary strand.

true

Somatic cell nuclear transfer __________.

utilizes the nucleus of an adult somatic cell to provide the genetic information to produce a clone

When we say that the genetic code is "nearly universal," we mean that ________.

with very few exceptions, the same codon codes for the same amino acid throughout the living world