CH. 17 Endocrine System
What is a hypoglycemic hormone?
a hormone that lowers blood glucose
The pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior lobe called the neurohypophysis and anterior lobe called the _____________
adenohypophysis
What is the target organ for adrenocorticotropic hormone?
adrenal cortex
Which term refers to the thick outer layer of the adrenal gland?
adrenal cortex
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete _____________ in response to rising blood calcium
calcitonin
The hormone that stimulates osteoblast activity, and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels, in ____________
calcitonin
PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral _________
calcium
Thyroid hormone accelerates the breakdown of what?
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Growth hormone (GH) is produced throughout your lifetime. During which period are its effects most evident?
childhood
After synthesis in the skin, ___________ is converted in the liver and kidneys into the hormone calcitriol
cholecalciferol
What is the main adrenal estrogen?
estradiol
T/F: All hormones interact w/ their target cells by first binding to a membrane-bound receptor
false
T/F: Hormones are released into a synaptic cleft
false
T/F: Organs can have only endocrine or exocrine functions, not both
false
Cells called spongiocytes are found within the zona ________ of the adrenal cortex.
fasciculata
Endocrine glands often have permeable capillaries designed to pick up and carry away hormones. What type of capillaries are these?
fenestrated
The hormone called _________ stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles
follicle
Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ________. changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription
gene
Mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona ___________ of the adrenal cortex
glomerulosa
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete the hormone ______ when serum glucose levels drop
glucagon
The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose to _________
glucagon
Growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of what by the liver?
glucose
The term that refers to the blood glucose concentration is _______________
glycemia
As a group, the pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes are known as what?
gonadotropins
Which hormone stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation, and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body?
growth hormone (GH)
What does a calorigenic effect increase?
heat production
Which 2 organs take up and degrade hormones?
liver and kidneys
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is ___________ hormone
luteinizing
What term refers to the rate at which hormones are cleared from the blood?
metabolic clearance rate
Which endocrine gland stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?
posterior pituitary
How does cortisol function in the stage of resistance?
promotes breakdown of fat and protein
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what?
somatomedins
The pancreatic hormone that inhibits the secretion of stomach acid is _______________
somatostatin
_________ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in functional groups attached to the four-ringed backbone
steroid
Organs that have receptors for a specific hormone are referred to as __________ _________
target organs
Weak adrenal cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called ________
testosterone
Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male repro tract?
testosterone
Where are the ovaries located?
Retroperitoneal in the pelvic cavity
What is a bound hormone?
a hormone attached to a transport protein
What is the situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical and emotional well-being?
Stress
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin? A. alpha cells B. chromaffin cells C. acinar cells D. beta cells
beta cells
To get from an endocrine gland to its target cell, a hormone must travel through via the _________
blood
How are hydrophobic hormones transported through the blood?
by carrier proteins
The ___________ system has widespread effects while the ____________ innervates one organ at a time
endocrine; nervous
What is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone?
increase blood glucose levels
Where is the pineal gland?
inferior to the posterior portion of the corpus callosum
The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is _________
insulin
Which hormone is synthesized as a prohormone?
insulin
Which hormone stimulates cells to absorb glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids? A. glucagon B. somatostatin C. cortisol D. insulin
insulin
The 2 lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the _________
isthmus
What effect does ANP have on bp?
it decreases it
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
it increases water retention by the kidneys
Adipose tissue secretes the hormone _______ which has effects on the appetite center of the hypothalamus
leptin
Where is the protein angiotensinogen, the precursor protein of the active hormone angiotensin II, produced?
liver
Because histamine diffuses to and interacts only with nearby tissues it is classified as a ___________ signal
paracrine
Local hormone substances called paracrine messengers do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue
paracrine
Which cells of thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
parafollicular
When one hormone enhances a target organ's response to a second hormone this is called what? A. complementary B. synergistic C. permissive D. antagonistic
permissive
Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms?
pineal gland
Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?
pituitary gland
In addition to the ovary, what organ secretes progesterone and estrogen?
placenta
Which gland is located immediately below the larnyx and shaped like a butterfly?
thyroid gland
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
to stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
T/F: The function of melatonin is uncertain, though it seems to regulate the gonads
true
Place the stages of the general adaptation syndrome in order: stage of exhaustion, alarm reaction, stage of resistance
1. alarm reaction 2. stage of resistance 3. stage of exhaustion
The adrenal cortex is composed of how many layers of tissue which differ in their histology and hormone output?
3
Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, hormones are all mechanisms by which cells do what? A. communicate B. produce energy C. reproduce D. attach to other cells
A
Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate which gland to release hormones? A. pituitary gland B. endocrine gland C. thyroid gland D. adrenal gland
A
Match the pituitary cell type with the hormone that each produces: lactotropes A. Prolactin B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Growth hormone D. Follicle stimulating hormone
A
Some compounds serve as both NTs in the NS and hormones in the endocrine system. What is one example of such a compound? A. norepinephrine B. parathyroid hormone C. cortisol D. estrogen
A
The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system has a __________ response A. less persistent B. more persistent
A
What do ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortex have in common? A. they all secrete steroid hormones B. they are all gonads C. they have exocrine functions D. they all significantly decrease their activity with age
A
What is acromegaly characterized by? A. thickening of bones and soft tissues B. stunted growth C. loss of height D. excessive growth and height
A
What is the effect of long term exposure to cortisol on the immune system? A. Cortisol depresses the immune system B. Cortisol activates APCs C. Cortisol boosts the immune system D. Cortisol increases stem cell differentiation
A
Which are produced by blood platelets and stimulate vasoconstriction and clotting? A. thromboxanes B. lipoxygenases C. prostacyclins D. cyclooxygenases
A
Which catecholamine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect? A. epinephrine B. thyroxine C. melatonin D. dopamine
A
Which condition is characterized by a rapid decline in blood calcium levels that can lead to a fetal tetany? A. hypoparathyroidism B. myxedema C. hyperparathyroidism D. Cushing syndrome
A
Which condition often presents with polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and hyperglycemia? A. diabetes mellitus B. goiter C. hyperthyroidism D. diabetes insipidus
A
Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone? A. insulin B. cortisol C. glucagon D. epinephrine
A
a neonatologist suspects that a newborn's thyroid is underperforming. What might the diagnosis be? A. Addison's disease B. Grave's disease C. congenital hypersecretion D. congenital hyposecretion
D
The kidneys which two hormones? A. erythropoietin B. calcitriol C. leptin D. aldosterone
A, B
Which would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic? Select all that apply A. ketonuria B. glycosuria C. hematuria D. oliguria
A, B
What are the 3 types of interactive effects hormones can have? A. Synergistic B. permissive C. Antagonistic D. Antigenic E. Linear
A, B, C
Which substances are secretes by pancreatic islet cells? Select all that apply A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Trypsin D. Somatostatin E. Amylase
A, B, D
Which hormones are secreted by the thymus gland? Select all that apply A. thymopoietin B. insulin C. thymulin D. melatonin
A, C
What are the functions of testosterone? Select all that apply A. to develop the male physique B. to produce white blood cells C. to develop the male reproductive system D. to fuel the sex drive E. to prepare the mammary glands for lactation
A, C, D
Which hormones are produced by the liver? Select all that apply A. hepcidin B. Ghrelin C. Insulin-like growth factor D. Erythropoietin E. Atrial natriuretic peptide
A, C, D
Which hormones are classified as steroid hormones? Select all that apply A. testosterone B. thyroid hormone C. epinephrine D. cortisol E. oxytocin
A, D
Arachidonic acid is converted by cyclooxygenase to which 3 eicosanoids? A. prostaglandins B. nitric acid C. histamine D. prostacyclin E. thromboxanes
A, D, E
What are 3 mechanisms used to regulate the timing and amount of pituitary secretion? A. control by brain centers other than hypothalamus B. Parasympathetic nervous system control C. Sympathetic nervous system control D. hypothalamus control E. feedback from target organs
A, D, E
Which hormones are produced by the endocrine gland indicated in this picture? Select all that apply
A. thymopoietin B. thyroxine (T4) C. parathyroid hormone (PTH) D. triiodothyronine (T3)
Which structure acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal medulla
_____________ syndrome, the hypersecretion of adrenal androgens, commonly accompanies Cushing syndrome
Adrenogenital
After menopause, which hormones are converted to estrogen to make up for the nonfunctioning ovaries?
Androgens
Which pituitary hormone reduces urine volume and increases blood volume?
Antidiuretic hormone
Endocrine secretions interact w/ their target cells and lead to which of the following? A. changes in the interstitial fluids B. intracellular changes C. exocrine secretions D. changes in the endocrine gland thru negative feedback
B
Gonadotropin secretion might be suppressed by which hormone? A. pineal hormone B. melatonin C. dopamine D. serotonin
B
Match the pituitary cell type with the hormone that it produces: Corticotropes A. Prolactin B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Growth hormone D. Follicle stimulating hormone
B
Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associated with a target gene and controls which of the following? A. replication B. transcription C. deactivation
B
Target cells can become less sensitive to a hormone by decreasing the # of receptors via which process? A. lateral regulation B. down regulation C. up regulation
B
The general adaptation syndrome uses which hormones? A. melatonin and cortisol B. epinephrine and cortisol C. testosterone and insulin D. epinephrine and melatonin
B
The suckling of an infant triggers what type of reflex? A. endocrine B. neuroendocrine C. neurological D. adrenal
B
Thyroid- stimulating hormone stimulates the growth and function of which of the following? A. thyrotropes B. thyroid gland C. pituitary gland D. parathyroid gland
B
What are the symptoms of myxedema? A. chronic and prolonged glycosuria B. edema, weight gain and sluggish metabolism C. bronzing of the skin and a moon face D. weight loss and sensitivity to heat
B
What is a hormone receptor? A. a cytosolic lipid associated with the Golgi body B. A specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in plasma membrane C. A specific lipid embedded in plasma membrane D. A protein associated with a nuclear pore
B
What is the fate of most hormones? A. they are excreted intact through skin B. they are degraded by liver and kidneys C. they are phagocytized by neutrophils D. they are excreted intact in urine
B
When peptides and catecholamines bind to target cell, how do they stimulate its physiology? A. through lysosomal enzymes B. through second messenger systems C. through gene activation D. through DNA transcription
B
When they secrete eggs and sperm, the gonads are considered what type of glands? A. sudoriferous B. exocrine C. endocrine D. holocrine
B
Where are parafollicular cells found? A. in the pineal gland B. in the thyroid gland C. in the parathyroid gland D. in the pancreas
B
Which condition do the majority of individuals diagnosed with diabetes have? A. diabetes insipidus B. type 2 diabetes mellitus C. type 1 diabetes mellitus
B
Which condition is characterized by a loss of 80-90% of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells? A. diabetes insipidus B. type 1 diabetes mellitus C. type 2 diabetes mellitus
B
Which condition results from excessive cortisol secretion? A. Graves disease B. Cushing syndrome C. Diabetes insipidus D. Addison disease
B
Which describes neuroendocrine cells? A. they stimulate endocrine organs B. they release their secretions into the bloodstream C. they are found in the gut only D. they respond only to chemical signals
B
Which monoamine is synthesized by tryptophan? A. thyroid hormone B. melatonin C. dopamine D. epinephrine
B
Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is dominated by cortisol? A. alarm reaction B. stage of resistance C. stage of exhaustion
B
While both endocrine and nervous systems are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. What is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and the NTs of NS? A. hormones are released into the synaptic cleft and NTs are released into interstitial fluids B. hormones are released into interstitial fluids while NTs are released into synaptic cleft
B
the hormone melatonin is produced from which NT? A. epinephrine B. serotonin C. norepinephrine D. dopamine
B
Which hormone is secreted by the stomach and acts on a center in the hypothalamus to produce the sensation of hunger?
Ghrelin
When cells cannot absorb glucose, as occurs in diabetes mellitus, they metabolize which of the following? Select all that apply A. glycogen B. fat C. protein D. bone
B, C
Which are functions of transport proteins? Select all that apply A. to reduce the hormone half-life B. to protect hormones from filtering by kidneys C. to protect hormones from enzyme breakdown
B, C
What are the roles of estrogen and progesterone? Select all that apply A. to maintain blood sodium levels B. to promote adolescent bone growth C. to regulate the menstrual cycle D. to maintain blood glucose levels E. to contribute the development of the repro system
B, C, E
What are the 2 main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus? A. excessive dieting B. sedentary lifestyle C. smoking D. obesity E. Strength training
B, D
Which hormone are secreted by the ovary? Select all that apply A. follicle-stimulating hormone B. Progesterone C. Growth hormone D. Inhibin E. Estradiol
B, D, E
Excess hormone may bind to receptor sites and do which of the following? A. counteract their effects B. mask their effects C. mimic their effects
C
Growth hormone increases which process? A. DNA breakdown B. DNA translation C. DNA transcription
C
Match the pituitary cell type with the hormone that it produces: Somatotropes A. Prolactin B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Growth hormone D. Follicle stimulating hormone
C
What is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex? A. Zona fasciculata B. Zona glomerulosa C. Zona reticularis
C
What is the leading cause of worldwide adult blindness, gangrene, and limb amputations? A. hypothyroidism B. addison's disease C. diabetes mellitus D. diabetes insipidus
C
What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralcorticoids? A. zona fasciculata B. zona reticularis C. zona glomerulosa
C
Which adrenal cortical hormones stimulate somatic changes at puberty in both sexes? A. growth hormones B. mineralicorticoids C. androgens D. glucocorticoids
C
Which glands secrete their produces into interstitial fluid or blood? A. Sudoriferous B. Holocrine C. Endocrine D. Exocrine
C
2 or more hormones that act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects are said to be what? A. antagonists B. complementary C. permissive D. synergists
D
After a severe hemorrhage, one would expect levels of which hormone to be elevated? A. thymopoietin B. thrombopoietin C. insulin D. erythropoietin
D
Insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects and thus have what type of relationship? A. they are permissive B. they are agonists C. they are synergists D. they are antagonists
D
Match the pituitary cell type with the hormone that it produces: Gonadotropes A. Prolactin B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Growth hormone D. Follicle stimulating hormone
D
Parathyroid hormone plays an important role in _________ A. assisting T cell maturation B. increasing sodium secretion C. setting the circadian rhythm D. raising blood calcium
D
Secretions from which glands alter the metabolism of their target cells? A. exocrine B. sebaceous C. holocrine D. endocrine
D
The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete which NTs? A. cholinergics B. steriods C. serotonins D. catecholamines
D
Through which process can one hormone molecule trigger the synthesis a large # of enzyme molecules? A. Signal replication B. Signal stimulation C. Signal binding D. Signal amplification
D
What is a goiter? A. enlargement of thymus B. hypersecretion by parathyroid glands C. necrosis of the parathyroid glands D. enlargement of thyroid gland
D
What is one difference btw the endocrine and NS? A. NS has more widespread effects B. NS has longer lasting effects C. NS is slower to respond D. NS is more targeted in its response
D
What is the most abundant hormone secreted by the thyroid gland? A. parathormone B. triiodothyronine (T3) C. thyroid stimulating hormone D. thyroxine (T4)
D
Which cells secrete testosterone? A. sustentacular cells B. alpha cells C. delta cells D. interstitial cells
D
Which condition is characterized by an increased level of calcium in the blood and soft, deformed, fragile bones? A. Myxedema B. Addison disease C. Hypoparathyroidism D. Hyperparathyroidism
D
Which is true of growth hormone? A. GH affects mitotic rates only in the epiphyseal regions of the bones B. GH functions as a releasing hormone for the thymus C. GH production begins at puberty D. GH has widespread effects in many areas of the body
D
Place the steps of a second messenger system in the order in which they occur. A. cAMP activates protein kinases B. G protein activates adenylate cyclase C. Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP D. hormone receptor binding activates G-protein
D, B, C, A
Which hormone produces sperm production?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Peptide hormones are comprised of chains of what?
amino acids
What are monoamine hormones and NTs derived from?
amino acids
Which adrenal cortical hormones are responsible for the growth of pubic and axillary hair during puberty?
androgens
When blood nutrients increase, insulin is secreted from the ______ cells of the pancreas to help the transport of nutrients into cells
beta
___________ is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the release of fatty acids into the blood
cortisol
Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in ____________. hypersecretion of growth hormone before adolescence results in ___________
dwarfism; gigantism
When they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands?
endocrine
What term means inadequate hormone release?
hyposecretion
Many of the functions of what organ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically>
hypothalamus
Where are the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus located?
hypothalamus
Which area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside of the body?
hypothalamus
The pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone. Then, this second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. This is an example of what type of inhibition?
negative
Which bone hormone increases the pancreatic output of insulin?
ostecalcin
In childbirth, which hormone stimulates labor contractions?
oxytocin
The _________ is an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland
pancreas
Receptor molecules have hit ____________ when they are all occupied by hormone molecules
saturation
Endocrinology involves the study cells that do what?
secrete hormones
Which adrenal cortical hormones have various developmental and reproductive functions?
sex steroids
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain ________ and excrete __________
sodium; potassium
The gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes is the _______________
thymus
Which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate lymphatic organs and T cell activity?
thymus
Which gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but is a small remnant in elderly? A. thyroid gland B. thymus C. pancreas D. adrenal gland
thymus
The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called __________ which are filled with a protein-rich colloid
thyroid follicles
