Ch 17 Endocrine System

Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates cortex of adrenal gland to produce its own hormones:

ACTH ; Adrenocorticotropic hormone

___________ disease is an autoimmune disease leading to decreased adrenocortical steroid production

Addison

Disease named after 19th century English physician involving autoimmune destructions of the adrenal glands

Addison disease

Hormone that stimulates target cells in the ovaries and testes:

FSH ; Follicle-stimulating hormone

Hormone that stimulates the mammary glands after pregnancy to produce milk:

PRL ; Prolactin

PTH

Secreted in response to hypocalcemia: parathyroid hormone

Gland that lies along upper pole of each kidney

adrenal gland

Surgical removal of adrenal gland

adrenalectomy

Another name for epinephrine is

adrenalin

What mineralocorticoid hormone is released by the adrenal cortex to affect sodium & potassium metabolism?

aldosterone

TSH is secreted by the _______ __________ gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

anterior pituitary

Agent that decreases urine production.

antidiuretic

Hormones

are bloodborne messengers secreted by endocrine glands. Each has a specific purpose.

thyroxine & triiodothyronine

are thyroid hormones

Term for an antibody produced in response to an antigen from the host's own tissue?

autoantibody

Thyroid hormone that moves calcium from blood to bones

calcitonin

A decreased level of ________ in the blood can cause severe muscle twitches, cramps, and spasms (condition known as tetany)

calcium

Chemicals released in the stress response, such as adrenaline epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are classified as ____________________ hormones.

catecholamine

A congenital form of thyroid deficiency that severely retards mental and physical growth is

cretinism

Results from decreased production of ADH

diabetes insipidus

Abnormally thin

emaciated

Acromegaly is an endocrine disorder of the pituitary gland leading to

enlargement of the head, face, hands, and feet

Normal thyroid function

euthyroid

Organic compound with fructose as its base

fructosamine

The abnormal production of breast milk is called

galactorrhea

Abnormal height and size of entire body due to exposure of large amounts of growth hormone before puberty.

gigantism

Hormone of the adrenal cortex that helps regulate glucose metabolism:

glucocorticoid

What category of adrenal cortical hormones which include cortisol are hormones of the adrenal cortex that help regulate glucose metabolism?

glucocorticoids

Formation of glucose from amino acids, fats, or other noncarbohydrate sources

gluconeogenesis

Conversion of the polymeric storage form of glucose (glycogen) to glucose, resulting in an increase in blood glucose

glycogenolysis

Hb A1c

glycosylated hemoglobin

Enlargement of thyroid gland

goiter

Excessive body and facial hair

hirsutism

Excessive level of calcium in the blood

hypercalcemia

Cushing syndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol (hydrocortisone) by adrenal cortex.

Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone is

hypoparathyroidism

Another term for pituitary gland

hypophysis

oxytocin

hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary, that stimulates the uterus to contract

Deficient production of thyroid hormone

hypothyroidism

Biochemical test that uses the reaction of an antibody to its antigen to measure the amount of a substance in a liquid

immunoassay

Hormone that regulates blood sugar:

insulin

The only hormone that lowers blood glucose is

insulin

Areas of the pancreas that produce the hormones insulin and glucagon

islets of Langerhans

What areas of the pancreas produce the hormones insulin & glucagon?

islets of Langerhans

Radioactive element used in diagnostic procedures

isotope

Excessive production of ketones with acidic blood

ketoacidosis

Is made in excess by patients with diabetes mellitus

ketones

Ketoacidosis is acidosis due to excess of

ketones

T or F : The gonads are reproductive & endocrine organs

True

IDDM

Type 1 diabetes ; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

NIDDM

Type 2 diabetes ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

OGTT

Used occasionally to diagnose type 2 diabetes ; Oral glucose tolerance test

Oxytocin is the hormone that is released by the posterior pituitary gland at the end of pregnancy to aid what kind of contractions?

Uterine

SAD

Winter depression: ; seasonal affective disorder

ACromegaly

Excess growth hormone secretion in adulthood cases; enlargement of the head, face, hands, and feet.

hyperthyroidism

Excessive production of thyroid hormones

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst

Epinephrine

A substance released from the adrenal medulla / produced by a gland on top of the kidneys. AKA: adrenaline

hyperglycemia

A condition marked by a high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

Diabetes insipidus

A condition resulting from inadequate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production & causes the patient to produce large amounts of dilute urine.

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A hormone that is a precursor to testosterone & is produced in the adrenal cortex.

pancreas

A lobulated gland in the abdomen that releases digestive juices as well as insulin, glucagon, & other hormones.

corticosteroid

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Synonymous with corticoid.

The hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that is involved in the control of the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Goiter

An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland

Graves disease & Hashimoto disease

Are autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland.

ketone

Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

virilism

Development of masculine characteristics by a woman or girl

Congenital absence of they thymus gland

DiGeorge syndrome

DM

Disorder caused by insulin deficiency ; Diabetes mellitus

Named after 19th-century Irish physician, ________ disease is hyperthyroidism with toxic goiter

Graves

What disease involved hyperthyroidism with toxic goiter?

Graves disease

adrenogenital syndrome

Hypersecretion of androgens from the adrenal gland

acetone

Ketone that is found in blood, urine, and breath when diabetes mellitus is out of control.

Hormone that stimulates ovulation and testosterone production:

LH ; Luteinizing hormone

DKA

Marked hyperglycemia with dehydration ; Diabetic ketoacidosis

hyperosmolar

Marked hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis

What happens in hyperthyroidism?

Metabolism is increased

Exophthalmos

Protrusion of the eyeball

GH

Somatotropin: Growth hormone

Diabetic ketoacidosis

State of marked hyperglycemia with dehydration, metabolic acidosis, & ketone formation.

ADH

Stored in the posterior pituitary ; Antidiuretic hormone

Calcitonin is produced and released by which gland?

Thyroid

Hyperthyrodism is also known as

Thyrotoxicosis

TSH

Thyrotropin ; Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to produce hormones:

Tropic

Hormone that replaces serotonin at night:

melatonin

The pineal gland secretes serotonin by day and converts it to ______ at night.

melatonin

The speed at which the body's chemical functions proceed is called

metabolic rate

small amounts of the protein albumin in urine

micoralbuminuria

Nonpitting edema

myxedema

Severe hypothyroidism

myxedema

A hormone important in both childbirth & lactation

oxytocin

Tetany is

painful muscle spasm

A condition produced by a pituitary tumor that causes a decline in the production of several hormones at the same time is called

panhypopituitarism

Gland deep inside the brain and gets its name from the Latin for like a pine cone?

pineal

Can appear in both men and women

prolactinoma

Pancreatic beta cells

secrete insulin, which decreases blood glucose levels.

Delta cells

secrete somatostatin, which acts within the pancreas to inhibit the secretion of glucagon and insulin

Hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone & insulin?

somatostatin

Hormone that stimulates cells to enlarge and divide:

somatotropin ; Growth hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include

tachycardia, hypertension, shakiness, anxiety, and weight loss

In males, LH stimulates the testes to produce

testosterone

Hormone that stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland:

thryotropin

TSH stands for

thyroid stabilizing hormone

_______________ __________________ is a medical crisis and emergecny due to excess levels of thyroid hormones

thyroid storm

Disorder produced by excessive thyroid hormone production

thyrotoxicosis

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called ___________, is released from the posterior pituitary & decreases urine output by acting on the kidney.

vasopressin