CH 17 Left and Right Heart Failure

What are the causes of left ventricular failure? Select all that apply. Increased pressure within the venous system Increased stiffness of ventricle muscle Reduced relaxation of ventricle muscle Reduced forward pumping strength of the ventricle muscle Decreased pulmonary arterial blood flow

-Reduced forward pumping strength of the ventricle muscle -Increased stiffness of ventricle muscle -Reduced relaxation of ventricle muscle

You record the following signs and symptoms: headache and memory loss; cyanosis; heart rate of 100 bpm; BP of 100/70 mm Hg; ascites; orthopnea; paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; pulmonary crackles and edema; peripheral edema; and cool, pale extremities.Which of his signs and symptoms are associated with right-sided heart failure? Select all that apply. Ascites Headache and memory loss Cyanosis Peripheral edema Cool, pale extremities

Ascites Peripheral edema

A patient presents with peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and jugular vein distention. What do these signs and symptoms represent? Backward effects of right ventricular failure Forward effects of right ventricular failure Forward effects of left ventricular failure Backward effects of left ventricular failure

Backward effects of right ventricular failure

Which of the following pairs are incorrectly matched? Low-output failure - Decreased venous return Systolic dysfunction - Difficulty contracting and pumping effectively High-output failure - Elevated demands on the heart Diastolic dysfunction - Difficulty ejecting blood

Diastolic dysfunction - Difficulty ejecting blood

Which of the following are classes of medications used in management of heart failure? Select all that apply. Beta blockers Hormone replacement therapy Diuretics Inotropic agents ACE inhibitors

Diuretics ACE inhibitors Beta blockers Inotropic agents

Given Howard's current health status, what are some medication options? Select all that apply. Diuretics Beta blockers Agents to reduce heart contractility Positive inotropic agents ACE agonists

Diuretics Beta blockers Positive inotropic agents

You suspect total heart failure. Which of the following are correct statements regarding the body's attempts to compensate for heart failure? Select all that apply. -Heart rate elevates in response to parasympathetic activation. -Fluid retention by the body is an attempt to increase blood pressure by increasing blood volume. -Pale, cool extremities result from increased blood flow to the skin in attempt to divert excess blood away from the heart. -Baroreceptors detect falling blood pressure and initiate increased heart rate to compensate. -Peripheral vasodilation is the primary cause of the peripheral pitting edema.

Fluid retention by the body is an attempt to increase blood pressure by increasing blood volume. Baroreceptors detect falling blood pressure and initiate increased heart rate to compensate.

Which of his signs and symptoms are associated with the forward effects of left-side heart failure? Select all that apply. Headache Decreased blood pressure Increased heart rate Pulmonary crackles Pulmonary edema

Headache Decreased Blood Pressure Increased Heart Rate

The edema present in Howard's lungs and extremities indicates the presence of excess fluid in the body. Which of the following signals are associated with retention of fluid? Select all that apply. Decreased ADH Increased aldosterone Decreased angiotensin Increased natriuretic peptide Increased renin

Increased aldosterone Increased renin

Which of the following are expected in response to left ventricular failure? Select all that apply. Increased anti-diuretic hormone Decreased heart rate Decreased sodium and water reabsorption Increased angiotensin II Increased urine output

Increased anti-diuretic hormone Increased angiotensin II

Howard undergoes further testing. Which value may provide further evidence that Howard has left ventricular failure? Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) Increased albumin Decreased PAP Increased JVD

Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)

Which of the following signs and symptoms, although not present in Howard's initial examination, are also associated with right-side heart failure? Select all that apply. Jugular vein distention Orthopnea Enlarged liver and/or spleen Crackles in the lungs Pulmonary edema

Jugular vein distention Hepatosplenomegaly

When left ventricular failure occurs, which of the following signs and symptoms relate to the backward effects of heart failure? Select all that apply. Increased ejection fraction Pulmonary edema Jugular vein distension Hypotension Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Pulmonary edema Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Where would fluid accumulate in a patient due to the increased level of hydrostatic pressure caused by left ventricular failure? Jugular veins Pulmonary interstitial spaces Kidneys Hepatic portal veins

Pulmonary interstitial spaces

In response to hypertension, the left ventricle may undergo hypertrophy, reducing filling volume of the left ventricle. This is an example of _____________. systolic dysfunction diastolic dysfunction total heart failure backward effects

diastolic dysfunction

The backward effect of total heart failure may cause __________________. Select all that apply. jugular vein distension hypertension paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea pulmonary edema pulmonary crackles

hypertension pulmonary edema pulmonary crackles paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea jugular vein distension

Baroreceptors detect ______________ and respond by increasing __________. high blood pressure, heart rate increased heart rate, blood pressure decreased heart rate, blood pressure low blood pressure, heart rate

low blood pressure, heart rate

Which of his signs and symptoms are associated with the backward effects of left-side heart failure? Select all that apply. Headache and memory loss Orthopnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Pulmonary crackles Pulmonary edema

orthopenea pulmonary edema pulmonary crackles paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea