Ch. 18 Self Quiz

Which of the following comparisons are TRUE? 1. Nerve impulses produce their effects quickly; hormonal responses generally are slower. 2. Nervous system effects are brief; endocrine system effects are longer lasting. 3. The nervous system controls homeostasis through mediator molecules called neurotransmitters; the endocrine system works through mediator molecules called hormones. 4. The nervous system can stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones; some hormones are released by neurons as neurotransmitters. 5. Neurotransmitters transmit impulses directly; hormones must bind to receptors on or in target cells in order to exert their effects.

1, 2, 3, 4

Hormones-- 1. generally utilize negative feedback mechanisms to regulate their secretion 2. will only affect target cells far removed from the hormone-producing secretory cells 3. must bind to transport proteins in order to circulate in the blood 4. may be released in low concentrations but can produce large effects in the target cells because of amplification 5. can regulate the responsiveness of the target tissue by controlling the number of receptor sites for the hormone

1, 4, 5 generally utilize negative feedback mechanisms to regulate their secretion, may be released in low concentrations but can produce large effects in the target cells because of amplification, can regulate the responsiveness of the target tissue by controlling the number of receptor sites for the hormone

In order of occurrence, what are the 3 stages of the stress response or general adaptation syndrome?

1. fight or flight response 2. resistance reaction 3. exhaustion

The pituitary gland -- 1. is located in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone 2. is linked to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum 3. has a posterior portion that contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells 4. produces releasing and inhibiting hormones 5. has a vascular connection with the hypothalamus known as the hypophyseal portal system

2, 3, 5 is linked to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum, has a posterior portion that contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells, has a vascular connection with the hypothalamus known as the hypophyseal portal system

Place in correct order the action of a water-soluble hormone on its target cell. 1. Adenlyte cyclase is activated, catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP. 2. Enzymes catalyze reactions that produce a physiological response attributes to the hormone. 3. The hormone binds to a membrane receptor. 4. Activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins. 5. The hormone-receptor complex activates G proteins. 6. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.

3, 5, 1, 6, 4, 2 The hormone binds to a membrane receptor, the hormone-receptor complex activates G proteins, Adenlyte cyclase is activated, catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP, cyclic AMP activates protein kinases, activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins, enzymes catalyze reactions that produce a physiological response attributes to the hormone.

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Addison's disease

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Cushing's syndrome

T or F: If the effect of two or more hormones acting together is greater than the sum of each acting alone, then the two hormones are said to have a permissive effect.

False

hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disease

Graves' disease

T or F: In the direct genera activation method of hormone action, the hormone enters the target cell and binds to an intracellular receptor.. The activated receptor-hormone complex then alters gene expression to produce the protein that causes the physiological responses that are characteristics of the hormone.

True

The class of adrenal gland hormones that provides resistance to stress, produces anti-inflammatory effects, and promotes normal metabolism to ensure adequate quantities of ATP is a. glucocorticoids b. mineralcorticoids c. androgens d. catecholamines e. gonadocorticoids

a. glucocorticoids

hypersecretion of hGH after closure of epiphyseal

acromegaly

helps control water and electrolyte homeostasis

aldosterone (and antidiuretic hormone)

Secretes: glucagon Releases: ?

alpha cells of pancreatic islet

stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair

androgens

inhibits water loss through the kidneys

antidiuretic hormone (and aldosterone)

Secretes: insulin Releases: ?

beta cells of pancreatic islet

decreases blood Ca2+ level

calcitonin

Secretes: PTH Releases: ?

chief cells

Secretes: epinephrine and noepinephrine Releases: ?

chromaffin cells

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone present at birth

congenital hypothyroidism

Secretes: ACTH and MSH Releases: ?

corticotrophs

regulates metabolism and resistance to stress

cortisol

Which of the following is not a category of water-soluble hormones? a. peptides b. amines c. eicosanoids d. steroids e. proteins

d. steroids

hyposecretion of ADH

diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of insulin or down-regulation of insulin receptors

diabetes mellitus

Insulin and thyroxine arrive at an organ at the same time. Thyroxine causes an effect on the organ but insulin does not. Why? a. Insulin is lipid-soluble hormone and thyroxine is not. b. The target cells in the organ have up-regulated thyroxine. c. Thyroxine is a local hormone and Insulin is a circulating hormone. d. Thyroxin inhibits the action of insulin. e. The organ's cells have receptors for thyroxine but not for insulin.

e. The organ's cells have receptors for thyroxine but not for insulin.

augments fight or flight response

epinephrine and norepinephrine

suppresses release of FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates egg and sperm formation

follicle-stimulating hormone

Secretes: thyroxine and triiodothyronine Releases: ?

follicular cells of thyroid gland

hypersecretion of hGH before closure of epiphyseal plates

giantism

increases blood glucose level

glucagen (and hGH, epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol)

Secretes: FSH and LH Releases: ?

gonadotrophs

stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates lipolysis and retards use of glucose for ATP production

human growth hormone, hGH

stimulates and inhibits secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

hypothalamic regulating hormones

What is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems, acts as an endocrine gland itself, and helps control the stress response?

hypothalamus

decreases blood glucose level

insulin

Secretes: PRL Releases: ?

lacototrophs

Down-regulation makes a target cell _______ sensitive to a hormone while up-regulation makes a target cell ________ sensitive to a hormone.

less, more

stimulates sex hormone production; triggers ovulation

luteinizing hormone

increases skin pigmentation when present in excess

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

regulates the body's biological clock

melatonin

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in adults

myexedema

Secretes: progesterone Releases: ?

ovary

enhances uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection

oxytocin

Secretes: calcitonin Releases: ?

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

increases blood Ca2+ level

parathormone

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

pheochromocytomas

hyposecretion of hGH before closure of epiphyseal plates

pituitary dwarfism

initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands

prolactin

local hormones involved in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and blood flow

prostaglandins

hypersecretion of melatonin

seasonal affective disorder

Secretes: hGH Releases: ?

somatotrophs

Secretes: testosterone Releases: ?

testes

promotes T cell maturation

thymosin

stimulates synthesis of T3 and T4

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Secretes: TSH Releases: ?

thyrotrophs

regulates oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism and growth and development

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Secretes: glucocorticoids Releases: ?

zona fasciculata cells

Secretes: mineralcorticoids Releases: ?

zona glomerulosa cells

Secretes: androgens Releases: ?

zona reticularis cells