PSYCH Untimed 2
"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties.
Common
__________ must keep up with _________, an effect that some have called the uncanny wall.
Digital realism; viewer expectations
Who is most likely to be influenced by peripheral cues when processing a televised message from an antilittering campaign?
Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate
Marijuana has been legalized in some places. Which factor is most likely related to this trend?
The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes has shown a potentially positive side of the drug.
Which of the following is the best definition of dualism?
There is a clear distinction between the physical world and mental experience.
Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match?
They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.
Which of the following are tools we use for psychological self-defense?
cognitive biases
Imagine you're against war. You take a job at a bomb factory. After you work there for a few years, you become pro-war. This demonstrates _________________,
cognitive dissonance
Which of the following are capacity-limited?
cognitive resources, perception and attention
Which of the following describes how and why people may compare themselves to others to rationally evaluate themselves or to enhance their self-concepts and defend themselves against negative self-judgements?
social comparison theory
A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember
the meaning of the words presented on the unattended channel.
Which of the following refers to the human tendency to come to prefer people or things because they have become familiar?
the mere exposure effect
Which of the following refers to the smallest unit of sound in a language? These may or may not convey meaning on their own.
phoneme
Which of the following refers to a component of words?
phonemes, morphemes and letters
Which of the following refers to a component of sentences?
phonemes, morphemes and words
Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?
reciprocity
One proposed aspect of the self is that you reflect on and try to change your own self. This describes the self as __________.
reflexive
Consciousness can best be described as:
A state of awareness of the self and of the environment
Which type of brain activity is associated with drowsiness/relaxation?
Alpha waves
Which of the following is a famous example of the uncanny valley in animation?
Beowolf - not brave or the incredibles Beowulf, Polar Express and The Adventures of Tintin
Tests like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) are preferred to self-report measures of prejudice. Which of the following is NOT an accurate explanation for this preference?
Blatant prejudice is more important to examine than implicit prejudice.
Which of the following refers to the systematic and predictable ways in which we care about the outcomes of others.
Bounded self-interest
Which linguist proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?
Edward Sapir
Of the following, who first described the uncanny valley, at least in part?
Ernst Jentsch
Of the following, who described the uncanny valley, at least in part?
Ernst Jentsch, Masahiro Mori, and Sigmund Freud
While gossip can hurt individuals, it has upsides. What is one of the main functions of gossip in our social world?
Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances.
Which of the following might make inattentional blindness less common?
Greater working memory capacity
Which of the following refers to when people unintentionally fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene?
Inattentional deafness
If a language doesn't have a word for "seven", it means that __________.
It's difficult for native speakers of that language to consider the concept of "7", or multiple "7"s.
Which is true of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Language can augment certain types of thinking.
Which of the following is the most accurate description oflinguistic relativity?
Language influences but does not determine how we think.
The assigned Invisibilia language episode (HIgh Voltage) provides anecdotal evidence that ______________________.
Language influences emotion.
Which of the following is the name for words and expressions?
Lexicon
Which of the following is true of sleep?
Many studies show that sleep is a common problem for college students.
________ is a concept that partially exists as a result of the word to describe it.
Mendokusai, Gender, Liget, Saudade
Which of the following is not necessarily a group-level phenomenon?
Mere Exposure
Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?
Patrick will take more risks than Ben
Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route?
Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products.
Which of the following concepts, described in assigned readings, is used to make similar conceptual points as the story of language and emotion in the assigned Invisibilia language episode?
Saudade
_____________ exist(s) in the minds of every human.
Stereotypes
Which of the following is the name for rules by which words are strung together to form sentences?
Syntax
What does it mean when psychologists say that the "I" is perceiving the "me"?
The self as a knower is able to reflect on the self as a known object or target.
The fundamental attribution error occurs when _______________.
We mistakenly attribute others' behavior to their disposition instead of the situation.
Which of the following is an example of how people in conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity?
While Adam is a native English American speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.
What is the most accurate statement regarding understanding another's consciousness?
You cannot know consciousness from another person's point of view.
Which of the following is the best definition of language?
a communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
Multitasking is ________.
a myth, under most circumstances.
Which situation is the most difficult (and most dangerous)?
a novice driver talking on a cell phone
What is the definition of self-esteem?
a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.
Which is the best definition of mindfulness?
a state of heightened conscious awareness
Believing that women with blond hair are dumb is an example of ____________, while refusing to hire a woman with blond hair is an example of ____________.
a stereotype; discrimination
I fail to turn on my turn signal before changing lanes, and almost cause an accident. I think to myself "That was close! I think that there may be too many cars on this road to eat this Whopper while I drive", I'd most clearly be demonstrating __________.
actor-observer bias
"Psychological self-defense" describes ways that our cognitive system protects ____________.
all of the other options are correct
Attribution primarily involves _____________.
all of the other options are correct
In the story of the school for special education in Nicaragua suggests that language is necessary for ____________.
all of the other options are correct
In the story of the school for special education in Nicaragua, many of the students experienced _______ for the first time.
all of the other options are correct
Language __________.
all of the other options are correct
The stories of Ildefonso (the man who didn't understand communication until late in life), and the results of the experiment involving the ball/colored walls, together, suggest that language is necessary for _____________.
all of the other options are correct
The words available to us create our perception of ________________.
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following are among the characteristics that are associated with facial attractiveness?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following is an accurate description of grammar?
all of the other options are correct
Which of the following is characteristic of hallucinogenic substances?
alterations in visual perception or sense of time
Priming influences _____________.
attention.
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called:
audience design
What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message?
authority, honesty, likability
Around adolescence a person is able to start reconstructing their personal story. In other words, the self becomes a(n):
autobiographical author
Which of the following is NOT among the features of consciousness identified by John Searle?
awareness
Which type of brain activity is associated with wakeful states?
beta waves
Which of the following is the name for the theory describing how human beings try to make rational decisions (such as weighing the costs and benefits of a choice) but our cognitive limitations prevent us from being fully rational?
bounded rationality
Attribution primarily involves describing _____________.
causes of behavior.
Which of the following do not usually increase monotonically?
climbing toward the goal of making robots appear human, the elevation of a hiking trail and creepiness
Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.
common ground
Attention is necessary for
conscious perception
The uncanny valley is associated with the concept of __________.
creepiness, ambiguity, and eeriness fear
Contemporary research on the self as an autobiographical author has found a strong effect of __________ on one's narrative identity.
culture
Which of the following involve dissociation?
daydreaming, dance states, and hypnosis
Potential explanations for the uncanny valley effect have involved __________.
death, disease detection, and self-preservation
Which of the following best characterizes decision-making?
decisions can be both conscious and unconscious
Anatoli says "immigrants are animals". Anatoli is demonstrating _____________.
dehumanization
Which of the following refers to one human being viewing another as less than human in some way - as a beast or an animal?
dehumanization
The prisoner abuse demonstrates _________.
deindividuation
Which of the following refers to a lessening of self-awareness or identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behavior will be evaluated by others in the group?
deindividuation
The Holocaust can be used as an example to demonstrate which of the following?
deindividuation, groupthink, dehumanization
According to Erickson, which is one of the greatest achievements for the self as a motivated agent?
developing an identity
Which of the following is a primarily behavioral construct?
discrimination
The concept of Liget (High Voltage) is an example of words influencing ________.
emotional experience
According to the readings, neuroscientists are using _______ to better understand the uncanny valley for the purposes of people who develop robotics and computer animation.
experimental approaches, fMRI and EEG
Which of the following is not a part of the proposed "triad of trustworthiness?"
expertise
Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor?
expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
Which of the following stimuli are extremely difficult to render in a manner that avoids the uncanny valley effect?
eye blinks, smiles and lips
The uncanny valley is an important consideration for many parts of the movie industry because humans are experts at recognizing ________.
faces
Potential explanations for the uncanny valley effect have involved __________
facial recognition, movement perception, and evolution
By some counts, more than 90 percent of conversations happen in a group of ____ or fewer individuals
four
Stereotypes are
generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.
Which of the following describes a way of thinking and behaving in groups whereby decisions are made not as a result of rational considerations and weighing of evidence, but as a result of group members not wanting to adversely affect group morale, make waves, or appear disloyal to leaders?
groupthink
Dual-process models state that people
have two ways of thinking: one is a fast and automatic process, whereas the other is slower but usually more accurate.
Behavioral consequences of the state of Liget include ___________.
headhunting throwing heads howling decapitating people
If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______.
her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto
Which of the following involve intention and control?
high awareness states
English speakers conceptualize time __________ whereas Hebrew speakers conceptualize time _________.
horizontally; vertically
A dream state where the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming is known as __________.
hypnogogia
According to the detailed graph of the uncanny valley included in the translation of the original uncanny valley article, which of the following stimuli are associated with the highest affinity?
ill humans
Participants are instructed to fixate on a point on a computer screen and report on a "+" sign that appears off to one side. After several trials, the fixation point is replaced by a new shape, but the participants do not notice this change. This is a study of
inattentional blindness
The Theory of _____________ stresses the fact that natural selection operates on the level of genes.
inclusive fitness
The Theory of _____________ stresses the fact that natural selection operates on the level of ___________.
inclusive fitness; genes
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ and _____________ in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?
inoculation
The "strong" version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ______________.
is also known as Linguistic Determinism
Native speakers of Pormpuraaw languages conceptualize time _____________.
it depends on which direction you're facing
Jill Bolte-Taylor, the neuroscientist who had a stroke and lost mental language, experienced _______________ as a result of her stroke.
joy, reduced mental distress, and a quiet mind.
Rats and young children have trouble connecting concepts because they lack _______.
language
The stories of Ildefonso (the man who didn't understand communication until late in life), and the results of the experiment involving the ball/colored walls, together, suggest that __________ is necessary for memory formation.
language
Which of the following refers to a system of communication?
language
________ is necessary for _______.
language; complex thought
According to Fussell and Krauss (1992), speakers tend to use more descriptive information when speaking about ________.
lesser known or lesser identifiable people
Which of the following refers to all the words in a given language?
lexicon
Which of the following do we coordinate in conversation?
lexicon, syntax and accent
Amir's friend Joe cheated on a test and got caught. When retelling the events Amir said that Joe only did it because the test was unannounced, making it unfair and that normally Joe wouldn't even think about cheating. By framing Joe's cheating as an exception to normal behavior, Amir is exhibiting
linguistic intergroup bias
The assigned Invisibilia language episode (HIgh Voltage) describes an example that supports which of the following concepts, described in language readings?
linguistic relativity
With regards to language Dunbar argues that animals with larger brains, particularly humans, are more likely to _________.
live together in social groups
According to the social brain hypothesis, the human brain has evolved over many generations so that people can:
maintain larger ingroups.
Linguistic relativity leads to _________ behavioral effects.
medium large small
According to the assigned text, which of the following is the most promising current proposal for the primary functions of sleep?
memory consolidation & synaptic pruning
I grow to like a movie the more times I watch it. This is most parsimoniously explained using which psychological phenomenon?
mere exposure
Which of the following is an ultimate cause?
morality
Which of the following refers to the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning?
morpheme
Which of the following refers to sudden full awakening with a jerking of the limbs?
myoclonia
Development of a mature identity involves an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future in such a way as to provide a person's life with some degree of unity, meaning, and purpose over time. This is also known as ___________.
narrative identity
Language is said to "meddle" with ___________.
nonlinguistic cognition
Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:
not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened
Dehumanization refers to ____________.
one human being viewing another as less than human in some way - as a beast or an animal.
A/an _______ results in greater compliance rates.
opt-out structure
Research on the principle of paired distinctiveness has shown that people tend to ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a minority group and ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a majority group.
overestimate; underestimate
Language forms part of the foundation of ____________.
perception
Stacie listens to a radio commercial for toothpaste. She finds the soothing voice of the announcer appealing, so she buys the toothpaste he advocates. This illustrates the research finding that when people primarily attend to aspects of a message that are tangential to the substance of the message, they are taking the ________ route to persuasion.
peripheral
Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced:
priming
Which of the following can influence attention and language usage?
priming, ingroup membership and conversation coordination
Research has repeatedly supported the notion that adult personality exists as a combination of the "big five" personality traits. Which of the following is NOT a big five personality trait?
psychoticism
Which of the following is associated with dreaming?
rapid eye movement
The uncanny valley effect is an important consideration for developers of _____________.
robotics
Each person's awareness of, and ideas about, his or her own individual nature, characteristics, and existence is known as ___________.
self
Which of the following refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
semantics
Which of the following refers to a component of every sentence?
semantics, syntax and words
A _______________ is a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description.
situation model
Gossip travels fast but emotive gossip travels even faster through social networks. In fact, researchers have estimated that everyone in society is connected with one another by ____ degrees of separation.
six
The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups.
social brain
Traits and social roles attributed to an actor is known as:
social reputation
The concept of Liget (High Voltage) is closely associated with which of the following?
sorrow
We use _________ analogies to conceptualize time.
spatial
I'm afraid that everyone is always looking and judging me and my actions. In reality, everyone else thinks that they are the ones being judged. This phenomenon is known as ___________.
spotlight effect
Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math. This belief demonstrates ___________.
stereotyping.
In the first Star Wars movie, Obi-Wan tells Luke that everything he knows depends on a certain point of view. In other words, each person's experience of the world is ________.
subjective
Multitasking is best described as _____________.
switching back and forth between tasks.
Kai has now learned that the past participle of "run" is "ran", and no longer incorrectly says "runned". In which area of language development is he progressing here?
syntactic
The grammatical rules that dictate the proper method for combining words and expressions together for the purpose of communication is called ________.
syntax
While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of __________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him.
syntax
When an individual reflects on her sense of self as an embodied actor whose social performances may be construed in terms of more or less consistent self, upon which aspect of the self is she reflecting?
the "social actor"
I'm scared of cats. The first time I met a cat, it scratched me. This is an example of ______________.
the anchoring bias
"The first politician I paid attention to was dishonest, so I'm certain that most politicians are dishonest!" This is an example of a judgment relying on
the anchoring heuristic
The Kitty Genovese murder is the classic example of which of the following?
the bystander effect
Which of the following refers to the tendency for people to be less likely to offer assistance in an emergency when there are other people there who might reasonably be thought able to help?
the bystander effect
Joe researches how consciousness can arise from the brain. Joe is interested in which of the following?
the hard problem
The uncanny wall is a term proposed by some to describe ____________.
the struggle for digital realism to keep up with viewer expectations
EEG evidence has provided data to help understand ____________.
the uncanny valley
Which of the following are related to hypnosis?
trance states, hypnotherapy, and dissociation
Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features.
trigger
In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority.
two-thirds
Considering what you now know about the uncanny valley, the creepiness of which of the following creepy stimuli can be explained, at least in part, with this concept?
vampires
Digital realism must keep up with _________, an effect that some have called the _____________.
viewer expectations; uncanny wall
Beta waves are associated with which of the following?
wakeful states
The development of the language at the school for special education in Nicaragua suggests that ______ is/are necessary for abstract thought.
words
Lexicon is defined as __________.
words and expressions
