Ch. 19 The heart and Cardiovascular function

The right and left external iliac arteries become known as femoral arteries when _____ . A. they pass out of the pelvis and into the lower limb B the tibial arteries branch off C. the internal iliac artery branches off the common iliac artery D. the deep femoral artery

A. they pass out of the pelvis and into the lower limb

What is edema

- The excess accumulation of FLUID IN THE intersitial TISSUE spaces which is also called THIRD-SPACE FLUID. - Classified as LOCALIZED OR SYSTEMIC.

The pulmonary trunk: A. enters the right atrium. B. exits the right ventricle. C. enters the left atrium. D. exits the left ventricle

B. exits the right ventricle.

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false?

Both hearts weigh about the same.

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which location?

Capillary

blood vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen

Celiac trunk

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

Continuous capillaries

External iliac becomes this artery on entering the thigh.

Femoral

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called

Fenestrated capillaries

Compared to arteries, veins

Have thinner walls, carry blood under lower pressure, may be closer to the surface of the skin

Vein which nutrients from the digestive tract enter

Hepatic portal vein

important artery supplying blood to the brain

Internal Carotid Artery

What do the chemoreceptor reflexes respond to and where do you find them

Peripheral chemorecptors are extensions of the peripheral nervous system that responds to changes in blood molecule concentrations (such as oxygen and carbon dixoide) and help maintain cardiorespiratory homeostasis, Generally located in the carotid and aortic bodies

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the

Precapillary sphincter

These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply

Systemic venous system

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue

Tunica media

Most common congenital heart defect

Ventricular septal defect: is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the hear. The extent of the opening may vary from pin size to complete absence of the ventricular septum

. Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? a. net osmotic pressure b. net hydrostatic pressure

a. net osmotic pressure

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. a. proteins in the blood b. blood pressure

a. proteins in the blood

Blood pressure is lowest in the a. veins.b. venules. c. arteries .d. arterioles .e. capillaries

a. veins

All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the: ~pulmonary trunk. ~brachiocephalic trunk. ~aorta. ~superior vena cava.

aorta

Sensory neurons that are part of the chemoreceptor reflexes are found in the

arch of the aorta medulla oblongata .common carotid artery

The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the

arteriole

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.

body organs; right atrium

Arteries of the pulmonary circuit: ~deliver oxygen to the pulmonary capillaries. ~carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. ~direct blood back to the heart from the lungs. ~surround the small air pockets called alveoli.

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

An unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta is the __________. ~inferior phrenic ~adrenal ~lumbar ~celiac trunk

celiac trunk

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen is the ________.

celiac trunk

Unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta include the

celiac trunk

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the

external elastic membrane.

The great saphenous vein, femoral vein, and deep femoral fuse to become which vein

external iliac vein

Vessel that supplies venous blood to the liver

hepatic portal vein

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Two common iliac veins form which vein

inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veins carry blood to the

left atrium

Blood supply to the kidney

renal artery

The type of capillary that permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids

Angiotensin II effects include which of the following?

stimulation of thirst

At the level of the first rib, the axillary vein becomes the ________ vein.

subclavian

Blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, duodenum, and most of the large intestine

superior mesenteric artery

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

Which of the following is not a layer of the blood vessel wall?

tunica elastica

Which wall layer is thicker in the artery than in the vein ~tunica interna ~endothelium ~tunica externa ~tunica media

tunica media

The brachial artery branches to form the radial and ________ arteries.

ulnar

Angiogenesis:

~is also termed vasculogenesis ~refers to the process of making angioblasts. ~is the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. ~gives rise to the dorsal aorta and cardinal veins.

Gross distension of the veins of the limbs, particularly in superficial veins of the legs, due to stretching and distortion near valves results in pooling of venous blood and is known as __________. A. hemorrhoids B. the portal system C. anastomosis D. varicose veins

D. varicose veins

Which of the following occurs when homeostasis is disturbed by elevated CO2 levels and/or by decreased pH and O2 levels in the blood and CSF? a. Cardioinhibitory centers are stimulated. b. Respiratory rate decreases. c. Vasodilation occurs. d. Chemoreceptors are stimulated

.d. Chemoreceptors are stimulated

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the a. concentration of plasma sodium ions. b. number of red blood cells. c. concentration of plasma proteins. d. concentration of plasma glucose.e. concentration of plasma waste products

c. concentration of plasma proteins

The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the

cerebral arterial circle.

Blood pressure is highest here. a. venule b. capillary c. veind. artery e. arteriole

d. artery

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in a. venules. b. arteries. c. arterioles. d. capillaries. e. veins.

d. capillaries

The hepatic portal vein forms from the fusion of all of the following veins except the ~superior mesenteric ~hepatic vein ~inferior mesenteric. ~splenic.

hepatic vein.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Turbulence __________. ~increases resistance ~increases blood flow ~is caused by interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid ~is responsible for the production of the first and second heart sounds

increases resistance

Which of the following arteries normally supply blood to the anterior half of the cerebrum ~internal carotids ~vertebral ~basilar ~great cerebral

internal carotids

Which vessel supplies the urinary bladder, the internal and external walls of the pelvis, and the external genitalia? ~femoral circumflex artery ~internal iliac artery ~dorsalis pedis ~external iliac artery

internal iliac artery

Blood from the brain returns to the heart through the ________ vein.

internal jugular

Vein that returns blood from the brain to the heart

internal jugular veins

The right ventricle pumps blood to the __________. ~pulmonary circuit ~coronary circulation ~systemic circuitrenal circuit

pulmonary circuit

Elevated CO2 levels, decreased pH and O2 levels in blood and CSF

Chemoreceptors stimulated

Which statement regarding irreversible shock is true? ~Reduced cardiac output accelerates oxygen starvation in peripheral tissues. ~Widespread peripheral vasoconstriction results. ~Local pH changes increase capillary permeability. ~Circulatory collapse occurs when arteriolar smooth muscles and precapillary sphincters become unable to contract.

Circulatory collapse occurs when arteriolar smooth muscles and precapillary sphincters become unable to contract.

What are the major structural and functional differences between arteries and veins?

Functionally, Veins carry blood towards the heart, and arteries carry it towards. In systemic circulation, this means veins carry oxygen-poor blood, but in pulmonary circulation, it means they carry oxygen-rich blood back to the heart from the lungs. Structurally, veins have thinner walls and larger lumens, and also have venous valves to ensure that blood doesn't flow backwards.

Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the

Right atrium

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery?

Thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170% to meet the body's increased O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40%. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn't reach dangerously high levels during exercise?

Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? a. 34 mm Hg b. 12 mm Hg c. 1 mm Hg

a. 34 mm Hg

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. a. blood pressure b. proteins in the blood

a. blood pressure

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. a. capillary; interstitial fluid b. interstitial fluid; capillary

a. capillary; interstitial fluid

Branches off the aortic arch include

all of the stated vessels

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except

an increase in cardiac outpu

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for a. a heavy meal. b. a serious hemorrhage. c. a heart attack. d. prolonged exercise. e. hypertension

b. a serious hemorrhage

The driving force for filtration, in which water and soluble molecules are pushed out of the bloodstream and into the interstitial fluid, is provided by the: a. systolic pressure. b. capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP). c. mean arterial pressure (MAP). d. pulse pressure

b. capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP).

Branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following except the ________ arteries.

basilar

Varicose veins seen in the superficial veins of the legs are unsightly and often treated by surgically removing them. However, even without these veins being present, the return of all blood toward the heart from the legs is not diminished primarily because ______.

blood can still return via the deep veins

After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would not occur?

circulatory shock

The lower part of the large intestine including the rectum receives blood from the ________ artery.

inferior mesenteric

Blood is drained from the lower portion of the large intestine by the

inferior mesenteric vein.

Blood is drained from the various venous sinuses within the cranium by the: ~external jugular veins. ~internal carotids. ~vertebral veins. ~internal jugular veins.

internal jugular veins.

Angiogenesis: ~gives rise to the dorsal aorta and cardinal veins. ~refers to the process of making angioblasts. ~is the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessel ~is also termed vasculogenesis.

is the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessel

Which structures fuse along the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata to form the basilar artery? ~carotid sinus ~left and right external carotid arteries ~left and right vertebral arteries ~left and right common carotid arteries

left and right vertebral arteries

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the ________.

median cubital vein

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery

muscular

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________. ~precapillary sphincte ~thoroughfare channel ~collaterals ~ateriovenous anastomosis

precapillary sphincte

Natriuretic peptide release by the heart __________. ~increases thirst ~results in increased sodium loss in urine ~results in peripheral vasoconstriction ~stimulates ADH release

results in increased sodium loss in urine

The brachiocephalic trunk branches to form which of the following left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery ~right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery ~external and internal jugular veins ~brachial vein and basilic vein

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

The brachiocephalic trunk branches to form which of the following ~external and internal jugular veins ~brachial vein and basilic vein ~right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery ~left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

The blood vessel that directly carries blood to the arm and shoulder is the ________.

subclavian artery

Which vessel collects blood from the stomach, the small intestine, and two-thirds of the large intestine? ~inferior mesenteric vein ~celiac trunk ~splenic vein ~superior mesenteric vein

superior mesenteric vein

The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the

superior vena cava

Where is the majority of blood volume located during rest? ~systemic arterial system ~pulmonary circuit ~systemic capillaries ~systemic venous system

systemic venous system

Regarding the distribution of the body's total blood volume, most is found in the:

systemic venous system.

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery ~smooth endothelium ~usually flattened, or collapsed, general appearance in sectional view ~thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers ~absent internal elastic membrane of tunica intima

thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fiber

Blood returns from the placenta in the single: ~foramen ovale. ~umbilical artery. ~ductus venosus. ~umbilical vein.

umbilical vein.

Which is a characteristic of the major patterns of blood vessel organization? ~Anastomoses often result in occlusions ~Tissues and organs are generally serviced by a single artery and a single vein. ~Peripheral distributions of arteries and veins on the body's left and right sides are absolutely identical. ~A single vessel may have several names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries.

A single vessel may have several names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries.

Brachial

Artery that splits to form the radial and ulnar arteries.

RBCs move single file through this structure.

Capillary

Arrange the following structures in the correct order as blood would pass through them. 1. left atrium 2. pulmonary arteries 3. systemic veins 4. right ventricle 5. right atrium 6. pulmonary veins

3, 5, 4, 2, 6, 1

How would properly functioning valves prevent varicose veins? A. Valves prevent backward flow of blood B. Valves have fenestrations that allow excess blood fluids to escape the vessel C. Valves communicate with the sympathetic nervous system to restrict blood flow in damaged veins D. Valves contain cardiac muscle tissue to push blood against gravity

A. Valves prevent backward flow of blood

Veins are more prone to inappropriate stretching and twisting than arteries, because A. Veins have thinner walls than arteries B. Veins generally operate under much higher pressure than arteries C. Unlike arteries, the walls of veins have elastic membranes D. Veins lack a tunica externa

A. Veins have thinner walls than arterie

During exercise,

A. venous return increases .B. both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. C. vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles.

________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.

Autoregulation

The carotid sinus: A. enters the skull through the carotid canal of the temporal bones. B contains baroreceptors involved in the control of blood pressure. C. contains chemoreceptors. D. is located at the base of the external carotid artery

B contains baroreceptors involved in the control of blood pressure.

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

an increase in heart contractility.Sympathetic nervous system activity would be increased because of the low blood pressure. Sympathetic fibers go to the ventricles of the heart and increase their contractility. An increase in contractility would increase stroke volume which would lead to an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.

Which vessel supplies the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain? ~anterior cerebral artery ~middle cerebral artery ~vertebral artery ~ophthalmic artery

anterior cerebral artery

Which vessel(s) supplies/supply the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain

anterior cerebral artery

Fenestrated capillaries ~have a complete endothelial lining. ~have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. ~are found in the choroid plexus of the brain and the capillaries of the hypothalamus ~prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins.

are found in the choroid plexus of the brain and the capillaries of the hypothalamus.

. Which event correctly applies in capillary exchange? a. When CHP = BCOP, fluid moves into the capillary. b. When CHP < BCOP, fluid is forced out of the capillary. c. When BCOP > CHP, fluid moves into the capillary. d. When BCOP = CHP, fluid moves out of the capillary

c. When BCOP > CHP, fluid moves into the capillary

Arteries of the pulmonary circuit: ~carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. ~direct blood back to the heart from the lungs ~deliver oxygen to the pulmonary capillaries. ~surround the small air pockets called alveoli.

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves

channeling blood away from the heart

As blood travels from arteries to veins, a. flow becomes turbulent. b. pressure builds. c. diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. d. viscosity increases. e. pressure drops.

e. pressure drops

Which vessel immediately gives rise to the femoral artery ~celiac trunk ~external iliac ~great saphenous ~internal iliac

external iliac