MGMT 4320 Practice 2

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Select ways to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Change your attitude or behavior Find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior

Mena, a student, feels cognitive dissonance over her conflicting desires to hang out with her friends and to finish her class project. She reduces the dissonance by telling herself that finishing the project now means that she can have the entire weekend free to spend with her friends. Which method of reducing cognitive dissonance does this represent?

Finding consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones

Select the situation factors that drive employee engagement.

Job characteristics Stressors Leadership

Select all the ways employee engagement can be increased.

Listening and communicating effectively Offering career and developmental opportunities for employees Recognizing people for good work

Which of the following are workplace attitudes that managers pay attention to? (Check all that apply.)

Organizational commitment Job satisfaction Employee engagement Perceived organizational support

Select the person factors that contribute to employee engagement.

Personality Social capital

Select ways managers can increase employee commitment:

Treat employees fairly and foster trust between managers and employees. Hire people whose personal values align with the organization. Make sure that management does not breach its psychological contracts.

Select all the feelings related to employee engagement.

Urgency Enthusiasm Focus Intensity

When does cognitive dissonance occur?

When a person holds two or more conflicting ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions

A person's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between him or herself and another is called:

a psychological contract

Public opinion polls and surveys are methods used to measure workplace ____________ since they can predict likely behavior in the workplace and in society.

attitude

To get other students on a team to contribute equally, one might tell them about the benefits of getting a good grade on the project in an attempt to create a positive ___________ toward doing the work.

attitude

Beliefs you have that concern something specific, such as a specific person, are known as personal

attitudes

Job satisfaction and employee engagement are two workplace ___________ measured by management.

attitudes

Personal values exemplify global beliefs, while personal ___________ are more specific to a situation, person, or object.

attitudes

____________ reflect feelings about people, places, and objects and can be positive or negative.

attitudes

Ajzen and Fishbein consider intentions as the key link between ______ and planned _____.

attitudes; behavior

In Schwartz's value theory, values are organized into two

bipolar dimensions

In Ajzen's model, what is the best way to change a behavior?

by modifying intentions

Schwartz's second bipolar dimension ranges from self-directed independence or openness to ________________ to ___________________.

change conservation (or conformity)

Hiring people whose personal values align with the organization's is a good way to increase employee ____________.

commitment

OB researchers define __________ as "a force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets."

commitment

Organizational _____________ exists to the degree that an employee's personal values match the values present in a firms culture.

commitment

Individuals committed to an organization tend to display a _____.

continuation of employment with the firm

Gallup has estimated that when employees are highly ______, the firm can achieve 10% higher customer satisfaction and loyalty ratings.

engaged

Feeling a sense of urgency to complete your work is one indicator of employee _______.

engagement

A manager who makes sure to treat employees in a manner that they perceive as fair is exhibiting which model of job satisfaction?

equity

The concept of equity ties directly to how ___________ a person is treated at work.

fair

Which of the following job characteristics is most likely to increase job satisfaction under the dispositional/genetic components model?

feelings of autonomy

According to Schwartz's theory, if an employee values benevolence and universalism, it makes sense to assign projects or tasks that:

have social value

Which of the following are benefits firms gain as a result of having highly engaged employees?

improved profitability more customer loyalty and engagement increased productivity

Select all the benefits of perceived organizational support.

job satisfaction organizational citizenship organizational commitment employee engagement

Workplaces attitudes result from OB-related processes such as _____.

leadership

Which of the following are positively associated with organizational support in firms?

less tendency to resign employee engagement better job satisfaction more commitment to the organization

Select the ways that POS can be increased.

limit work environment stressors avoid political behavior treat employees fairly provide job security

Managers track the four key workplace attitudes because they:

link to other outcomes managers will want to improve represent important outcomes they are working to enhance

To ensure the highest levels of employee motivation, employers should strive to create work environments that:

match employees' values

Which model of job satisfaction reflects the difference between what an employee expects to receive from a job and what he or she actually receives?

met expectations

The extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs is called:

need fulfillment

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called __________.

needs

According to Schwartz's theory, an employee who values tradition will not want to work:

on a holiday

In Schwartz's circular-motivation structure, individuals are least likely to hold two values that are

on opposing sides of the circle.

The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called _______________ ______________ .

organizational commitment

Managers who provide ______ can increase employee engagement, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and other factors that make firms more functional and productive.

organizational support

Perceived ________ __________motivates employees to work hard and commit to the organization.

organizational support

Feelings of equity are based on a comparison of which two factors?

outcomes inputs

Our values are influenced by the values of our ______ and by the ___________ we have as children.

parents experiences

Which of the following are among the general motives in Ajzen's theory of planned behavior that predict or influence intention and behavior?

perceived behavioral control subjective norms attitude toward the behavior

The extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being is:

perceived organizational support.

The idea that good treatment inspires good work is the basic premise of

perceived organizational support.

According to the Organizing Framework for Understanding and Applying OB, human and social capital is considered a _______________ factor that aids in employee engagement at work.

person

Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called __________-_________ fit.

person-culture

People who have a ___________ attitude about work will be more open to working longer hours.

positive

According to Ajzen, someone's intention to engage in a given behavior is a strong ________ of that behavior.

predictor

An employee's beliefs about what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization are represented by his or her

psychological contract

Cognitive dissonance is a representation of:

psychological discomfort

Workers who value their own personal success and power more than they value teamwork and the needs of others exhibit which of Schwartz's values?

self-enhancement

According to Azjen, modeling desired behaviors is an effective way to impact the intentions of others and increase ________ norms about doing work..

subjective

Select all the ways that Cisco increases employee commitment.

supporting employee volunteer work offering flextime outlining expectations in a company manifesto

One way to make sure inputs in the Organizing Framework are positively oriented is to measure, track, and respond to

surveys

Values remain mostly stable across _________ and _________

time situations

In Schwartz's theory, which of the following values are dimensions of conservation?

tradition security conformity

Schwartz's first bipolar dimension includes self-_______ and self-______ enhancement , Correct Unavailable.

transcendence enhancement

True or false: Perceptions of organizational support can be either positive or negative.

true

True or false: Values and attitudes are usually in agreement.

true

To achieve ______, managers should structure work and its associated rewards to reinforce employees' values.

value attainment

Childhood events tend to cause _________ to vary across generations.

values

Shalom Schwartz believed that ________ impact behavior no matter what the context.

values

The abstract ideals that influence the choices we make are called:

values

Match the components of overall attitude to their definitions.

Affective --> feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation Cognitive --> beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation Behavioral --> how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something

Select the components that influence overall attitudes.

Behavioral Cognitive Affective

The fact that at work some coworkers remain satisfied in situations where others always seem dissatisfied is the idea behind:

Disposition/Genetic Components

Match the model name to the method management can use to boost job satisfaction.

Need fulfillment: Understand and meet employee needs Met expectations: Meet expectations of employees about what they will receive from jobs Value Attainment: Structure the job and its rewards to match employee values Equity: Monitor employees' perceptions of fairness Disposition: Hire employees with an appropriate disposition

Match the bipolar dimension to its elements.

Openness to Change --> Self-direction, Stimulation Conservation --> Tradition, Security

Workplace attitudes come from the interaction of which of the following processes?

Organizational Group Individual

Which of the following is among the methods used by Hilton to increase organizational commitment?

Requiring every executive to spend one week working alongside front-line employees such as cooks or housekeepers

Which of the following are true about values? (Check all that apply.)

They are generally stable. They can guide behavior subconsciously.

Which of the following are true of personal values? (Check all that apply.)

They influence behavior across all situations. They represent global beliefs.

Why is it important for managers to track key workplace attitudes?

They link to other important organizational outcomes such as task performance and employee turnover.

Understanding workplace attitudes is valuable for which of the following reasons?

They predict likely behavior

Which of the following is true about attitudes?

They range from positive to negative

A force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets is:

commitment

Kahn described "the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles" as:

employee engagement

When people express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during a role performance. they are demonstrating ___________ _____________.

employee engagement

An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job is called ______.

job satisfaction

The term _________ __________ reflects the extent to which a person likes his or her job.

job satisfaction

Studies show that met expectations are strongly correlated with feelings of job ___________.

satisfaction

Which value is likely to be strongest in people who lived during the Great Depression?

security

Environmental characteristics that cause stress are called

stressors

In Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, a perceived social pressure for or against a behavior is a(n)

subjective norm

The idea that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important values is:

value attainment


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