MGMT 4320 Practice 2
Select ways to reduce cognitive dissonance.
Change your attitude or behavior Find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior
Mena, a student, feels cognitive dissonance over her conflicting desires to hang out with her friends and to finish her class project. She reduces the dissonance by telling herself that finishing the project now means that she can have the entire weekend free to spend with her friends. Which method of reducing cognitive dissonance does this represent?
Finding consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones
Select the situation factors that drive employee engagement.
Job characteristics Stressors Leadership
Select all the ways employee engagement can be increased.
Listening and communicating effectively Offering career and developmental opportunities for employees Recognizing people for good work
Which of the following are workplace attitudes that managers pay attention to? (Check all that apply.)
Organizational commitment Job satisfaction Employee engagement Perceived organizational support
Select the person factors that contribute to employee engagement.
Personality Social capital
Select ways managers can increase employee commitment:
Treat employees fairly and foster trust between managers and employees. Hire people whose personal values align with the organization. Make sure that management does not breach its psychological contracts.
Select all the feelings related to employee engagement.
Urgency Enthusiasm Focus Intensity
When does cognitive dissonance occur?
When a person holds two or more conflicting ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions
A person's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between him or herself and another is called:
a psychological contract
Public opinion polls and surveys are methods used to measure workplace ____________ since they can predict likely behavior in the workplace and in society.
attitude
To get other students on a team to contribute equally, one might tell them about the benefits of getting a good grade on the project in an attempt to create a positive ___________ toward doing the work.
attitude
Beliefs you have that concern something specific, such as a specific person, are known as personal
attitudes
Job satisfaction and employee engagement are two workplace ___________ measured by management.
attitudes
Personal values exemplify global beliefs, while personal ___________ are more specific to a situation, person, or object.
attitudes
____________ reflect feelings about people, places, and objects and can be positive or negative.
attitudes
Ajzen and Fishbein consider intentions as the key link between ______ and planned _____.
attitudes; behavior
In Schwartz's value theory, values are organized into two
bipolar dimensions
In Ajzen's model, what is the best way to change a behavior?
by modifying intentions
Schwartz's second bipolar dimension ranges from self-directed independence or openness to ________________ to ___________________.
change conservation (or conformity)
Hiring people whose personal values align with the organization's is a good way to increase employee ____________.
commitment
OB researchers define __________ as "a force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets."
commitment
Organizational _____________ exists to the degree that an employee's personal values match the values present in a firms culture.
commitment
Individuals committed to an organization tend to display a _____.
continuation of employment with the firm
Gallup has estimated that when employees are highly ______, the firm can achieve 10% higher customer satisfaction and loyalty ratings.
engaged
Feeling a sense of urgency to complete your work is one indicator of employee _______.
engagement
A manager who makes sure to treat employees in a manner that they perceive as fair is exhibiting which model of job satisfaction?
equity
The concept of equity ties directly to how ___________ a person is treated at work.
fair
Which of the following job characteristics is most likely to increase job satisfaction under the dispositional/genetic components model?
feelings of autonomy
According to Schwartz's theory, if an employee values benevolence and universalism, it makes sense to assign projects or tasks that:
have social value
Which of the following are benefits firms gain as a result of having highly engaged employees?
improved profitability more customer loyalty and engagement increased productivity
Select all the benefits of perceived organizational support.
job satisfaction organizational citizenship organizational commitment employee engagement
Workplaces attitudes result from OB-related processes such as _____.
leadership
Which of the following are positively associated with organizational support in firms?
less tendency to resign employee engagement better job satisfaction more commitment to the organization
Select the ways that POS can be increased.
limit work environment stressors avoid political behavior treat employees fairly provide job security
Managers track the four key workplace attitudes because they:
link to other outcomes managers will want to improve represent important outcomes they are working to enhance
To ensure the highest levels of employee motivation, employers should strive to create work environments that:
match employees' values
Which model of job satisfaction reflects the difference between what an employee expects to receive from a job and what he or she actually receives?
met expectations
The extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs is called:
need fulfillment
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called __________.
needs
According to Schwartz's theory, an employee who values tradition will not want to work:
on a holiday
In Schwartz's circular-motivation structure, individuals are least likely to hold two values that are
on opposing sides of the circle.
The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called _______________ ______________ .
organizational commitment
Managers who provide ______ can increase employee engagement, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and other factors that make firms more functional and productive.
organizational support
Perceived ________ __________motivates employees to work hard and commit to the organization.
organizational support
Feelings of equity are based on a comparison of which two factors?
outcomes inputs
Our values are influenced by the values of our ______ and by the ___________ we have as children.
parents experiences
Which of the following are among the general motives in Ajzen's theory of planned behavior that predict or influence intention and behavior?
perceived behavioral control subjective norms attitude toward the behavior
The extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being is:
perceived organizational support.
The idea that good treatment inspires good work is the basic premise of
perceived organizational support.
According to the Organizing Framework for Understanding and Applying OB, human and social capital is considered a _______________ factor that aids in employee engagement at work.
person
Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called __________-_________ fit.
person-culture
People who have a ___________ attitude about work will be more open to working longer hours.
positive
According to Ajzen, someone's intention to engage in a given behavior is a strong ________ of that behavior.
predictor
An employee's beliefs about what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization are represented by his or her
psychological contract
Cognitive dissonance is a representation of:
psychological discomfort
Workers who value their own personal success and power more than they value teamwork and the needs of others exhibit which of Schwartz's values?
self-enhancement
According to Azjen, modeling desired behaviors is an effective way to impact the intentions of others and increase ________ norms about doing work..
subjective
Select all the ways that Cisco increases employee commitment.
supporting employee volunteer work offering flextime outlining expectations in a company manifesto
One way to make sure inputs in the Organizing Framework are positively oriented is to measure, track, and respond to
surveys
Values remain mostly stable across _________ and _________
time situations
In Schwartz's theory, which of the following values are dimensions of conservation?
tradition security conformity
Schwartz's first bipolar dimension includes self-_______ and self-______ enhancement , Correct Unavailable.
transcendence enhancement
True or false: Perceptions of organizational support can be either positive or negative.
true
True or false: Values and attitudes are usually in agreement.
true
To achieve ______, managers should structure work and its associated rewards to reinforce employees' values.
value attainment
Childhood events tend to cause _________ to vary across generations.
values
Shalom Schwartz believed that ________ impact behavior no matter what the context.
values
The abstract ideals that influence the choices we make are called:
values
Match the components of overall attitude to their definitions.
Affective --> feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation Cognitive --> beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation Behavioral --> how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something
Select the components that influence overall attitudes.
Behavioral Cognitive Affective
The fact that at work some coworkers remain satisfied in situations where others always seem dissatisfied is the idea behind:
Disposition/Genetic Components
Match the model name to the method management can use to boost job satisfaction.
Need fulfillment: Understand and meet employee needs Met expectations: Meet expectations of employees about what they will receive from jobs Value Attainment: Structure the job and its rewards to match employee values Equity: Monitor employees' perceptions of fairness Disposition: Hire employees with an appropriate disposition
Match the bipolar dimension to its elements.
Openness to Change --> Self-direction, Stimulation Conservation --> Tradition, Security
Workplace attitudes come from the interaction of which of the following processes?
Organizational Group Individual
Which of the following is among the methods used by Hilton to increase organizational commitment?
Requiring every executive to spend one week working alongside front-line employees such as cooks or housekeepers
Which of the following are true about values? (Check all that apply.)
They are generally stable. They can guide behavior subconsciously.
Which of the following are true of personal values? (Check all that apply.)
They influence behavior across all situations. They represent global beliefs.
Why is it important for managers to track key workplace attitudes?
They link to other important organizational outcomes such as task performance and employee turnover.
Understanding workplace attitudes is valuable for which of the following reasons?
They predict likely behavior
Which of the following is true about attitudes?
They range from positive to negative
A force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets is:
commitment
Kahn described "the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles" as:
employee engagement
When people express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during a role performance. they are demonstrating ___________ _____________.
employee engagement
An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job is called ______.
job satisfaction
The term _________ __________ reflects the extent to which a person likes his or her job.
job satisfaction
Studies show that met expectations are strongly correlated with feelings of job ___________.
satisfaction
Which value is likely to be strongest in people who lived during the Great Depression?
security
Environmental characteristics that cause stress are called
stressors
In Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, a perceived social pressure for or against a behavior is a(n)
subjective norm
The idea that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important values is:
value attainment