ch 19 through 46
Name some examples of Ascomycete fungi
dutch arm disease, brewers yeast
A. nonadaptive B. analogous C. homologous D. polyphyletic E. monophyletic a taxon, all of whose members have the same common ancestor
e
A. phlyogenetic tree B. phylogram C. ultrametric tree D. A and B only E. A, B, and C Time is represented along at least one axis of the tree.
e
r-strategists (opportunistic species)
-produce large numbers of offspring -have a small body size -mature early -have a short life span -do not invest energy in parental care -tend to be good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats
When did amphibians evolve? 6000 years ago 2 million years ago 350 million years ago 1 billion years ago
350 million years ago
Fossils of prokaryotic cells are dated as far back as approximately _____ billion years ago. 1.5 2.8 3.8 4.8
3.8
Energy flow in an ecosystem begin with
A. omnivores B. herbivores **C. autotrophs D. detritivores E. carnivores
An ecosystem contains
A. only the biotic components B. only the abiotic components C. only the energy flow components **D. both the biotic and abiotic components E. only the food relationships
Which of these best describe a chemoautotroph?
Organism able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and the oxidation of an inorganic substance (such as hydrogen sulfide) as the energy source.
Bio-luminescent
Organisms that can produce their own light.
The fossil record provides sample evidence that lobe-finned fishes of the Paleozoic era are ancestors to the _____
amphibians
Which type of symbiotic relationship are there no examples of in the domain Archaea?
Parasitism
What are the characteristics of Cnidarians?
Radially symmetrical with two tissue layers; sac body plan; tentacles with nematocysts.
Separate Spirogyra filaments exchange genetic material during a process called _____
conjugation
The exchange of haploid micronuclei between paramecia that accompanies sexual reproduction is called _____
conjugation
Cladograms based on evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in A) morphology. B) the pattern of embryological development. C) biochemical pathways. D) habitat and lifestyle choices. E) mutations to homologous genes.
e
A fungal endophyte is:
grows inside the tissues of a plant and absorbs sugars
The particular place where an organism lives is its
habitat
K-selection
in stable, predictable environments, population size is controlled by density-depedndent factors -population size tends to be near K
Primates are first adapted to living
in trees
Changes observed in the fossil record that involve the formation of new species demonstrate ____.
macroevolution
carrying capacity
maximum number of individuals of a given species the community can support
biotic potential
maximum rate of natural increase for a population
Fungi that consist simply of a mass of hyphae and that commonly obtain nutrients from rotting food are called ____.
molds
Species with more DNA similarities are
more closely related
A mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and roots of vascular plants produces structures called
mycorrhizae
example of density independent factors
natural disasters
Levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal?
nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
R
net reproductive rate
zero population growth
no increase in population size
The fungi that do not have walls dividing their hyphae into distinct cellular compartments are called ___ fungi.
nonseptate
Which of the following features were required for the the evolution of the amphibians? Answer notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and amniotic eggs notochord, vertebrae, jaws, cartilaginous skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs notochord, mammary glands, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs
notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs
two types of overpopulation
overpopulation due to population growth and overpopulation due to increased resource consumption
Chemoautotrophic organisms obtain energy from
oxidizing inorganic molecules
Diatoms provide both _____ and food for heterotrophs in freshwater and marine habitats.
oxygen
Which of the following molecules are believed to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere? water vapor (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) nitrogen (N2)
oxygen (O2)
As oxygen began to accumulate on primitive Earth, the _____ shield developed, which filters out the ultraviolet radiation that may have helped to crate the first organic molecules.
ozone
A _____ is any organism that causes disease, including parasitic bacteria.
pathogen
population distribution
pattern of dispersal of individuals across a given area
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria stain differently because they have different amounts of _____ in their cell walls.
peptidoglycan
The unique molecule found in bacterial cell walls that is composed of unique combinations of sugars and amino acids:
peptidoglycan
Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT choanoflagellates. plants. animals. fungi.
plants.
According to the membrane-first hypothesis, the _____ membrane was the first cell component to form
plasma
Thermoacidophiles can survive very high temperature due to the unique composition of their:
plasma membrane
The concept that the Earth is covered with moving plates that lie over a hot mantle layer is called ____
plate tectonics
survivorship curves
plot of the number of organisms surviving at each age - type I, II, and III
Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning non-living. poison. particle. extremely small. contagious.
poison.
Double fertilization means that one sperm unites with the ______ nuclei forming the endosperm, and the other unites with the _____ forming a diploid zygote
polar; egg
The highlighted grouping in the cladogram is a ____________ grouping. monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic None of the above.
polyphyletic
The condition of having three or more of each type of chromosome is called ____
polyploidy
The synthesis of DNA or RNA from the organic soup would have been guided by the actions of enzymes in the protein-first hypothesis. RNA-first hypothesis. clay-catalyst hypothesis. chloroplast.
protein-first hypothesis.
Before the first cell arose, a _____ would have emerged, which is a structure that is characterized by having an outer membrane.
protocell
Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis?
proviruses
With regard to nutrition, most members of the phylum basidiomycota are ____
saprotrophs
Ulva, the multicellular leaf-life chlorophyte, goes by the common name of_____
sea lettuce
A hybrid zygote may develop into a ____ adult as in the case of a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, which produces a mule.
sterile
Group of protists that includes water, molds, diatoms, and golden brown algae:
stramenopile
Whereas the evolutionary species concept relies on ___ to identify species, the biological species concept relies on____.
structural traits/reproductive isolation
The evolutionary species concept emphasizes _____ in identifying species.
structure
The reproductive times of similar but different species do not overlap, this is a type of reproductive isolation called ____ isolation.
temporal
Density-Dependent Factors
the percentage of population affected increases as the population density increases
In the logistic growth curve formula, when N is very large, (K-N)/N is almost equal to 0, which results in
the population growth slowing to zero.
In a population with low death rates, this age structure diagram indicates that
the population will continue to grow for some time.
A structural difference between reptiles and mammals that is seen in a transitional form in the fossils of Jeholodens deals with
the positioning of the legs
When the number of births plus immigration exceeds the number of deaths plus emigration, a population size will increase.
true
Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that it would have been possible only after the development of true cells. nucleic acids. enzymes. a metabolic pathway.
true cells
A ____ is a gourmet mycorrhizal sac fungus which, in the past, was located by pigs.
truffle
Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are yeast. ergot. chytrids. truffles.
truffles.
The kinetoplastids that are responsible for the African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease are called ______
trypanosomes
Based on molecular data and skull features, what reptile(s) has an independent lineage from all other reptiles? Answer lizards snakes turtles crocodiles lizards and crocodiles have independent lineages
turtles
LDC's
youthful profile and are experiencing population growth
A spore that is mobile, by way of one or more flagella is called a _____
zoospore
A spore that is motile because it has one or more flagella is called a ____
zoospore
Ciliates reproducce asexually via ____ and sexually via ___
binary fission; conjugation
Latin names are used in the ______nomenclature system
binomial
List the following from smallest to largest:
1 viroid 2 virus 3 prokaryote 4 eukaryote
On average, the size of virus is about ______
10-400 nm
Which group of organisms feed via phagocytosis?
Amoebids
One of these club-shaped cells is called a:
Basidiom
What protist most resembles the last single-celled ancestor of animals?
Choanoflagellate
Habitat
Place where the organism lives
Triploblastic
Three tissue layers
Seed plants are _____ plants
Vascular
N(t+1)
population size the following year
MDC's
stable age structure
The oxidizing atmosphere probably developed approximately _____ billion years ago. 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5
2.0
The first eukaryotic cells probably arose about _____ billion years ago. 2.2 2.5 3.5 4.5
2.2
How many different species of cichlids are present in Lake Tanganyika? 1 10 2000 200
200
Plasmodesmata
A narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them.
All of the following terrestrial biomes EXCEPT
A. tundra **B. lentic systems C. coniferous forests D.savannas E. deserts
Megaphylls
Broad leaves that allow plants to efficiently collect solar energy, allowing the production of more food and possibly more offspring. They increase the fitness of plants.
All of the following statements about population distribution are true EXCEPT
a population's distribution is calculated as the number of individuals per unit area
Population Distribution
Pattern of dispersal of individuals across a given area
The gene that is required for the development of eyes in a broad range of animals is called the ___ gene
Pax6
What are the three distinct groups of Mosses?
Peat mosses, granite mosses, true mosses.
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
Peptide Bonds
What is the difference in true coelom between Protosomes and Deuterostomes?
Protosomes-only certain protostomes have a true coelom; coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm. Deuterostomes-All deuterostomes have a true coelom; coelom forms by an outpocketing of primitive gut.
What is the difference in cleavage between Protostomes and Deuterostomes?
Protostomes-Sprial cleavage Deuterotomes-Radical cleavage
What are the characteristics of Roundworms?
Pseudocoelom and hydroskeleton; complete digestive tract; free-living forms in soil and water; parasites common.
Gene mutation occurs at any time, without respect to the mutation's adaptive value or benefit to the organism
True
In humans the pharyngeal pouches of the embryo develop into auditory tubes, tonsils, thymus glands, and the parathyroid glands. True False
True
In trying to limit the growth of a pest, you will have more success if you can reduce the carrying capacity of the environment rather than reduce the population size of the pest. True/False
True
Which of the following are criteria for categorizing viruses?
-type of nucleic acid -presense of envelope -size and shape
Which of the following forms are found among the protists?
-unicellular -multicellular -colonial -filamentous
Why are viruses considered non-living?
-viruses do not respond to stimuli -viruses require a host cell to replicate -viruses cannot carry out their own metabolic functions.
In comparison to the Precambrian era, the Paleozoic era:
-was shorter -included mass extinctions
Nucleic acid changes can be used as a kind of molecular clock to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time under which conditions?
-when the changes are neutral -when the changes accumulate at a fairly constant rate
Place the following substance in the correct order as they are transformed by nitrifying bacteria:
1 Ammonia (NH3) 2 Nitrites (NO2) 3 Nitrates (NO3)
List the steps of viral lytic cycle in the correct sequence:
1 Attachment 2 Penetration 3 Biosynthesis 4 Maturation 5 Release
Steps of moss sexual reproduction
1) Antheridia and archegonia produce gametes. 2) Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs. 3) The zygote develops into sporophye in the archegonia. 4) Meiosis occurs in the sporophytes to produce spores 5) Spores are released into air currents 6) Spores germinate
Logistic Growth Pattern
1) Lag Phase 2) Exponential Phase 3) Deceleration Phase 4) Stable Equilibrium Phase
Select the characteristics of monocots
1) One cotyledon 2) Flower parts in threes or multiples of three 3) Usually parallel venation
Select the characteristics of eudicots:
1) Taproot system 2) Two cotyledons 3) Flower parts in four, fives, or multiples of fours or fives
List chronologically the steps in the angiosperm life cycle, beginning with gamete formation
1) The stamen produces pollen 2) Pollination of the carpel 3) Fertilization of the egg by sperm 4) Development of the seeds with fruits 5) Germination of the seed to form a plant
List in order, the correct terms for lichens that are: 1)compact; 2) shrub-like; and 3) leaf-life.
1) crustose 2)fruticose 3)foliose
Arrange the following divisions of the geological timescale from longest to shortest in length.
1) era 2)period 3) epoch
Place the three main stages of fungal reproduction in the correct order as they would occur following meiosis.
1) haploid hyphae 2) dikaryotic stage 3) diploid zygote
Rank the following stages that occurred from nonliving matter to the origin of life.
1) organic monomers 2) organic polymers 3) protocells 4) living cells
biotic potential depends on factors that influence the population's reproduction, including
1) usual number of offspring surviving to reproductive age 2) amount of competition within the population 3)age of and number of reproductive opportunities 4) presence of disease and predators
A pH of 6 is how many times more acidic than a pH of 9?
1,000
Prokaryotes generally range in size from 10-400 nm. 50-100nm. 10-100 µm. 20-300 mm. 1-10 µm.
1-10 µm.
Ivanowsky first recognized that something smaller than a bacterium, called a filterable virus, was able to cause disease in the year 1965. 2001. 1650. 1892. 1700.
1892
How many years ago do fungi first appear in the fossil record?
450-500 million years ago
The tropical grassland in Africa is called the A. savanna. B. chaparral. C. prairie. D. taiga. E. tundra.
A. savanna.
What occurs when two species with very similar niches live in an overlapping range?
A. speication B. hypervolume **C. competitive exclusion D. total extinction of one species E. a switch in habitat for one of the organism
The mammalian lineages include Answer placental mammals. marsupials. monotremes. All of the above are correct. None of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
Which of the following pairs of Protists would be most closely related due to both of them possessing plastids? Archaeplastids & Rhizaria Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata Rhizaria & Chromalveolata Amoebozoa & Excavata
Archaeplastids & Chromalveolata
What are the two Domains that the prokaryotes are classified under? Archaea & Eukarya Protista & Archaea Eukarya & Bacteria Archaea & Bacteria
Archaea & Bacteria
Which Domains did Kingdom Monera get divided into? Bacteria & Eukarya Archaea & Eukarya Archaea & Bacteria Protista & Archaea
Archaea & Bacteria
Which of the following Domains includes the majority of the organisms that were previously classified in Kingdom Monera? Bacteria and Eubacteria Protista and Eukarya Archaea and Algae Eukarya and Bacteria Archaea and Bacteria
Archaea and Bacteria
Into what three domains are all living things categorized?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Reptiles dominated the Earth for about 170 million years until they died out at the end of the _________ Period. A. Cambrian B. Cretaceous C. Ordivician D. Silurian
B. Cretaceous
A common cause of amoebic dysentery is A. Trichomonas vaginalis. B. Entamoeba histolytica. C. Plasmodium falciparum D. Giardia intestinalis.
B. Entamoeba histolytica.
_____ lakes are nutrient rich and tend to have large populations of algae A. oligotrophic B. Eutrophic C. Temperate D. Stratified
B. Eutrophic
_____ lakes are nutrient rich and tend to have large populations of algae. A. Oligotrophic B. Eutrophic C. Temperate D. Stratified
B. Eutrophic
The population growth rate is negative when A. birthrate is greater than death rate B. death rate is greater than birth rate
B. death rate is greater than birth rate
When ecologists study the abiotic components of the environment, they are studying _____. A) all organisms B) all predators C) soil, water, and weather D) all organisms, soil, water, and weather
C) soil, water, and weather
Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another in a process called A. transformation. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. infection. E. replication.
B. transduction.
Which of the following does NOT characterize tundra? A. permafrost B. trees C. shrub D. caribou
B. trees
Which of the following biomes is characterized by little rain, permafrost, and an average temperature below 0? A. grasslands B. tundra C. desert D. taiga E. temperate deciduous forest
B. tundra
Which of the following biomes is characterized by little rainfall, permafrost, and an average temperature below 0C? A. grasslands B. tundra C. desert D. taiga E. temperate deciduous forest
B. tundra
Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians? A. thin moist skin B. two-chambered heart C. small inefficient lungs D. aquatic larvae E. eggs with gelatinous covering
B. two-chambered heart
Which of the following does not match a type of virus to its specific type of host cell?
Bacteriophage-lung cells
Intrinsic Factors
Based on the anatomy, physiology, or behavior; affects population size and growth rates
The organism pictured below is a member of Phylum ___________. Cytridiomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota
Basidiomycota
Trees which lose their leaves in the fall are characteristic of _____. A) desert B) savannas C) temperate deciduous forests D) shrublands
C) temperate deciduous forests
A biome with a deep layer of fertile topsoil is a _____. A) tropical rainforest B) cold northern coniferous forest C) temperate grassland D) tundra
C) temperate grassland
To determine the intrinsic rate of natural increase, it is necessary to consider _____. A) rate of immigration B) rate of emigration C) the birth rate and death rate
C) the birth rate and death rate
What are the characteristics of Arthropods?
Chitinous exoskeleton with jointed appendages; undergoes molting; insects-most have wings-are most numerous of all animals.
What are the examples of Molluscs?
Chitons, Clams, Snails, and Squids.
The bottom of a lake or stream harbors worms, clams, and other organisms in the A. littoral zone. B. limnetic zone. C. profundal zone. D. benthic zone. E. abyssal zone.
D. benthic zone.
What organisms are considered Decapods?
Shrimp, Lobster, Crayfish, and Crabs.
What are the examples of Gastropods?
Slugs, Snails, Whelks, Conchs, Limpets, Nudibranchs.
Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head, wing, or leg parts. Why? Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology. This is where mutations usually express themselves in animals. This is the convention or custom of entomology. Arthropods have hard exoskeletons so head, wing, and leg structures can't vary as much. Radiation damage to genes usually occurs in genitalia.
Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology.
Ovary
Swollen base enclosing ovules; Ovules develop into seeds, and Ovary develops into fruit.
What is symmetry and what are the three types of symmetry in the animal kingdom?
Symmetry-A pattern of similarity that is observed in objects. Asymmetry, Radial Symmetry, and Bilateral Symmetry.
Prokaryotes are now divided into the bacteria and cyanobacteria. archaea and cyanobacteria. photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria. autotrophs and heterotrophs. archaea and bacteria.
archaea and bacteria
The thermoacidophiles living in hot springs would be classified as:
archaeans
Most species are intermediate between r-strategists and K-strategists, and tend to have a type II survivorship curve. True/False
True
Several lineages of reptiles evolved from a common ancestral stem reptile, each adapting to different ways of life. True False
True
Some protistans can reproduce by both sexual and asexual means. True False
True
Strawberry plants vegetatively reproduce by forming new plants where the nodes of stolons touch the ground. True False
True
Survivorship may be defined as the probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to a particular age interval or as the proportion of the population surviving from the previous age interval. True/False
True
T/F: Because mitochondrial DNA mutates faster than nuclear DNA, it is more useful for tracing phylogeny
True
The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes. True False
True
The 1840s Irish potato famine was caused by a water mold parasite on potatoes. True False
True
The Founder Effect is an example of genetic drift in which rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population
True
The bottleneck effect is thought to be responsible for the loss of variability and loss of fertility in the cheetah species
True
The reason biologists believe that green algae and land plants, both members of the supergroup Archaeplastida, are related is because both of them possess chlorophyll a & b as well as cell walls made of starch. True False
True
The shoot system of the plant is the aboveground portion that includes stems and leaves for capturing the energy of sunlight. True False
True
The structure that directs food into the body of a rotifer is called the corona. True False
True
The structure that directs food into the body of a rotifer is called the corona. True False
True
The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi. True False
True
The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi. True False
True
Trade winds are so named because sailors depended on them to fill the sails of their trading ships. True False
True
True or False A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can metabolize effectively in the presence or absence of oxygen.
True
True or False The term "protists" is used to refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi.
True
Vascular tissue extends through the roots, stems, and leaves of the entire plant. True False
True
Water molds are heterotrophic because they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects. True False
True
Water molds may live in water or on land, and they are parasitic on fish, plants, and insects. True False
True
Which of these statements is NOT correct about the flatworms? Flatworm(s) Answer embryos are triploblastic. are deuterostomes. have a sac body plan with an incomplete gut. are free-living or parasitic. are in Phylum Platyhelminthes.
are deuterostomes
What are the characteristics of Gymnosperms?
Usually large; cone-bearing; existing as trees in forests. Sporophyte bears pollen cones, which produce windblown pollen (male gamelophyte), and seed cones, which produce seeds.
What organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
Vacuole
Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts are collectively known as the bryophytes, a group of plants that do not have ______ tissue
Vascular
Phloem is a(n) ______ tissue that conducts nutrients through a plant.
Vascular
Opportunistic species
are good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats.
The terrestrial invertebrate organisms with exoskeletons and jointed appendages that diversified during the Paleozoic era are called _____
arthropods
The cup-shaped tip of a cup fungus that is actually an ascus bearing fruiting body is called a(n) _____
ascocarp
A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n) basidiospore. ascospore. hypha. mycelium. conidiospore.
ascospore.
A finger-like sac in a sac fungus in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and ascospore production occurs during sexual reproduction is called a(n) _____
ascus
As cyanobacteria began producing oxygen on primitive Earth, the abundance of ____ prokaryotes decreased and the abundance of _____ bacteria increased
anaerobic/ aerobic
Similarities in structures due to convergent evolution are referred to as _____ structures
analogous
Similarity due to convergent evolution is called what?
analogy
Traits that are not used for determining the evolutionary relationships of an ancestors descendants are known as ______ traits
ancestral
With regard to nutrition, fungi are more similar to ____, as they are to both ____.
animals; heterotrophs
The group of protozoans that contain a unique organelle at one end of the cell that is used to penetrates a host cell:
apicomplexans
A major advantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it uses morphological traits to distinguish species. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species. relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species. is the same as the classic biological species concept.
applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.
Which regard to habitat, chytrids are the only fungi that are____
aquatic
The organism you'd most likely find in a high temperature, high salt environment
archaea
A Chlamydomonas parent cell can produce up to 16 daughter cells contained by the parent cell wall during ______ reproduction
asexual
A very rapid kind of communication that works at a distance and in the dark is
auditory communication
The polyploid condition in which an organism has chromosomes from a single species is called ____.
autoploidy
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin C. Matoo Kimura D. both A and B E. both B and C first to think of the hierarchical classification system as a genealogy
b
A. nonadaptive B. analogous C. homologous D. polyphyletic E. monophyletic bat wing and butterfly wing
b
A. phlyogenetic tree B. phylogram C. ultrametric tree D. A and B only E. A, B, and C Branch length indicates amount of change.
b
All fungi are: a. Parasitic b. Photosynthetic c. Autotrophic d. Heterotrophic e. Mixotrophic.
b. Heterotrophic
The spores in non-chytrid fungi are: a. Motile b. Non-motile c. Diploid d. a and c.
b. Non-motile
Fungi are the main disease agent in this kingdom: a. Animal b. Plant c. Fungi d. Protista.
b. Plant
A type II survivorship curve, drawn by plotting the number of individuals in a given population alive at the beginning of each age interval, is characterized by
individuals dying at a constant rate throughout time.
Most ciliates ____ their food
ingest
Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) the bite of a mosquito. the bite of a tsetse fly. having sex with an infected partner. ingesting contaminated water or food.
ingesting contaminated water or food.
modern ecology
not just descriptive, it's predictive
Study the life cycle diagram. Label B is the ________ life cycle. lytic alternation of generations sexual lysogenic
lysogenic
The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _______ cycle. lysogenic lysosome lysozyme lysol lytic
lysogenic
Study the life cycle diagram. Label A is the ________ life cycle. lysogenic alternation of generations lytic sexual
lytic
The cycle of viral infection of a bacterial cell that will cause its death most rapidly is called the _______ cycle. lysogenic lysol lytic lysozyme lysosome
lytic
Large scale evolutionary change that is best observed in the fossil record and that may involve the production of new species is called
macroevolution
A motile, prokaryote ancestor may have given rise to eukaryotic ______ and _____
cilia and flagella
A ____ is a complete unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles.
ciliate
_____ is a method that uses derived traits to develop the best hypothesis for a evolutionary history.
cladistics
A _____ is a diagram that uses cladistics in constructing a phylogeny of a group of organisms
cladogram
Pavlov's well known experiment of a dog salivating at the sound of a bell ring is an example of
classical conditioning
Large scale, as opposed to small scale, evolutionary change occurring over long periods of time and chronicled in the fossil record is called
macroevolution
A ____ is a photosynthesis protist with two flagella and proactive cellulose plates that is an important component of phytoplankton.
dinoflagellates
During the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation as they began to fill habitats previously filled by _____
dinosaurs
Gymnosperms _______ enclose their seeds inside of a fruit
do not
The duckbill platypus is different than most mammals because it Answer lacks hair. is "cold-blooded." doesn't secrete milk. doesn't give birth, but lays eggs.
doesn't give birth, but lays eggs.
A. nonadaptive B. analogous C. homologous D. polyphyletic E. monophyletic the term that is most appropriately associated with clade
e
A. phlyogenetic tree B. phylogram C. ultrametric tree D. A and B only E. A, B, and C Can depict phylogeny if based on homologous characters.
e
Figure 25.1 If this evolutionary tree is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be correct? 1. The entire tree is based on maximum parsimony. 2. If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is monophyletic. 3. The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the last common ancestor of species D and E. 4. Species A is the direct ancestor of both species B and species C. 5. The species present at position 3 is ancestral to C, D, and E. A) 2 and 5 B) 1 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1, 2, and 3
e
If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology? A) A and B B) A and C C) B and D D) C and F E) D and F
e
If the genes of yeast are 50% orthologous to those of humans, and if the genes of mice are 99% orthologous to those of humans, then one might validly expect ________ % of the genes of fish to be orthologous to the genes of humans. A) 10 B) 30 C) 40 D) 50 E) 80
e
Species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their A) plasmids. B) chloroplast genomes. C) mitochondrial genomes. D) homologous genes that are poorly conserved. E) homologous genes that are highly conserved.
e
What is true of gene duplication? A) It is a type of point mutation. B) Its occurrence is limited to diploid species. C) Its occurrence is limited to organisms without functional DNA-repair enzymes. D) It is most similar in its effects to a deletion mutation. E) It can increase the size of a genome over evolutionary time.
e
Which combination of the following species characteristics would cause the greatest likelihood of fossilization in sedimentary rock? I. The species was abundant. II. The species was widespread. III. The species had hard body parts. IV. The species was adapted to desert life. V. The species had a long duration in geologic time. A) III only B) III and IV C) I, II, and III D) I, II, and V E) I, II, III, and V
e
Energy
each pop. is able to capture only so much of the available energy and how this energy is distributed among its life span, reproduction events, and care of offspring has evolved over time -related species may have different life history patterns ex. toads and frogs
Human tapeworm infections occur by Answer eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef. being bitten by a mosquito. ingesting eggs in contaminated water. eating freshly peeled fruit. All of the choices are correct.
eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.
Reduced competition that could occur with adaptive radiation events provides ____, which is the freedom for the new species to expand its use of resources within the habitat.
ecological release
A pond represents a(n) _______ while the minnows represent a(n) ______.
ecosystem; population
Distinguish between ecto- and endomycorrhizae:
ecto- posidiomycetes; grow around and in the plant but NEVER penetrate the cell Endo- glomeromycetes; grow in plant and penetrate the cell
The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of a membranous envelope. a protein capsid. both DNA and RNA. either DNA or RNA. spikes. References Multiple Choice
either DNA or RNA.
How do the cells of a non-chytrid fungus differ from those of other multicelled organisms? The cross walls have this characteristic.
either they have no cross wall of they have a big hole in the cross wall the cytoplasm and the cell content flow from cell to cell
A newly identified virus that becomes more prominent because of its ability to cause serious disease is a (n) _____ virus.
emerging
The hypothesis related to the origin of life on Earth that discusses comets and meteors crashing into Earth and possibly introducing life onto Earth is called the _______.
extraterrestrial origins hypothesis
Auditory communication is the most effective form of communication in every environment inhabited by animals.
false
During operant conditioning the stimulus-response connection is weakened by repeated punishment.
false
T/F: The fossil record gives us a complete and accurate record of past organisms
false
The genetics inherited by an individual will completely control their behavior.
false
prior to 1750
growth of human pop relatively slow -as more reproducing individuals were added, growth increased and became exponential
If one species of ants live below ground and another species of ants live in nests in trees and thus never interact, this would be an example of a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism called ____ isolation.
habitat
Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, while the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as habitat isolation. temporal isolation. zygote mortality. behavioral isolation.
habitat isolation.
The time that it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to change into another stable element is its activation time. life span. half-life. chemical life cycle.
half-life
The extinction of several species of large mammal during the Pleistocene epoch may have been the result of
humans hunting
A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of gametic isolation. hybrid infertility. zygote mortality. temporal isolation.
hybrid infertility.
What type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
hydrogen bonds between water molecules
A single filament of a vegetative body of a fungus is called a ____
hypha
One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n) ascospore. hypha. basidiospore. conidium. mycelium.
hypha.
During lichen production, each reproductive unit contains fungal ____ and an algal cell.
hyphae
The Pleistocene epoch of the Cenozoic era is known for its multiple
ice ages
Sac fungi that have not yet been observed reproducing sexually are sometimes called ___ fungi.
imperfect
Lignin is a very important component of woody tissue in plants. It provides the strength to support tall trees. Name the fungal phylum that can decompose lignin:
important for decomposing lignin
Learned behavior that causes a family of baby ducks to follow their mother is called
imprinting
The diversification of marsupials that has occurred _____ is likely the result of a lack of competition with placental mammals
in Australia
Fossils that are found in all strata of a particular age are called _____ fossils ALSO Relative dating of rock strata uses index fossils to help estimate the age of a stratum.
index
Fossils used to define and identify geologic periods are ________ fossils. body index trace stromatolite
index
Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most Protists? chloroplasts and Golgi Bodies mitochondria and Endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria and nucleus mitochondria and plastids
mitochondria and plastids
The scientific study of fossils and what they reveal about prehistoric life in relation to ancient climates and environments is biogeography. comparative molecular biology. paleontology. geology.
paleontology
An ecosystem contains A. only the biotic components B. only the abiotic components C. only the energy flow components D. both the biotic and abiotic components E. only the food relationships
D. both the biotic and abiotic components
Population size-levels off at the ______ of an environment A. population growth B. biotic potential C. environmental resistance D. carrying capacity
D. carrying capacity
The lancelets, or Branchiostoma, are found A. in tropical Amazon streams. B. as parasites inside the tracts of fish. C. very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct. D. commonly in the sandy bottoms of coastal waters around the world. E. B and C are correct.
D. commonly in the sandy bottoms of coastal waters around the world.
All of the following are means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes EXCEPT A. conjugation. B. transformation. C. transduction. D. crossing over.
D. crossing over.
Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called A. homologous characters. B. homoplastic characters. C. ancestral characters. D. derived characters. E. novel characters.
D. derived characters.
The duckbill platypus is different than most mammals because it A. lacks hair. B. is "cold-blooded." C. doesn't secrete milk. D. doesn't give birth, but lays eggs. E. All of the choices are correct.
D. doesn't give birth, but lays eggs.
All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT A. internal organs. B. vertebral columns. C. postanal tails. D. exoskeletons. E. skulls.
D. exoskeletons.
The discovery of a living coelacanth off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean in 1938 proved that it A. was a modern fish unrelated to fossil coelacanths. B. was the "missing link" between fish and amphibians. C. can now climb onto land and travel some distances. D. had changed very little and had not gone extinct. E. was both the "missing link" and it could climb onto land and travel.
D. had changed very little and had not gone extinct.
Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through) A. the bite of a mosquito. B. the bite of a tsetse fly. C. having sex with an infected partner. D. ingesting contaminated water or food.
D. ingesting contaminated water or food.
What are the characteristics of Lophophorates?
Filter feeders with a circular or horseshoe-shaped ridge around the mouth that bears feeding tentacles.
Which of the following can serve as an air pollution indicator, because it takes up pollutants and dies when air pollution is high?
Lichens
Zero population growth will be achieved as soon as couples have only replacement reproduction, with two children per couple. True/False
False
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
What are the examples of Flatworms?
Planarians, tapeworms, and flukes.
What are the characteristics of Sea Anemones?
Sessile polypes that live attached to a substrate; have upward-turned oral disk containing mouth surrounded by tentacles containing nematocysts.
What are the characteristics of Earthworms?
Setae protrude in pairs directly from surface of body; specialized digestive system; segmentation.
What are the characteristics of Bivalves?
Shell of two hinged parts, closed by powerful muscles; no head, no radula; little cephalization; open circulatory system; ciliated gills hang down within the mantle cavity on either side of the visceral mass.
If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why? Answer Shellfish seasonally produce toxic substances. Shellfish regularly consume poisonous red tide organisms. Most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.
Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.
Bangladesh has 2596 persons per square mile, while the United States has 780 persons per square mile and Canada has 9 persons per square mile. These statistics compare the _____ of these countries.
population densities
Density-Independent Factors
population density does not influence the intensity of the factor's effect
Which of the following forms of energy was NOT involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere? radioactivity electrical energy heat radiation from the sun sound
sound
Vascular tissue is _________
specialized for the transport of water and organic nutrients through the body of a plant
The splitting of a species into two or more species or the transformation of one species into another is called
speciation
______ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time. Reproductive isolation Convergent evolution The founder effect Speciation Both reproductive isolation and speciation are correct.
speciation
K-selection
species that allocate energy to their own growth and survival Species are large, late to mature, few offspring
Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy. class, order, family, genus, species, kingdom, phylum, domain genus, species, class, order, family, domain, kingdom, phylum species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
In binomial nomenclature, an organisms genus is followed by its
specific epithet
A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtles' stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by their calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in the turtles' digestive systems. These protective structures are called Answer amoebocytes. osculum. choanocytes. spicules. spongin.
spicules
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of
splitting water molecules.
The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is Answer comb jellies. flatworms. sponges. cnidarians.
sponges
The fungi, structure that reproduces spores is called a _____
sporangium
A _____ is a haploid reproductive cell that develops into a new organism without having to fuse with another reproductive cell
spore
A reproductive cell that does not need to fuse with another reproductive cell in order to develop into a new organism is called a ____.
spore
The alterations of generations life cycle of plants involves a multicellular diploid stage, _________, and a multicellular haploid stage __________
sporophyte; gametophyte
Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? amoeboids—pseudopodia sporozoan—flexing the pellicle ciliates-—cilia zooflagellates—flagella
sporozoan—flexing the pellicle
Advantages to living in a social group for an animal includes all of the following EXCEPT
spread of illnesses and parasites
demography
statistical study of a population
Human Population Growth
steadily risen to its present size of 7.1 billion people
A specific, recognizable layer within the sediment is called a _____
stratum
Whereas carbon 14 can be used to determine the age of a fossil, other radioactive isotopes are used to determine the age of a _____ in which a fossil is contained
stratum
The photograph is of
stromatolites
ecology
study of interactions of organisms among all organisms and their physical environment
The region at the forward edge of a continental plate, where the plate is being destroyed is called a
subduction zone
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation
All of the following factors will keep a population from growing at its biotic potential EXCEPT
successful reproduction of its members
populations that are too large suffer
suffer from starvation as they deplete their own food supply
Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. These findings cast serious doubts upon the theory of continental drift and fused land masses. are an unsolved puzzle probably due to the random nature of biological evolution. suggest that a pattern of land bridges existed at different times in geological history. suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation. suggest that the mammals evolved earlier while continents were joined, but plants and reptiles radiated into diverse groups after separation.
suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
example variable in an ecosystem
sunlight
The process of speciation that does not involve a geographic barrier between diverging populations is called _____ speciation
sympatric
In speciation which of the following is mismatched? allopatric speciation-geographic isolation adaptive radiation-chance for new species to adapt to new habitats post-zygotic isolation-hybrid offspring sterility sympatric speciation-geographic isolation
sympatric speciation-geographic isolation
The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term prezygotic. sympatric. adaptive radiation. allopatric. speciation.
sympatric.
Taxonomy is branch of _____ that identifies, names, and organizes biodiversity into related categories
systematic biology
The study of the evolutionary history of biodiversity on Earth is called
systematics
A male leopard nuzzles the female's neck to calm her and to stimulate her willingness to mate. This is an example of _____ communication.
tactile
Primate grooming and honeybee waggle-dancing share which of these forms of communication?
tactile communication
Dogs scent-mark by defecating and urinating in an area, while cats scent-mark by rubbing against objects. Both of these increase the animals level of fitness and are examples of
territoriality
The loose-fitting calcium carbonate shell of a foraminiferan is called a _____
test
The disease that results from bacterial infection that involved sustained muscle contraction without relaxation is called _____.
tetanus
The "primordial" soup hypothesis proposes
that early Earth had very little oxygen, but did have H20, H2, CH4, and NH3
The fungal named for the branching invaginations that they produce when forming mycorrhizae with plants roots are:
the AM fungi
The Carboniferous Period is extremely significant to our current society because the Carboniferous forests turned into the coal that fuels modern society. human evolution began in the period. plants and animals first adapted to a terrestrial environment during this period. mammals diversified.
the Carboniferous forests turned into the coal that fuels modern society.
The hypothesis for chemical evolution that describes the formation of a nucleic acid prior to the formation of polypeptides is called ______ hypothesis
the RNA-first
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?
the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds
The northern copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, the southern copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, and the cottonmouth is Agkistrodon piscivorous. Therefore, the copperheads are subspecies and the cottonmouth is a separate species. all are subspecies of Agkistrodon. they are all the same species. they are three distinct species.
the copperheads are subspecies and the cottonmouth is a separate species.
Crossing over is
the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids
The mycelium of a fungus is:
the interwoven mass formed by the hyphae that infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds
The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by
the limited availability of renewable resources in the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism.
The lophotrochozoans can be divided into two groups, which include Answer the protostomes and the deuterostomes. the comb jellies and the cnidarians. those that reproduce sexually and those that reproduce asexually. the lophophorates and the trochozoans.
the lophophorates and the trochozoans.
Which bacteriophage life cycle can result in the formation of a prophage, latent viral DNA that is replicated along with the host DNA?
the lysogenic cycle
the closer a population size nears the carrying capacity of a community....
the more likely its resources will become scarce and that biotic effects such as competition and predation will become evident --depends on fluctuating conditions, the amount of rainfall from one year to the next
A major disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept is that it is the same as the classic biological species concept. uses morphological traits to distinguish species. relies primarily on reproductive isolation to identify species. applies to both sexually and asexually reproducing species.
uses morphological traits to distinguish species.
Most salamanders practice internal fertilization Answer using spermatophores. externally in water. internally by copulation. just like frogs.
using spermatophores.
The cellular structures that form as ciliates ingest their food are called food ____.
vacuoles
Unifying features of organisms classified in the supergroup Excavata include:
zooflagellates with atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella and/or deep oral grooves.
A _____ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. blastula gastrula spermatogonium zygote
zygote
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) are different species. Occasionally, mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity. The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die. This is an example of zygote mortality. mechanical isolation. lack of F2 fitness. hybrid sterility.
zygote mortality.
Survivorship may be defined as the probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to a particular age interval or as the proportion of the population surviving from the previous age interval.
true
The cephalochordates possess an atrium that is used to filter microscopic food particles out of the water. Answer True False
true
The waggle dance of a bee indicates to other bees in the hive the direction of food.
true
How many sets of jaws do cichlids have? two one four or more three
two
Type 3
typical of a population in which most individuals die very young
In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between
ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation
The form of life that was present for approximately 80% of the Earth's history is _____ life
unicellular
The tertiary structure of a protein is the:
unique three-dimensional shape of fully folded polypeptide
Which of the following groups are considered chordates but are lacking the vertebral column trait? Answer osteichthyes & urochordata urochordata & cephalochordates cephalochordates & chondrichthyes sea squirts & chondrichthyes
urochordata & cephalochordates
The name of the original super continent was
Pangaea
Stable Equilibrium Phase
Little growth, births and deaths are equal; Stage IV
growth over the years
1800: 1 billion 1930: 2 billion 1974: 4 billion 2015: 7.2 billion
Lag Phase
Growth is slow because population is small; Phase I
Which of the following types of plants are nonflowering seed plants?
Gymnosperms
Type I Curve
High probability of surviving to adulthood Ex: Humans
Biotic Potential
Highest possible rate of natural increase for a population
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
Stroma of the chloroplast
What are the three regions of an Arthropod?
The head, thorax, and abdomen.
The population growth rate is negative when
death rate is greater than birth rate
type 2 survivorship curve
death unrelated to age ex. lizards middle curve
Seedless vascular plants include:
lycophytes, pteridophytes
A host that carries a prophage is called a ____ cell.
lysogenic
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with
ATP and NADPH.
What is a complete flower?
All four parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpals) are present.
Nematocyst
Are fluid-filled capsules that act as specialized stinging cells.
Setae
Bristles
Apical Cells
Is a cell that divides repeatedly to form new cells.
The study of fungi is called:
Mycology
N(t+1) = R(Nt)
Population size year to year
Deuterostomes
Second embryonic opening becomes the mouth.
The protective protein coat surrounding the genetic material of a virus:
capsid
ecosystem
community interacting with the environment
opportunistic species vs equilibrium species
dandelions vs grizzly bears
The most successful mammals belong to the marsupials group. Answer True False
false
The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes
have different numbers of neutrons
N(t)
number of females already present
What are the characteristics of Centipedes?
"Centipede" means hundred legs; each body segment has a pair of walking legs; live in moist environments; head includes paired antennae and mandibles; appendages on the first trunk segment are jaws that kill or immobilize prey.
For what purpose might a karyotype be prepared?
- for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes - to determine whether a fetus is male or female - to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations
Early biologists referred to animals as ''simple" and ''advanced," but now it is more accurate to use the following terms: ''simple" and ''complex," since anatomy terms are more exact. ''primitive" and ''derived," since some early forms became very complex and some evolved forms are derived from them but lost characters and are simple. ''allopatric" and ''sympatric," since the species is most important. ''evolved" and ''un-evolved," since everything ties together with evolution. "generalists" and ''specialists," since this is how biologists classify characters.
''primitive" and ''derived," since some early forms became very complex and some evolved forms are derived from them but lost characters and are simple.
demographic transition
(decreased death rate followed by decreased birth rate) has occurred, population growth stabilized
A harmless fly resembling a stinging wasp is
**A. a Batesian mimic B. A mullerian mimic C. a case of mutual camouflage D. commensalism
If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two populations will
**A. become more similar in their gene pools B. become isolated from each other C. develop into different species D. adapt to different conditions and become separate
The Gulf Stream
**A. brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North AMerica and upper Western Europe B. makes local climates uniform so that Great Britain has the same climate as Greenland C. is the major ATlantic ocean current that warms the eastern coast of South AMerica D. is the source of "El Nino" and is a fishing ground E. all of the choices are correct
_________ is the interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources
**A. competition B. A community C. an ecosystem D. Predation E. Symbiosis
In what order to these layers occur in deep lakes in the temperate zone? From the surface to the bottom of the lake, one would find the
**A. epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion
A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is
**A. gene mutation B. polymorphism C. gene frequency D. disruption
What is the term used to describe the changes in allele frequencies of a population over generations?
**A. genetic drift B. founder drift C. microevolution D. directional selection
Which of the following biomes is characterized by rich soils, insufficient rainfall for trees, and many herbivores?
**A. grasslands B. chaparral C. desert D. taiga E. tundra
The recessive allele for sickle cell anemia is more prevalent in regions of Africa where malaria is prevalent, than it is in regions where there is no malaria. This is due to a
**A. heterozygous advantage B. Founder effect C. frequency dependent selection D. bottleneck effect
The tropical grassland in Africa is called the
**A. savanna B. chaparral C. prairie D. taiga E. tundra
Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weignberg equilibrium of allele frequencies in a population?
**A. small population with genetic drift B. no net migrations of alleles into or out of population C. no net mutations D. no selection of one genotype over another E. random mating population
In the logistic growth curve formula, when N is very large, (K-N)/N is almost equal to 0, which results in
**A. the population growing as fast as it can, or r(N) B. the population growth slowing to zero C. the population exceeding carrying capacity D. the population going extinct E. You can't tell without knowing the value of r
A biome with complex structure, warm weather, plentiful rainfall, and diverse species is a
**A. tropical rainforest B. savanna C. taiga
Occasionally, "living fossils" such as coelacanth are found. These organisms appear to be little changed from their ancestors preserved in rock strata many millions of years ago. Such organisms often occur in ocean depths and in soil and desert environments that change less often over time. This is an indication that.
*A. Although gene mutations may be common, there may be little selection among individuals already well adapted to a uniform, stable environment. B. these organisms do not have the same high mutation rate of most organisms C. by chance, these organisms mutations are all in alleles that do not affect morphology. D. the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium prevents these organisms from evolving very fast E. there is extensive inbreeding in such organisms.
Describe the ecological importance of lichens:
- early colony of exposed habitats -begin the process of soil formation -food source to reindeer
Which are the common methods by which a virus can rapidly " emerge" and cause human illness?
-extension of the viral range -viral mutataion
Identify the labeled features of the typical prokarytoic cell: A B C D E
-Fimbriae -Nucleoid -Conjugation Pilus -Flagellum -Cytoplasm
Which group of excavates are unicellular, flagellated protists with masses of DNA in their mitochondria?
-Kinetoplastids
Select the five kingdoms used in the five kingdom system
-Monera -Animalia -Plantae -Fungi -Protista
Which of the following are classified as Basidiomycota, club fungi?
-Puffballs -rusts and smuts -Sheif fungus
Spiral-shaped bacteria Rod-shaped bacteria forming a chain round bacteria forming a cluster
-Spirillum -Streptobacilli -Staphylococci
Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism
-Symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited. -Symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while harming the other. -Symbiotic relationship in both species benefit from the association.
Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?
-They are in the same category as algae and cyanobacteria. -They are among the producers of the biosphere. -They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules. -They make their own food from inorganic materials.
Which of the following fungi are classified as sac fungi (Ascomycota)?
-Truffles ( not the chocolate type...) -Bakers yeast (Saccharomyces) -Morel mushrooms
Select all of the following which have been proposed as possible causes of the Devonian extinction.
-a bolide event -continental drift
Thermoacidophiles prefer which of the following characteristics in an environment?
-acidity -high temperature
Which of the following is made from brown algae?
-algin -fertilizer
Select all responses that describe the green algae.
-starch carbs storage -chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b -cell walls that contain cellulose
Which of these are prezygotic isolating mechanisms?
-behavioral -temporal -mechanical
Which of the following are the major sources of evidence for tracing phylogeny?
-behavioral traits -morphological traits -molecular traits -fossil traits
Select the disadvantages of the biological species concept.
-cannot be applied to extinct organisms -often cannot be tested in nature -cannot be applied to organisms that reproduce asexually
Which of the following are found in all viruses?
-capsid -nucleic acid core -proteins
Which of the following are products made from red algae?
-carrageenan -agar -sushi wrappers
According to the RNA-first hypothesis, the first cell, RNA would have been used to:
-catalyze chemical reaction -synthesize proteins -encode genetic info
With regard to nutrition, the very first cells were probably either which of the following choices?
-chemosynthetic -heterotrophic
In the laboratory, viruses are often maintained using:
-chicken embryos -tissue culture
Which of the following likely developed from prokaryotic cells?
-chloroplasts -mitochondria
Select all that apply. Which of the following are associated with brown algae structure?
-chloropyll a -laminarin -chlorophyll c -brown pigments -a broad range in size and complexity
patterns of distribution **don't need to be constant
-clumped -random -uniform
Match the supergroups with the correct description: -Archaeplastids -Chromoalveolata -Excavata -amoebozoa -opisthokonta -rhizaria
-contains land plants and both green and red algae -includes brown and golden algae as well as water molds -includes zooflagellates -inlcudes protists that use pseudopods for motility -includes muticellular protists -includes foraminiferans and radiolarians
Which of these characteristics of cladograms increase parsimony?
-decrease in number of ancestors -decrease in the number of clades
Select the disadvantages of the morphological species concept.
-differences between species can be subtle -some microorganisms do not have measurable traits -fossils cannot be used to describe skin color and texture
a supergroup is a taxonomic group located between ___ and ___
-domain -kingdom
Match the euglenid structures with the correct function: -Contractile vacuole -pyrenoid -chloroplast -eye spot
-elimination of excess water -carb synthesis -photosynthesis -photoreceptor that detects light
Strategies to reduce population growth
-family planning programs -social progress, which may reduce the desire for large families -----providing education, raising status of women and reducing child mortality -delay the onset of childbearing along with wider spacing of births
Which of the following are uses for diatomaceous earth?
-filtering agents -polishing agents -soundproofing material
For what purpose might a karyotype be prepared?
-for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes -to determine whether a fetus is male or female -to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations
Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming organisms. It consists of two parts. The first part is the ____ while the second is the specific ____
-genus -epithet
Select the trends found in the fossil record that are particularly evident in the evolution of the horse.
-increase in size -change in tooth shape -toe number reduction -change in tooth size
3 age structure diagrams possible
-increasing population -stable population -decreasing population
Which of the following are examples of the importance of rhizarian tests to humans?
-indicate oil deposits -used as index fossils
In cladistics, shared derived traits occur only in the ____, while the _____ is included in the cladogram as a basis for determining which traits are shared derived traits
-ingroup -outgroup
Which of the following may have been involved in the synthesis of the first polymers on earth?
-iron-nickel sulfides -solar energy
Archaeans differ from bacteria in that their cell membranes have unusual ____, and their cell walls do not contain ____.
-lipids -peptidoglycan
example of K-strategists
-long-lived plants -birds of prey -large mammals
Which of the following are diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoans?
-malaria -toxoplasmosis
Select examples of megafauna from the choices below
-mastodons -mammoths -giant ground sloths -woolly rhinoceroses
The figure shows the Miller Urey experimental design. The reactants are missing. Which of the following was used as a reactant in this experiment simulating chemical evolution?
-methane -ammonia -hydrogen -water vapor
Which of the following are similar when comparing prokaryotes to mitochondria and chloroplasts?
-method reproduction -presence of DNA -size
Which of the following are characteristics of mammals?
-milk production -hair
Which of the following would be a likely habitat of a charophyte?
-suspended in water -on aquatic plants -on submerged rocks
Which of the following cell organelles are directly associated with the endosymbiotic theory?
-mitochondrian -chloroplast
Protozoans are a diverse group of organisms and may be:
-motile via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia -heterotrophic -autotrophic -unicellular
life histories contain characteristics of a population such as....
-number of births per reproduction -age of reproduction -lifespan -probability of an individual living the entire life span
Which of the following organisms of supergroup excavata lack mitochondria and produce ATP by fermentation?
-parabasalids -diplomonads
Only two kingdoms were recognized in Aristotle's time. Identify both
-plantae -animalia
demography includes...
-population density -population distribution -growth rate of a population
environmental impact of a population is measured in terms of
-population size -resource consumption per capita -resultant pollution due to resource consumption
3 major age groups
-prereproductive -reproductive -postreproductive
Age Distributions: populations of MDCs and LDCs can be divided into 3 age groups
-prereproductive -reproductive -postreproductive
Whereas ____ isolation is the type that prevents members of different species from achieving successful fertilization, _____ isolation is the type that prevents of different species that interbreed from having successful offspring.
-prezygotic -postzygotic
K- Strategists (equilibrium species)
-produce small numbers of offspring -have a large body size -mature late -have a long life span -invest energy in parental care -tend to be strong competitors
The main classes of antibiotics function to inhibit the photosynthesis of which of the following?
-protein -cell wall
Select the kingdoms that are included within the domain Eukarya
-protists -fungi -plants -animals
Which of the following are similarities between domains Archaea and Eukarya?
-ribosomal proteins -types of tRNA -initiation of transcription
Which of the following structures are present in a prokaryotic cell?
-ribosome -cell wall -cell membrane
Which of the following describe the plants that flourished during the Carboniferous period?
-seedless -vascular
Which of the following club fungi do not develop basidiocarps?
-smuts -rusts
It took approximately ____ billion years after the evolution of the first eukaryotic cell before multicellularity occured
1.4
The first known multicellular organisms evolved approximately how many years ago? 3.5 BYA 2.1 BYA 1.4 BYA 100 MYA
1.4 BYA
What are the characteristics of Ferns?
11,000 species; most abundant in warm, moist, tropical regions; large, conspicuous megaphylls called fronds are divided into leaflets and sporangia are in clusters called sori; dominant sporophyte produces windblown spores.
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
75
Describe the ecological importance of the Glomeromycota:
80-90% of all plant species have an endomycorhizal relationship
Which of the following is a density-dependent factor that regulates population size? A) Competition B) Drought C) Accidental fire D) Earthquake
A) Competition
Which of the following is NOT an example of a predaceous consumer? A) A cow feeding on some grass B) A tapeworm feeding on a dog C) A wolf feeding on an elk D) An owl feeding on a mouse
A) A cow feeding on some grass
The tropical grassland in Africa is called the A. savanna B. chaparral C. prairie D. taiga E. tundra
A. savanna
What is an example of an Echinoderm?
A Sea Star
What is the difference between a complete flower and an incomplete flower?
A complete flower has all four parts; otherwise, it is incomplete.
Pseudocoelom
A false body cavity that is incompletely lined by mesoderm, provding a space for internal organs and can serve as hydrostatic skeleton.
Mesoglea
A jelly-like substance.
Gametophyte
A multi-cellular individual that produces gametes which fuse in fertilization to form the zygote. The zygote is a diploid cell that will become that spore-forming sporophyte.
Which of the following statements describes a mycorrhizae? None of these statements describes a mycorrhizae. A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants. A mycorrhizae is a parasitic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants. A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants.
A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants.
Which of the following statements best defines the term "adaptive radiation"? A single ancestral species evolves into a wide array of descendant species that differ in their habitat, form, or behavior. Some members of a species occupy a habitat that is isolated from other members of the same species. Speciation occurs through changes in chromosome number resulting in reproductive isolation. There are changes in habitat, timing, or behavior that prevent the mating of two different organisms.
A single ancestral species evolves into a wide array of descendant species that differ in their habitat, form, or behavior.
Monoecious
A single plant produces both pollen and seed cones.
A notochord is Answer a strip of cartilage that forms a back and tail in all vertebrates. a stiff dorsal supporting rod. replaced by the vertebral column during development. All of the choices are correct. A stiff dorsal supporting rod that is replaced by the vertebral column during development.
A stiff dorsal supporting rod that is replaced by the vertebral column during development.
All of the following characterize the trees in the tropical rainforest EXCEPT: A) Allow much sunlight to filter through their canopy B) Become very tall: 15-20 meters or more C) May be supported by lianas or woody vines D) Have broad leaves
A) Allow much sunlight to filter through their canopy
Which of the following is associated with an El Nino - Southern Oscillation? A) Drought in India and Africa B) Hurricanes on the east coast of the United States C) A bountiful Peruvian harvest of anchovies off the coast of Peru D) Upwelling of cold water to the surface off the coast of South America
A) Drought in India and Africa
______ occurs when one species resembles another that possesses an overt antipredator defense. A) Mimicry B) Warning coloration C) Camouflage D) Startle coloration
A) Mimicry
Which group is best described as multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic? A) Plants B) Animals C) Bacteria D) Fungi
A) Plants
Which lake zone does not receive light? A) Profundal zone B) Littoral zone C) Limnetic zone
A) Profundal zone
K-strategists _____. A) allocate energy to their own growth and survival and to that their offspring B) are small and mature early C) easily colonize new habitats D) adapt easily when their normal way of life is destroyed
A) allocate energy to their own growth and survival and to that their offspring
The divergence in beak size when three populations of finches lived on one island together illustrates _____. A) character displacement B) mutualism C) ongoing interspecific competition D) parasitism
A) character displacement
In ecological succession, each successive community prepares the way for the next, according to the _____ model of succession. A) facilitation B) inhibition C) tolerance
A) facilitate
When greenhouse gases contribute significantly to an overall rise in the Earth's ambient temperature, then: A) global warming occurs B) the greenhouse effect is minimized C) it is assumed that methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide levels are decreasing and water vapor is increasing D) sea level will fall and rainfall will decrease along the coastal areas of continents and increase in the interior of the continent
A) global warming occurs
All the silver maples in a given area make up a(n) _____. A) population B) community C) ecosystem D) biosphere
A) population
When one living organism feeds on another, the organism serving as the food source is called the _____. A) prey B) predator C) consumer
A) prey
Populations increase in size when _____. A) the birth rate exceeds the death rate B) emigration exceeds immigration C) mortality exceeds natality
A) the birth rate exceeds the death rate
When the population density of prey increases, _____. A) the population density of the predators increases as well, but lags slightly behind that of the prey B) the predator numbers exceed those of the prey C) predators are less likely to encounter the prey D) lack of food for the predator may cause a cycling effect
A) the population density of the predators increases as well, but lags slightly behind that of the prey
Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level?
A. 1% **B. 10% C. 30% D. 60% E. 100%
Which of the following is correct in a predator prey cycle?
A. A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey **B. A decline in the numbers of prey cause a decline in the number of predators C. An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the numbers of prey. D. All of these are correct
______ were the first vertebrates to live on land and they evolved from ____. A. Amphibians; fish B. Reptiles; amphibians C. Mammals; reptiles D. Amphibians; lancelets
A. Amphibians; fish
What do the Founder Effect and the Bottleneck Effect have in common?
A. Both the Founder effect and the bottleneck effect result from mutation. B. Both the Founder effect and the bottleneck effect result from increase gene flow. **C. Both the Founder Effect and the bottleneck are examples of disruptive selection D. Both the Founder Effect and the bottleneck effect occur by chance.
The only one of these phyla with NO terrestrial forms is A. Echinodermata. B. Arthropoda. C. Chordata. D. Mollusca. E. Annelida.
A. Echinodermata.
_________ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes. A. Euglena B. Plasmodium C. Amoeba D. Giardia
A. Euglena
Which statement is NOT true about the Founder Effect?
A. It is a form of genetic drift. B. It produces a high frequency of some rare alleles in a small isolated population. C. Founding members contain a tiny fraction of the alleles found in the original population. **D. The Founder Effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.
Which of the following is true about genetic drift?
A. It is more likely to occur in a large population than a small population **B. It may lead to an allele's becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population. C. It increases the number of heterozygotes in a population D. It increases the frequency of rare alleles in a population
If the members of a population are small in size, mature early, and have high parity and fecundity, they are
A. K-strategists **B. r-strategists C. neither K-strategists nor r-strategists, but have characteristics of both
Saprobes (or saprophytes) are: a. Organisms that live off dead organic matter b. Organisms that infect living plant tissue c. Parasites that infect superficial layers of animal tissue d. Photosynthetic protistans
A. Organisms that live off dead organic matter
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidaria? A. The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical. B. Most are found in shallow coastal marine environments. C. There are two tissue layers, an outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis. D. Stinging cells contain a threadlike nematocyst released to capture prey. E. A jellylike mesoglea contains separates the two tissue layers.
A. The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.
As the carrying capacity of an environment is approached by a population,
A. births begin to exceed deaths **B. deaths begin to exceed births C. the rate of reproduction increase D. population growth begins to be exponential E. density-dependent environmental resistance increases
Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms? A. The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates. B. Gas exchange occurs through skin gills and tube feet. C. Larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical. D. A water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction. E. Symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.
A. The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates.
Which of the following characteristics about saprotrophs is NOT true? A. They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells. B. They are bacteria that decompose large organic molecules. C. Saprotrophs are also called decomposers. D. They are ecologically important in recycling matter.
A. They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells.
Identify this plant as a monocot or eudicot after examining its stem and leaf. A. This plant is a monocot. B. This plant is a dicot. C. Not enough information is provided to differentiate the plant as a monocot or dicot.
A. This plant is a monocot.
A harmless fly resembling a stinging wasp is A. a Batesian mimic B. A mullerian mimic C. a case of mutual camouflage D. commensalism
A. a Batesian mimic
Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by ________. A. a membranous envelope B. both DNA and RNA C. either DNA or RNA D. a protein capsid E. a protein spore coat
A. a membranous envelope
An eyespot is A. a pigmented organelle that shields light. B. a protein band beneath the plasma membrane. C. a swelling near the base of a long flagellum that detects light. D. All of the choices are true.
A. a pigmented organelle that shields light.
Although flatworms, molluscs, and annelids are quite different, the characteristic they share is A. a trochophore larva. B. radial symmetry. C. a feeding apparatus called a lophophore. D. two germ tissue layers in the embryo. E. B and D are correct.
A. a trochophore larva.
Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by A. a water vascular system that regulates water pressure. B. cilia transporting hemolymph from chamber to chamber. C. sticky threads leading from the mouth and primitive brain. D. actin and myosin fibers that slide and give muscle actions to the five arms or "rays."
A. a water vascular system that regulates water pressure.
Roots that develop from organs of the shoot system, they are known as A. adventitious roots. B. prop roots. C. fibrous roots. D. taproots.
A. adventitious roots.
Which of the following is/are a biological "population"?
A. all of the corn plants in a cornfield B. all of the variable-colored ladybird beetles of the species Harmonia axyridis in a forest C. all male and female English sparrows that reside in your community D. all of the human population of a rural western town **E. all of the choices are correct
A cohort is
A. all the individuals in a population born at the same time B. all individuals living in the same habitat C. all the different species in a community D. all the organisms interacting in the ecosystem **E. all of the choices are correct
Social research indicates that a person is most likely to marry someone from the same village or city, or a high school or college classmate. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium doesn't apply well to human populations because
A. allelic changes in one direction are balanced by changes in the opposite direction. B. there is no directional trend in selection of mates since most individuals marry someone. **C. individuals are not pairing up by chance across the whole population D. this increases gene flow E. we accumulate adaptive traits that improve the population
Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? A. amniotic egg B. scales on skin C. four-legged body D. skull and vertebral column E. animals living completely on land
A. amniotic egg
MacArthur discovered that five species of warblers coexisted on spruce trees by foraging on the same caterpillar, but in different places of the tree canopy. This is
A. an exception to the competitive exclusion principle B. an exception based on bird taking longer C. confirmation that all warblers were variations **D. an example of resource partitioning
The spinning of the Earth A. angles winds away from directly north-south toward the east or west. B. causes mountain ranges to spin off moisture. C. is the initial driving force for generating winds. D. causes ocean currents to be directed "out" to the equator. E. causes the tidal ebb and flow.
A. angles winds away from directly north-south toward the east or west.
Characteristics of birds include all of the following EXCEPT A. aquatic reproduction. B. endotherms. C. modified reptilian scales as feathers. D. hard-shelled eggs. E. a modified skeleton with a fused collarbone and a keel.
A. aquatic reproduction.
Prokaryotes are now divided into the A. archaea and bacteria. B. bacteria and cyanobacteria. C. photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria. D. archaea and cyanobacteria. E. autotrophs and heterotrophs.
A. archaea and bacteria.
Opportunistic species
A. are composed of large individual organisms **B. are good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats C. are slow to mature D. have long life spans E. are adapted to stable environments
Ocean currents A. are generated by friction between winds and ocean surfaces. B. always move clockwise in an ocean basin. C. are important in shipping but have little effect on living environments. D. are driven by the Earth's core rotating faster than the ocean water. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. are generated by friction between winds and ocean surfaces.
Major regional groups of interacting terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climate and geography are called
A. biospheres B. estuaries C. tundras D. taigas **E. biomes
All of the following statements concerning birds are true EXCEPT A. birds have small, relatively under-developed brains. B. some birds do not have the ability to fly. C. birds have acute vision. D. birds use the sun, stars, and the Earth's magnetic field to guide them.
A. birds have small, relatively under-developed brains.
The population growth rate is negative when
A. birthrate is greater than death rate **B. death rate is greater than birth rate
The Gulf Stream A. brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North America and upper Western Europe B. makes local climates uniform so that Great Britain has the same climate as Greenland C. is the major ATlantic ocean current that warms the eastern coast of South AMerica D. is the source of "El Nino" and is a fishing ground E. all of the choices are correct
A. brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North America and upper Western Europe
The Gulf Stream A. brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North America and upper Western Europe. B. makes local climates uniform so that Great Britain has the same climate as Greenland. C. is the major Atlantic Ocean current that warms the eastern coast of South America. D. is the source of "El Nino" and is a major fishing ground. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North America and upper Western Europe.
If the Earth was standing still (not rotating) and was a solid, uniform ball, wind directions would
A. cease **B. run north and south C. run east and west D. remain the same since the Earth's rotation does not affect wind directions
In deuterostomes, A. cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate. B. spiral cleavage occurs. C. the fate of cells is fixed and determinate. D. the mouth appears at or near the blastopore. E. B and C are correct.
A. cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.
Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves
A. colonization by more K-selected species **B. time for development of the soil C. more time for development of a seed bank D. colonization by organisms that are farther away. E. redevelopment of the atmospheric gases
_________ is the interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources A. competition B. A community C. an ecosystem D. Predation E. Symbiosis
A. competition
_______ occurs when one living organism feeds on another
A. competition B. mimicry C. commensalism **D. Predation E. symbiosis
Energy flow in an ecosystem is not cyclic because energy is
A. destroyed as it is used B. evenly spread out over many organisms C. converted to many kinds of useful energy D. increased as you go up the energy pyramid **E. converted to heat, which is no longer useful
Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by
A. dry climates with rainfall of 25 - 75 cm per year B. the highest variation in day and night length C. the highest amount of organisms living in tree **D. a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days E. the richest topsoil horizon
The temperature is nearly uniform throughout a lake
A. during winter when the ice forms B. during summer when the sunlight warms surface C. by the end of the fall and spring overturn D. at all times due to winds causing constant mixing **E. never. the lake always has different temperature layers and they are reversed in winter and summer
Human tapeworm infections occur by A. eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef. B. being bitten by a mosquito. C. ingesting eggs in contaminated water. D. eating freshly peeled fruit. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.
Which of the following tissues forms the outer protective covering of the plant? A. epidermal tissue B. ground tissue C. meristematic tissue D. vascular tissue
A. epidermal tissue
In what order to these layers occur in deep lakes in the temperate zone? From the surface to the bottom of the lake, one would find the A. epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion
A. epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion *ETH*
In what order do these layers occur in deep lakes in the temperate zone? From the surface to the bottom of the lake, one would find the A. epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion. B. thermocline - epilimnion - hypolimnion. C. hypolimnion - epilimnion - thermocline. D. epilimnion - hypolimnion - thermocline.
A. epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion.
If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect?
A. evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment B. evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment C. very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation **D. no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same.
Plankton are A. freshwater or marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of water. B. parasitic protozoans that cause human disease. C. organisms that are found living on or near the ocean floor. D. multicellular, macroscopic brown algae.
A. freshwater or marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of water.
Which of the following reflects the likely presence of a gene mutation?
A. fruit flies subjected to intense radiation produce a wider array of variable offspring. B. A chemical leaking form the surface of an old abandoned coal mine alters a regulatory gene so that a cricket nymph develops an extra set of eyes. C. bacteria that cause gonorrhea D. radiation causes an alteration in A DNA nucleotide E. All of the choices
Which of the following biomes is characterized by rich soils, insufficient rainfall for trees, and many herbivores? A. grasslands B. chaparral C. desert D. taiga E. tundra
A. grasslands
Which of the following biomes is characterized by little rain, permafrost, and an average temperature below 0?
A. grasslands **B. tundra C. desert D. taiga E. temperate deciduous forest
Which biome is characterized by rainfall under 25 cm/year, hot days, cold nights, and quickly blooming plants
A. grasslands B. temperate deciduous forests **C. temperate deserts D. taiga E. tundra
The cortex found in the center of a dicot stem or a monocot root is made of what type of tissue? A. ground tissue B. epithelial tissue C. vascular tissue D. dermal tissue
A. ground tissue
Which of the following tissues makes up the majority of the interior of the plant? A. ground tissue B. epidermal tissue C. meristem D. vascular tissue
A. ground tissue
The actual conditions under which an organism exists in nature constitute its
A. habitat **B. realized niche C. fundamental niche D. resource partition
The evolution of conducting tubes (sieve tubes) in land plants and brown algae is an example of A. homoplasy caused by convergence. B. homoplasy caused by common descent. C. homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. D. homology caused by convergence. E. homology caused by common descent.
A. homoplasy caused by convergence.
The evolution of saber teeth in a number of groups of extinct carnivorous mammals is an example of A. homoplasy caused by convergence. B. homoplasy caused by common descent. C. homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. D. homology caused by convergence. E. homology caused by common descent.
A. homoplasy caused by convergence.
The particular place where an organism lives is its
A. life zone B. niche C. ecosystem D. community **E. habitat
Which of the following factors limits exponential growth of a population?
A. limited resource B. increases in predator C. competition between members D. competition between species **E. all of these choices limit exponential growth
The sunlit portion of a lake is specifically referred to as the
A. littoral zone **B. limnetic zone C. profndal zone D. benthic zone E. abyssal zone
The bottom of a lake or stream harbors worms, clams, and other organisms in the
A. littoral zone B. limnetic zone C. profundal zone **D. benthic zone E. abyssal zone
Study the life cycle diagram. Label B is the ________ life cycle. A. lysogenic B. sexual C. lytic D. alternation of generations
A. lysogenic
The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial DNA is called the _______ cycle. A. lysogenic B. lysozyme C. lytic D. lysol E. lysosome
A. lysogenic
In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the ________, while asexual reproduction occurs in _______. A. mosquito; humans B. humans; mosquitoes C. tsetse fly; humans D. deer tick; deer
A. mosquito; humans
The most common source of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms is
A. mutation **B. recombination of alleles through meiosis and fertilization C. duplication of chromosomes D. duplication of genes
Variations within a population are maintained by
A. mutation B. genetic recombination due to fertilization C. gene flow **D. All of the choices are correct
To prepare a microscope slide of mitosis, where would one most likely find examples of cell division in a plant? A. near the root tip B. in a tree trunk, near the center C. anywhere in the mesophyll of a leaf D. at the center of a root, back from the tip
A. near the root tip
The greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT
A. nitrous oxide B. methane C. carbon dioxide **D. water
_____ lakes are nutrient rich and tend to have large populations of algae
A. oligotrophic **B. Eutrophic C. Temperate D. Stratified
Which of the following associations is incorrect?
A. omnivore - eats both producers and consumers **B. herbivore - eats producers and performs photosynthesis C. detritivore - feeds on decomposing organic matter D. autotroph - performs photosynthesis E. carnivore - feeds on other consumers
Mutations that result in resistance to specific antibiotics in bacterial organisms occur
A. only when the bacteria are exposed to the drug to which they become resistant B. more often when the bacteria are exposed to the drug **C. at any time, even when the bacteria are not exposed to the drug D. only when the bacteria are exposed to radiation or other mutagens.
Which of the following statements about ozone is true?
A. ozone is the same as molecular oxygen O2 **B. ozone destruction is catalyzed by chlorofluorocarbons like Freon C. ozone increases photosynthesis in plants D. the ozone shield is breaking down
In some chordates, the _______ is (are) replaced by _______. A. pharyngeal pouches; gills B. dorsal hollow nerve cord; a ventral solid nerve cord C. gill arches; pharyngeal pouches D. notochord; a dorsal hollow nerve cord E. a vertebral column; notochord
A. pharyngeal pouches; gills
Freshwater and marine microscopic organisms that freely drift in fresh or salt water are called A. plankton. B. benthic. C. abyssal. D. neritic. E. cryptic.
A. plankton.
The maximum rate of natural increase of a population that occurs under ideal conditions is the
A. population growth **B. biotic potential C. environmental resistance D. carrying capacity E. density-independent population
Population size-levels off at the ______of an environment
A. population growth B. biotic potential C. environmental resistance **D. carrying capacity
Is it possible that the carbon atoms in your body may have once made up the living tissues of another person or animal in earlier times? This is
A. possible only if you are a cannibal **B. possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere C. impossible since carbon can't enter a living system more than once D. highly unlikely
In a grazing food chain,
A. primary consumers eat detritus **B. primary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms C. secondary consumers eat detritus D. secondary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms. E. all the consumers are primary consumers
The segments of a tapeworm that contain female and male sex organs are called A. proglottids. B. cercariae. C. sporocysts. D. scolexes. E. glycocalyxes.
A. proglottids.
Which of these is NOT one of the characteristics of a vertebrate? A. radial symmetry B. segmentation C. extreme cephalization D. closed circulation E. coelom
A. radial symmetry
The organism pictured at right is A. radially symmetric. B. bilaterally symmetric. C. asymmetric. D. None of the above are correct.
A. radially symmetric.
The "nursery" of the sea is the
A. rocky beach B. sandy beach C. estuary **D. coral reef E. ocean floor
Of the following organisms, which is the most evolutionarily advanced, with more complex body structure? A. roundworms B. cnidaria C. sponges D. comb jellies
A. roundworms
A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This may result in what type of selection?
A. stabilizing selection B. disruptive selection **C. directional selection
All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area at the same time are known as a
A. subspecies B. gene pool **C. population D. group E. sub-population
In the case of peppered moths in England, when Kettlewell set up cameras to document that more white or black moths were eaten by birds on clean or sooty trees, he was verifying which factor in evolution by natural selection?
A. the organism vary in traits and that these traits may be acquired during a lifetime B. The variation is inherited C. More young are born than can survive, so there will always be competition. **D. Some individuals are better adapted to a particular environment than other individuals
In the logistic growth curve formula, when N is very large, (K-N)/N is almost equal to 0, which results in A. the population growing as fast as it can, or r(N) B. the population growth slowing to zero C. the population exceeding carrying capacity D. the population going extinct E. You can't tell without knowing the value of r
A. the population growing as fast as it can, or r(N)
In a population with low death rates, this age structure diagram indicates taht
A. the population is decreasing B. the population is stable C. the biotic potential must be larger than usual **D. the population will continue to grow for some time.
The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by
A. the reproductive rate of the organism B. the number of organisms of that species C. the state and national wildlife laws pertaining D. age distribution of that species **E. the limited availability of renewable resources in the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism.
Which of the following is a mismatch? A. thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures. B. methanogens - prefer anaerobic environments C. halophiles - live in high salt environments D. thermoacidophiles - live in high temperatures and acidic environments
A. thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures.
Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA that were secreted by live bacteria or released from dead bacteria in their environment. This process is called A. transformation. B. transduction. C. conjugation. D. infection. E. replication.
A. transformation.
A forest found in a broad belt in northern Eurasia and North America, with conifers and swamps, is called the
A. tropical rain forest B. tundra **C. taiga D. chaparral E. temperate deciduous forest
A biome with complex structure, warm weather, plentiful rainfall, and diverse species is a A. tropical rainforest B. savanna C. taiga
A. tropical rainforest
A biome with complex structure, warm weather, plentiful rainfall, and diverse species is a A. tropical rainforest. B. savanna. C. taiga. D. tundra.
A. tropical rainforest.
A biome characterized by hot days, cold nights, and cacti is the
A. tundra **B. desert C. taiga D. tropical rain forest
The largest biome on Earth is the
A. tundra **B. taiga C. temperate deciduous forest D. desert E. ocean (marine aquatic)
Most salamanders practice internal fertilization A. using spermatophores. B. externally in water. C. internally by copulation. D. just like frogs.
A. using spermatophores.
Which of the following is required for natural selection to occur in a population?
A. variation in the population B. inheritance of variation through genetic differences C. differential reproduction so that the more fit individuals have more offspring that survive to reproduce. D. accumulation of adaptive traits so that they increase in the population **E. All of the choices are required
A circular piece of RNA that interrupts the normal regulatory systems in plants, thereby causing disease is a A. viroid. B. prion. C. plant virus. D. bacterium.
A. viroid.
Density-independent factors which play a role in regulating population size in nature include
A. weather B. natural disasters C. geographical barriers **D. all of the choices are correct
Which of these plant tissue types is composed of hollow nonliving tracheids and vessel elements that transport water and nutrient minerals from the roots to the leaves? A. xylem B. phloem C. collenchyma D. sclerenchyma E. parenchyma
A. xylem
We are very familiar with two things found in large woody plants, wood and bark. The wood is essentially made of ________ and the bark is essentially made of _______. A. xylem; phloem and cork B. vascular tissue; epidermal tissue C. the cortex; the epidermis D. pith; collenchyma
A. xylem; phloem and cork
Which of the following statements about behavior is NOT true?
All behaviors can be explained as fixed action patterns
Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the Supergroup Archaeplastida? They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. They include multicellular and unicellular organisms. They include land plants and the green algae, Chlorophyta. All of the above apply. They include only multicellular organisms that contain plastids.
All of the above apply.
Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time? natural selection genetic drift new mutations natural selection and genetic drift but not new mutations. All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
_____ is the origin of life from nonliving matter
Abiogenesis
The first person who proposed that small organic molecules could have arisen by chemical evolution was Stanley Miller. Graham Cairns-Smith. Thomas Cech. Aleksander Oparin. Sidney Fox.
Aleksander Oparin.
Which piece of evidence supports the hypothesis of continental drift? Alfred Wegener believed that the continents formed a supercontinent called Pangea. Charles Darwin believed that the continents formed a supercontinent called Pangea. Charles Lyell believed that the continents split into two smaller continents called Gondwana and Laurasia. Alfred Wallace believed that the distribution of seed fern fossils supported continental drift.
Alfred Wegener believed that the continents formed a supercontinent called Pangea.
What common characteristic do all animals share?
All animals are multi-cellular and heterotrophic, which means they must acquire nutrients from an external source.
Which of the following features is not one of the key features that led to the success of the arthropods? Answer Segmented body. Exoskeleton. Brain and a ventral nerve cord. Contain a variety of respiratory organs. All are features that made arthropods successful.
All are features that made arthropods successful.
Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have the greatest chance of success? Spraying the edges of the Everglades with a pesticide that will kill mosquitos Developing a vaccination that would prevent the ability of the merozoites to reproduce within the hosts bloodstream Devise a insect repellant that would prevent the Anopheles mosquito from biting a human host All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.
All of the above are scenarios that would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.
A distinctive form of this pictured organism is found in each geologic period. Which statement(s) about this organism is/are true? The organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of Supergroup Rhizarian and have a skeleton called a test. These organisms may be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock. The Egyptian pyramids are built of this type of limestone. All of the above are true. The organisms pictured are foraminiferans, members of Supergroup Excavates.
All of the above are true.
Monotremes Answer are egg laying mammals. include the anteater and duck-billed platypus. nurse their young. All of the above are true.
All of the above are true.
Phylogenetic trees with proportional branch lengths indicate relatedness among organisms. indicate the relative number of nucleotide pair differences between groups. are constructed by comparing DNA sequences of homologous genes and calibrating this molecular clock with the fossil record. All of the above are true. indicate relatedness evolutionary time.
All of the above are true.
When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, what occurs? Autoploidy is occurring. An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs. A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur. All of the above are true.
All of the above are true.
Chemoautotrophs oxidize which of the following to obtain the energy necessary to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound? hydrogen gas hydrogen sulfide ammonia All of the above choices are correct. hydrogen sulfide and ammonia only.
All of the above choices are correct.
Halophiles Require a high salt environment. Have a chloride pump that pumps chloride into the cell. May be chemoheterotrophs or photosynthetic. All of the above choices are correct. Require a high temperature in order to survive
All of the above choices are correct.
Mass extinctions have occurred at least 5 times in the Earth's history. may have been due to climatic changes after meteorite collisions. may have been due to changing environments caused by continental drift. All of the above choices are correct. The Earth has never experienced a mass extinction.
All of the above choices are correct.
If a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide" which of the following actions would they take? Place a ban on eating fish that were exposed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catanella Avoid eating shellfish that live in coastal areas that have a high influx of nutrients Decrease the amount of nutrients that are washed into the aquatic ecosystem All of the above would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide".
All of the above would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide".
The biological species concept is limited, and may not be applied to asexually reproducing organisms. organisms known only in the fossil record. species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another. All of the above.
All of the above.
Which of the following features would be used to construct a phylogenic tree? homologous structures fossil record data DNA-DNA hybridization amino acid sequences All of the above.
All of the above.
Similarities between the archaea and eukarya include same ribosomal proteins. similar tRNA. similar initiation of transcription. All of the choices are correct similarities. same ribosomal proteins and different initiation of transcription.
All of the choices are correct similarities.
An ecologist may study
All of the choices are correct.
If a phylogeny is based on the natural evolution of organisms, it could explain the variations among fossils from rock strata. explain why there are similarities and differences among modern living groups. reflect patterns of shared and unique sections of DNA among groups of animals. help predict where unresearched features will be in common, such as how widely a medicine will be effective among animals. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Nonscientists often use the words ''name," ''identify," and ''classify" interchangeably. When they want to know what an organism is, they may ask "Can you name this?" or "Can you identify this?" or "Can you classify this?" Which of the following is/are correct usage(s) of the term(s)? Only the scientist who first describes a new species actually names it. Classifying is grouping, and to classify something requires several organisms so you can group one as closer to a second and distant from a third. A farmer is using a key to detect pest insect species in his fields is identifying insects but not naming or necessarily classifying them. A scientist who publishes the name and description of a new species must necessarily also know both how to identify and classify the species. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Reproductive isolation: means there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms (species). is necessary for species to remain separate. is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers. All of the choices are correct. None of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Sharks Answer lack bony skeletons. have placoid scales. have a keen sense of smell. have teeth derived from epidermal scales. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with the naming, identification, and classification of organisms. uses a binomial system developed by Linnaeus. uses reproductive isolation as the basis of definition of a species. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore, it belongs to the genus Heraclides. it belongs to the species cresphontes. the specific epithet is cresphontes. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The use of a molecular clock may be used to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time if nucleic acid changes are neutral and not tied to adaptation. if nucleic acid changes occur at a fairly constant rate. but still needs to be calibrated with the fossil record. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation? Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features, but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males. Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
With the appearance of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and aerobic bacteria during the Precambrian era, an oxidizing atmosphere developed on Earth. the formation of the ozone shield occurred. the amount of UV light reaching the Earth was reduced and chemical evolution slowed. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Yeasts are members of the ascomycota. reproduce asexually by budding. are responsible for beer, wine, and bread production. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following could be used to grow lysogenic viruses in the laboratory? chicken eggs cell culture bacteria All of the choices could be used.
All of the choices could be used.
Which of the following fish species evolved as a result of allopatric speciation? All of the fish except Fish C Fish C Fish B Fish F All of the fish
All of the fish except Fish C
Which of the following studies would lie outside of an ecologists skill set?
All of these are part of an ecologists skill set
Slime molds, found in the Supergroup Amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? Slime molds lack cell walls. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi. They are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle. The vegetative state of the slime mold is mobile and amoeboid.
All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.
Which of the following circumstances would cause exponential growth to move into a logistic growth phase?
All of these would cause exponential growth to move into logistic growth.
Population
All organisms belonging to the asme species within an area at the same time
Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true? Fungi may enter the cortex of plant roots but do not enter the cytoplasm of plant cells. Plants are harmed, while fungi benefit. The presence of the fungi give plants a greater absorptive surface for the intake of minerals. All of the above are true. All statements are true except that plants are harmed, while fungi benefit.
All statements are true except that plants are harmed, while fungi benefit.
Cohort
All the members of a population born at the same time
Community
All the populations of multiple species interacting at a locale
If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, what would be necessary to shift to a "DNA world"? an enzyme or reaction capable of removing one oxygen from ribose in nucleotides enzymes for reverse transcription of RNA into DNA new enzymes to replicate the DNA new enzymes for transcribing DNA back to RNA All would be necessary to switch to a "DNA world."
All would be necessary to switch to a "DNA world."
Alternation of Generations
Alternation is between haploid and diploid phases. Diploid individuals produce multi-cellular haploid individuals, and haploid individuals produce multi-cellular diploid individuals.
What are the characteristics of land plants?
Alternation-of-generations life cycle; protect a multi-cellular sporophyte embryo; gamelangia produce gametes; apical tissue produces complex tissues; waxy cuticle prevents water loss.
Which variable is not a density-dependent factor?
An early cold spell that causes the plants in a given area to die off earlier than normal.
The flowering plants are known as the _______
Angiosperms
Which kingdom or supergroup is characterized by organisms that are heterotrophic by ingestion? Plant Fungi Protists Animal
Animal
Which statement most accurately describes the colonial flagellate hypothesis? Answer Animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells. Both animals and fungi are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells. All animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a single celled organism that was a flagellated cell. None of these describe the colonial flagellate hypothesis.
Animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells.
The fact that fossils of the mammal-like reptile Lystrosaurus are found in both Africa and Antarctica indicates that
Antarctica has changed position over time
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as
Antibiotics
What is a composite flower?
Appears to be a single flower but consists of a group of tiny flowers.
Sodas typically contain sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water. The best term to describe this mixture would be
Aqueous solution
What are the characteristics of Horsetails?
Are Pteridophytes; consist of one genus, Equisetum; most inhabit wet, marshy environments; most have a rhizome that produces tall aerial stems; contain whorls of lender, green branches; leaves form whorls at the joints.
Plants
Are multi-cellular, photosynthetic Eukaryotes.
What are the characteristics of a bird-pollinated and insect-pollinated flower?
Are often colorful.
Cotyledons
Are the seed leaves containing nutrients that nourish the embryo.
Petals
Are used to attract a pollinator.
What are the characteristics of a wind-pollinated flower?
Are usually not showy.
Most animal species possess the necessary features to be classified in which phylum? Answer Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata Echinodermata Annelida
Arthropoda
What are the examples of Roundworms?
Ascaris, Pinworms, Hookworms, and Filarial Worms.
What are the four types of parasitic Roundworm?
Ascaris, Trichinella, Filarial Worms, and Wuchereria.
The organism pictured here is a member of Phylum ________. Zygomycota Ascomycota Glomeromycota Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Which group of fungi produce spores in finger-like sacs called asci within a fruiting body; and includes morels. truffles, and molds?
Ascomycota
The elongated sac of question 27 is called a(n):
Ascus
The most common mode of reproduction observed in protists is ___ reproduction, especially on favorable environments.
Asexual
What are the characteristics of Sponges?
Asymmetrical, sac-like body perforated by pores; internal cavity lined by choanocytes; spicules serve as internal skeleton.
What is the correct sequence of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection? Attachment, Fusion of envelope and host cell membrane, Biosynthesis, Maturation, and Release Attachment, Viral DNA penetration into host cell, Integration of viral DNA into host cell DNA, Biosythesis, Maturation, Release Endocytosis of virion, Uncoating, Maturation, and Release Attachment, Viral DNA penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release
Attachment, Viral DNA penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release
What are the characteristics of a night-blooming flower?
Attract nocturnal mammals or insects; usually white or cream-colored and aromatic.
Which piece of evidence would best support the theory of continental drift? The east coast of Africa matches up with the western coast of South America. The reptilian diversity on Earth is very different due to the separation of the continents billions of years ago. Australia, South America and Africa all share a similar mammalian fauna due to the lineage being present on Gondwana. Fossils of seed ferns can only be found on North America and Europe but no where else in the world. All of the choices are correct.
Australia, South America and Africa all share a similar mammalian fauna due to the lineage being present on Gondwana.
A correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs
Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning CO2 with and other nutrients that are inorganic
Deceleration Phase
Growth Slows; Phase III
Exponential Growth Phase
Growth is accelerating; Phase II
Amphibians were the dominant animal life during the ________ period. A. Jurassic B. Carboniferous C. Devonian D. Silurian E. Cambrian
B. Carboniferous
The conversion of nitrate back to nitrogen gas by bacteria living in the anaerobic mud of aquatic ecosystems is: A) Nitrogen fixation B) Denitrification C) Nitrification D) Assimilation
B) Denitrification
Starting at the surface, correctly order the oceanic zones. A) Mesopelagic zone, bathypelagic zone, euphotic zone, epipelagic zone B) Euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, mesopelagic zone, bathypelagic zone C) Bathypelagic zone, epipelagic zone, mesopelagic zone, ephotic zone D) Epipelagic zone, euphotic zone, bathypelagic zone, mesopelagic zone
B) Euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, mesopelagic zone, bathypelagic zone
Which growth model takes into account the opposition of environmental factors? A) Exponential growth model B) Logistic growth model C) Fluid mosaic model D) Model of inland biogeography
B) Logistic growth model
_____ is when one living organism feeds on another. A) Competition B) Predation C) Parasitism D) Mimicry
B) Predation
Similar mean annual temperatures are found in all of the following biomes EXCEPT: A) Savanna B) Temperate rain forest C) Tropical seasonal forest D) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate rain forest
The maximum number of individuals of a given species that can be supported by a given area on a sustained basis is known as _____. A) biotic potential B) carrying capacity C) exponential growth D) environmental resistance
B) carrying capacity
The taiga is typified by _____. A) permafrost B) conifers C) deciduous trees D) epiphytes
B) conifers
Organisms that have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime _____. A) include most vertebrates, shrubs and trees B) expend all their energy in reproduction and then die C) have adapted to a stable environment D) are iteroparous
B) expend all their energy in reproduction and then die
The human population has a _____ pattern of growth. A) logistic B) exponential
B) exponential
An explosion of the white-tailed deer population has caused all of the following problems EXCEPT: A) increase in Lyme disease which is transmitted by the deer tick B) increase in food poisoning from eating insufficiently cooked deer meat C) negatively impacted other species in their range D) increase in deer-vehicle collusions
B) increase in food poisoning from eating insufficient cooked deer meat.
A species' fundamental niche tends to be _____ than its realized niche. A) smaller B) larger C) the same
B) larger
The greatest amounts of rainfall on Earth are _____. A) at about 30" north an south latitude B) near the equator C) at about 60" north and south latitude
B) near the equator
According to the model of island biogeography, an equilibrium in species diversity develops when _____. A) the rate of immigration is equal to the rate of emigration B) species immigration and species extinction rates are equal C) an island is close to the mainland D) a big island is surrounded by many small islands
B) species immigration and species extinction rates are equal
Based on mean annual precipitation, the temperate deciduous forest is comparable to a _____. A) desert B) tropical seasonal forest C) tropical rain forest D) semidesert
B) tropical seasonal forest
Poisonous animals use _____ to prevent attacks in the first place. A) camouflage B) warning coloration C) flocking together D) mimicry
B) warning coloration
The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun during the _____. A) vernal equinox B) winter solstice C) autumnal equinox D) summer solstice
B) winter solstice
Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level? A. 1% B. 10% C. 30% D. 60% E. 100%
B. 10%
Which of the following is correct in a predator prey cycle? A. A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey B. A decline in the numbers of prey cause a decline in the number of predators C. An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the numbers of prey. D. All of these are correct
B. A decline in the numbers of prey cause a decline in the number of predators
Most animal species are in which phylum? A. Mollusca B. Arthropoda C. Chordata D. Echinodermata E. Annelida
B. Arthropoda
This bioterrorist agent was sent through the mail and inhaled to produce illness and death in five people. It produces endospores and is called A. Clostridium tetani. B. Bacillus anthracis. C. Vibrio cholera. D. Staphylococcus aureus.
B. Bacillus anthracis.
Which phylum contains the vertebrates? A. Arthropoda B. Chordata C. Annelida D. Mollusca E. Porifera
B. Chordata
Which statement is NOT true of the epidermis of a plant? A. The epidermis covers the entire body of a herbaceous plant. B. Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells found on root surfaces. C. The epidermis is impervious to gas exchange. D. Root hairs increase the surface area of epidermal cells on roots. E. Cork cells replace epidermal cells on older woody plants.
B. Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells found on root surfaces.
Which of the following statements about stratified temperate zone lakes is NOT true? A. Solar radiation warms the surface layers in summer. B. Rich nutrients from the continual production of detritus accumulate near the surface of the lake. C. Temperature gradients change from summer to winter. D. Populations of plankton and zooplankton depend on both sunlight and nutrient levels. E. Wind aids in the circulation of water.
B. Rich nutrients from the continual production of detritus accumulate near the surface of the lake.
Which of these parasitic worms is NOT a nematode? A. Ascaris B. Schistosoma C. Wuchereria D. pinworms E. Trichinella
B. Schistosoma
Which statement is NOT true about woody stems? A. Woody stems contain secondary growth. B. Secondary phloem accumulates to form the wood. C. The stem is organized into a central pith, wood, and outer bark. D. Cork cambium produces waterproof cork cells that become bark. E. The vascular cambium is located between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles in a woody stem.
B. Secondary phloem accumulates to form the wood.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges? A. If the cells of a sponge are mechanically separated, they will spontaneously reassemble into a complete and functioning sponge. B. Sponges have two tissue layers. C. Sponges have an osculum, an opening in the upper body. D. Sponges are filter feeders. E. Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.
B. Sponges have two tissue layers.
Paramecia contain both a macronucleus and one or more small micronuclei. What are the functions of these bodies? A. The macronucleus undergoes meiosis to produce haploid micronuclei that are exchanged in conjugation; this then produces a micronucleus for general cell housekeeping. B. The micronucleus is exchanged in conjugation; the macronucleus is for general cell housekeeping. C. The micronuclei control the cell and the macronuclei are exchanged in conjugation for reproduction. D. The micronucleus is always for conjugative reproduction, while the micronucleus functions for general cell coding.
B. The micronucleus is exchanged in conjugation; the macronucleus is for general cell housekeeping.
Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? A. Chlamydomonas—unicellular B. Volvox—filamentous C. Ulva—multicellular D. Chara—multicellular
B. Volvox—filamentous
An axillary bud may produce A. nothing-it is shed with the leaf. B. a lateral branch or a flower. C. wood and lateral branches. D. inhibitors of growth.
B. a lateral branch or a flower.
Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals would best represent A. a polyphyletic group. B. a monophyletic group. C. homoplastic convergence. D. several clades. E. a species cluster.
B. a monophyletic group.
Assume that evidence suggests that the crocodiles are more closely related to the birds than the turtles and snakes. If so, then including the crocodiles but not the birds in the Class Reptilia, would make the Class Reptilia A. a monophyletic group. B. a paraphyletic group. C. a polyphyletic group. D. parsimonious. E. not homologous.
B. a paraphyletic group
Flukes are divided into Monogenea and Digenea. Monogenea have a posterior holdfast with hooks, clamps, and suckers; Digenea have suckers but never hooks and clamps. Monogenea have only one host in the life cycle, and usually live on gills or skin of fish and amphibians; Digenea have at least two hosts and often three or more, and are named because they have two reproductive states in their life cycle (an adult and intramolluscan phase). From what you now know, the blood fluke Schistosoma would therefore be A. an endoparasite and Monogenean. B. an endoparasite and Digenean. C. an ectoparasite and Digenean. D. an ectoparasite and Monogenean.
B. an endoparasite and Digenean.
A treeless region with little rainfall in the far north is the A. grassland. B. arctic tundra. C. taiga. D. chaparral. E. desert.
B. arctic tundra.
Which of these statements is NOT correct about the flatworms? Flatworm(s) A. embryos are triploblastic. B. are deuterostomes. C. have a sac body plan with an incomplete gut. D. are free-living or parasitic. E. are in Phylum Platyhelminthes.
B. are deuterostomes.
Opportunistic species A. are composed of large individual organisms B. are good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats C. are slow to mature D. have long life spans E. are adapted to stable environments
B. are good dispersers and colonizers of new habitats
The maximum rate of natural increase of a population that occurs under ideal conditions is the A. population growth B. biotic potential C. environmental resistance D. carrying capacity E. density-independent population
B. biotic potential
All of the following are taproots that are consumed as vegetables EXCEPT A. carrots. B. celery. C. turnips. D. radishes. E. beets.
B. celery.
All of the following statements about coral reefs are true EXCEPT A. coral reefs are formed by the slow accumulation of calcium carbonate. B. coral reefs are found in both freshwater and marine environments. C. coral reefs are formed by colonies of coral polyps housed in calcium carbonate skeletons. D. coral reefs are very productive ecosystems.
B. coral reefs are found in both freshwater and marine environments.
Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function? A. pseudopodia - movement and feeding B. cyst - a reproductive structure C. trichocyst - defense and capture of prey D. pyrenoid - synthesis of starch
B. cyst - a reproductive structure
As the carrying capacity of an environment is approached by a population, A. births begin to exceed deaths B. deaths begin to exceed births C. the rate of reproduction increase D. population growth begins to be exponential E. density-dependent environmental resistance increases
B. deaths begin to exceed births
A biome characterized by hot days, cold nights, and cacti is the A. tundra B. desert C. taiga D. tropical rain forest
B. desert
A biome characterized by hot days, cold nights, and cacti is the A. tundra. B. desert. C. taiga. D. tropical rain forest.
B. desert.
Kansas and Pennsylvania are approximately at the same latitude. Yet why are the potential natural communities in Kansas mostly grassland and in Pennsylvania mostly temperate forest? A. different temperatures B. different levels of moisture C. different soil texture and pH levels D. different vegetation due to different seed banks E. different altitudes
B. different levels of moisture
"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of A. diatoms. B. dinoflagellates. C. red algae. D. brown algae. E. multicellular green algae.
B. dinoflagellates
The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of A. a membranous envelope. B. either DNA or RNA. C. both DNA and RNA. D. a protein capsid. E. spikes.
B. either DNA or RNA.
When conditions are unfavorable, some Gram positive bacteria form A. pili. B. endospores. C. galls D. capsules. E. thylakoids.
B. endospores.
Plants that bear leaves the entire year are _______ and those that lose their leaves every year are called _____. A. vascular plants; nonvascular plants B. evergreens; deciduous C. monoecious; dioecious D. angiosperms; gymnosperms
B. evergreens; deciduous
The largest group of vertebrates is the A. mammals. B. fishes. C. reptiles. D. amphibians.
B. fishes.
Which of the following is correct in matching the common name with a phylum name? A. planarian - Nematoda B. fluke - Platyhelminthes C. coral - Porifera D. roundworm - Cnidaria E. sponge - Mollusca
B. fluke - Platyhelminthes
The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by A. radiolaria. B. foraminiferans. C. ciliates. D. diatoms (as diatomaceous earth). E. dinoflagellates.
B. foraminiferans.
What type of life cycle is this (shown at right)? A. alternation of generation B. haploid C. diploid D. asexual
B. haploid
The phylogenetic species concept (PSC) declares that a group is a species if it A. is reproductively isolated from other species. B. has evolved one or more of its own derived characters. C. looks different than other species. D. is allopatric. E. has no synapomorphies.
B. has evolved one or more of its own derived characters.
If a virus is latent, it A. cannot be a retrovirus. B. has not entered a lytic cycle. C. has not entered a lysogenic cycle. D. is gaining a new envelope via "budding." E. is easy to develop immunity against it.
B. has not entered a lytic cycle.
In order to infect a cell, a virus must A. inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. B. have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell. C. actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus. D. produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell.
B. have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.
Marine annelids (polychaetes) are different than earthworms in that polychaetes A. lack the setae that earthworms have. B. have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have. C. have segments, whereas marine annelids do not. D. lack a larval form, whereas earthworms have a larvae form. E. marine annelids have a well developed coelom, whereas earthworms do not.
B. have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have.
Which of the following associations is incorrect? A. omnivore - eats both producers and consumers B. herbivore - eats producers and performs photosynthesis C. detritivore - feeds on decomposing organic matter D. autotroph - performs photosynthesis E. carnivore - feeds on other consumers
B. herbivore - eats producers and performs photosynthesis
The jawed fish and all other vertebrates are gnathostomes, which means they have A. segmentation. B. jaws. C. a notochord that develops into a vertebral column. D. amniotic eggs. E. A and C are correct.
B. jaws.
All of the following are terrestrial biomes EXCEPT A. tundra B. lentic systems C. coniferous forests D.savannas E. deserts
B. lentic systems
All of the following are terrestrial biomes EXCEPT A. tundra. B. lentic systems. C. coniferous forests. D. savannas. E. deserts.
B. lentic systems.
The sunlit portion of a lake is specifically referred to as the A. littoral zone B. limnetic zone C. profndal zone D. benthic zone E. abyssal zone
B. limnetic zone
The sunlit portion of a lake is specifically referred to as the A. littoral zone. B. limnetic zone. C. profundal zone. D. benthic zone. E. abyssal zone.
B. limnetic zone.
Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPT A. presence of absence of segmentation. B. mode of reproduction. C. type of body symmetry. D. number of germ layers. E. molecular data.
B. mode of reproduction.
The amoeboids, cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds are a ______ grouping. A. paraphyletic B. monophyletic C. polyphyletic D. None of the above.
B. monophyletic
Plasmodium has two hosts in its life cycle. They are A. nutria and birds. B. mosquitoes and humans. C. deer ticks and deer. D. tsetse flies and humans.
B. mosquitoes and humans.
Which is NOT part of the correct description of a protozoan? A. heterotrophic B. multicellular C. usually motile D. eukaryotic
B. multicellular
Coniferous forests are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT A. coastal areas of the southeastern Unites States. B. northern Africa and the extreme southwestern United States. C. the Pacific coast of North America. D. the northern part of North America and Eurasia.
B. northern Africa and the extreme southwestern United States.
A group is considered paraphyletic if A. all members of the group share a common ancestor. B. not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. C. the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group. D. the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. E. it is the most parsimonious grouping.
B. not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
Which of the following statements about the ozone is true? A. ozone is the same as molecular oxygen O2 B. ozone destruction is catalyzed by chlorofluorocarbons like Freon C. ozone increases photosynthesis in plants D. the ozone shield is breaking down
B. ozone destruction is catalyzed by chlorofluorocarbons like Freon
Which of these plant tissue types is composed of sieve-tube elements and companion cells, and transports organic nutrients made in the leaves? A. xylem B. phloem C. collenchyma D. sclerenchyma E. parenchyma
B. phloem
Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is A. xylem. B. phloem. C. cambium. D. periderm. E. sclerenchyma.
B. phloem.
Which of the following are NOT cnidaria? A. corals B. planaria C. sea anemones D. hydrozoa E. Portuguese man-of-war
B. planaria
Supergroup Opisthokinta includes all of the following organisms EXCEPT A. animals. B. plants. C. fungi. D. choanoflagellates.
B. plants.
Is it possible that the carbon atoms in your body may have once made up the living tissues of another person or animal in earlier times? This is A. possible only if you are a cannibal B. possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere C. impossible since carbon can't enter a living system more than once D. highly unlikely
B. possible since carbon cycles through the biosphere
In a grazing food chain, A. primary consumers eat detritus B. primary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms C. secondary consumers eat detritus D. secondary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms. E. all the consumers are primary consumers
B. primary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms
If the members of a population are small in size, mature early, and have high parity and fecundity, they are A. K-strategists B. r-strategists C. neither K-strategists nor r-strategists, but have characteristics of both
B. r-strategists
A unique species of snail has been discovered in the Negev Desert. At night, these snails use a toothlike rasping organ in their head to scrape up porous limestone; they then digest the algae that lived in the rock pores. This scraping organ is the A. labial palp. B. radula. C. mantle. D. tentacle. E. crop.
B. radula.
The actual conditions under which an organism exists in nature constitute its A. habitat B. realized niche C. fundamental niche D. resource partition
B. realized niche
Which of the following structures is an underground horizontal stem? A. bulb B. rhizome C. corm D. stolon
B. rhizome
If the Earth was standing still (not rotating) and was a solid, uniform ball, wind directions would A. cease B. run north and south C. run east and west D. remain the same since the Earth's rotation does not affect wind directions
B. run north and south
If the Earth was standing still (not rotating) and was a solid, uniform ball, wind directions would A. cease. B. run north and south. C. run east and west. D. remain the same since the Earth's rotation does not affect wind directions.
B. run north and south.
The most likely ancestors of the vertebrates are A. arthropods. B. sea squirts. C. annelids. D. molluscs.
B. sea squirts.
Which of these vascular tissue cells is alive but lacks a nucleus? A. tracheid B. sieve-tube members C. vessel element D. companion cell
B. sieve-tube members
The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to A. the kingdom Protista. B. six different supergroups. C. Domain Archaea. D. A and C are correct.
B. six different supergroups.
Wetlands are generally classified by their vegetation. Wetlands dominated by trees and shrubs are _______ and wetlands dominated by grasses and sedges are ____. A. marshes; swamps B. swamps; marshes C. marshes; pine savannas D. bogs; swamps
B. swamps; marshes
The study and reconstruction of phylogenies is A. evolution. B. systematics. C. taxonomy. D. taxidermy. E. cladistics.
B. systematics
The largest biome on Earth is the A. tundra B. taiga C. temperate deciduous forest D. desert E. ocean (marine aquatic)
B. taiga
Which of the following is not a viral disease? A. AIDS B. tetanus C. Ebola Hemorrhagic fever D. West Nile Encephalitis
B. tetanus
Marsupials are thought to have arisen in A. Australia. B. the Americas. C. Antarctica. D. Eurasia.
B. the Americas.
The mammal-like reptiles that gave rise to mammals were the A. coelacanths. B. therapsids. C. lampreys. D. archaeopteryx.
B. therapsids.
Treeless biomes are treeless primarily because A. there is limited sunlight. B. there is a lack of water or the water is frozen. C. there is no source of seed dispersal in the region. D. trees are dependent upon the animals for support. E. trees cannot withstand hot temperatures or below-freezing cold.
B. there is a lack of water or the water is frozen.
Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves A. colonization by more K-selected species B. time for development of the soil C. more time for development of a seed bank D. colonization by organisms that are farther away. E. redevelopment of the atmospheric gases
B. time for development of the soil
What makes the colonial flagellate hypothesis so attractive?
Because of its implications regarding animal symmetry.
Over 40% of amphibians are threatened with extinction. Why are amphibians called "indicator species" of environmental quality? Because of their permeable skin and life cycle that depends on both water and land Because they have eyelids for keeping their eyes moist, ears for picking up sound waves, and a voice-producing larynx Because the larval stage undergoes metamorphosis to the adult stage Because they contain jointed appendages not found in fish
Because of their permeable skin and life cycle that depends on both water and land
Which of the following features are found within the lophotrochozoa? Answer Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes. Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, two germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes. Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as deuterostomes. Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are terrestrial, and are classified as protostomes. Radial symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.
Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.
What are the characteristics of Flatworms?
Bilateral symmetry with cephalization; three tissue layers and organ systems; acoelomate with incomplete digestive tract that can be lost in parasites; hermaphroditic.
Which statement concerning body symmetry is not correct? Answer In radial symmetry, two identical halves are obtained regardless of how the animal is sliced longitudinally. The evolution of bilateral symmetry is accompanied by cephalization. Asymmetrical animals have no body shape. Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile. Radial symmetry is useful because the animals can reach out in all directions.
Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile
A leaf has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment?
Blue and Violet
What is the evidence of Earthworms segmentation?
Body rings; Coelom divided by septa; Setae arranged in pairs of segments; ganglionic swelling and lateral nerves in each segment; nephridia in each segment; branched blood vessels in each segment.
Which method of reproduction is used by members of Phylum Echinodermata? Answer sexual asexual budding fragmentation Both sexual and asexual
Both sexual and asexual
What are the examples of Lophophorans?
Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Phoronids.
If an herbivore population consumes 3,000 kg of plant material, how much energy is available to that herbivore? the first level carnivores? second level carnivore? A) All of the energy consumed by the herbivore is available to all successive trophic levels at the same level. B) 1,500kg; 150kg; 15kg C) 300kg; 30kg; 3kg D) 3000kg; 300kg; 30kg
C) 300kg; 30kg; 3kg
The biome with the greatest variety and number of herbivores is the: A) Old-growth forest of the Pacific Coast B) Arctic tundra C) African Savanna D) Shrublands
C) African Savanna
Which of the following statements about islands is true? A) The size of the island does not affect the number of species found on it B) A large island has a greater extinction rate than a small island C) An island close to the mainland will experience more immigration than an island far away D) The distance from the mainland does not affect community diversity
C) An island close to the mainland will experience more immigration than an island far away
On a global scale, the distribution of species is: A) Uniform B) Random C) Clumped
C) Clumped
When will replacement reproduction result in population growth? A) When there is a stable age structure. B) When the number of young women entering the reproductive years is equal to the number of older women leaving them. C) If there are more young women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them. D) If there are fewer younger women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them.
C) If there are more young women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them.
Which of the following statements about the lake stratification is NOT true? A) Deep lakes are stratified in summer and winter in the temperate zone. B) Surface waters receive nutrients from deep waters during spring and fall overturn. C) The surface layer is called the hypolimnion. D) Ice formation begins at the top.
C) The surface layer is called the hypolimnion.
A community is _____. A) all members of one species in a particular location B) all autotrophs within the same environment C) a collection of different species that interact with each other in a specific location D) all of the abiotic features of an environment
C) a collection of different species that interact with each other in a specific location
The distribution of the population in the United States would be best described as _____. A) random B) uniform C) clumped
C) clumped
Silver maples, red oaks, red wolves, deer, robins, blue jays, a fresh water stream, river otters, black rat snakes, various soil bacteria and fungi, loamy soil, and lots of rain in the spring could describe a(n) _____. A) population B) community C) ecosystem D) biosphere
C) ecosystem
A plant that grows on another plant is called an _____. A) epicotyl B) epidermis C) epiphyte D) epiglottis
C) epiphyte
All of the following characterize the trees in the tropical rainforest EXCEPT: A) epicotyl B) epidermis C) epiphyte D) epiglottis
C) epiphyte
The abyssal plain is characterized by _____. A) an absence of living things B) numberous phytoplankton C) hydrothermal vents that support communities of organisms D) a variety of seaweed
C) hydrothermal vents that support communities of organisms
When two similar species live together in dynamic equilibrium, it is usually through _____. A) competitive exclusion B) character displacement C) niche partitioning
C) niche partitioning
Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? A) phospholipids and cellulose B) nucleic acids and proteins C) phospholipids and proteins D) proteins and cellulose E) glycoproteins and cholesterol
C) phospholipids and proteins
Free-drifting photosynthetic microscopic organisms are called _____. A) benthos B) zooplankton C) phytoplankton D) consumers
C) phytoplankton
Energy flow in an ecosystem begin with A. omnivores B. herbivores C. autotrophs D. detritivores E. carnivores
C. autotrophs
Ecology is the study of _____. A) animal structures and the functions of those structures. B) how organisms adapt to a changing environment. C) the interactions between organisms and the physical and chemical environment. D) how living things are organized and classified.
C) the interactions between organisms and the physical and chemical environment.
The climate of a particular region is dictated by all of the following factors EXCEPT: A) the tilt of the Earth as it orbits the sun. B) topography. C) the species diversity in the region. D) proximity to a body of water.
C) the species diversity in the region.
The trade winds are a result of _____. A) variations in solar reception B) the wild of the Earth's axis as it rotates around the sun C) the spinning of the Earth on its axis D) permafrost
C) the spinning of the Earth on its axis
If a slice of pie is used as an analogy for an ecosystem, then _____ could be an analogy for the biosphere. A) the pie crust B) the plate on which the pie is served C) the whole pie D) the pie filling
C) the whole pie
During the stable equilibrium phase of a logistic growth curve, _____. A) growth is slow B) growth is accelerating C) there is little if any growth
C) there is little if any growth
Ivanowsky first recognized that something smaller than a bacterium, called a filterable virus, was able to cause disease in the year A. 1965. B. 2001. C. 1892. D. 1700. E. 1650.
C. 1892.
The _____ support(s) the greatest variety and number of large herbivores. A. chaparral of California B. ocean C. African savanna D. taiga of Russia E. tropical rainforests of South America
C. African savanna
DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the __________ are most closely related to land plants. A. Volvox B. Spirogyra C. Chara D. Ulva E. Chlamydomonas
C. Chara
Which statement is NOT true about a retrovirus? A. It may cause cancer or AIDS. B. It contains reverse transcriptase. C. It remains in the host cell genome, but is not replicated when host DNA is replicated. D. It has the capacity to integrate cDNA into the host DNA of the cell it infects.
C. It remains in the host cell genome, but is not replicated when host DNA is replicated.
Which statement is NOT true about primary plant growth? A. The ground meristem is a primary meristem that produces ground tissue. B. Primary growth increases the length of the plant. C. Only woody plants show primary growth. D. The procambium is a primary meristem that produces primary vascular tissue. E. The protoderm is a primary meristem that produces epidermal tissue.
C. Only woody plants show primary growth.
Which statement is NOT true about vascular tissue in plants? A. In leaves, the vascular tissue is found in the leaf veins. B. In stems, the vascular tissue is found in the vascular bundles. C. Phloem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports sugars. D. Xylem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports water and minerals. E. In roots, the vascular tissue is found in the central vascular cylinder.
C. Phloem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports sugars.
The fossil record revealed that the largest flying animal to ever live had an estimated wing span of 13.5 meters. This animal is called A. Tyrannosaurus. B. Thecodont. C. Quetzalcoatlus. D. Tiktaalik.
C. Quetzalcoatlus.
Which statement about chilicerates is NOT true? A. Ticks and mites are often parasitic. B. Spiders and scorpions are predators. C. Spiders have both simple and compound eyes. D. Spiders have a pair of fangs which release poison. E. The body parts include a cephalothorax and an abdomen.
C. Spiders have both simple and compound eyes.
The Earth is actually farther from the sun during the period when the Northern Hemisphere is having summer. How can this be explained? A. The sun grows more powerful on a half-year cycle. B. There is a six-month lag phase between sunlight being absorbed and lost. C. The tilt of the Earth presents the Northern Hemisphere in a more perpendicular angle, and this increased sunlight more than offsets the decrease in sunlight due to the added distance. D. There must be some mistake in measuring the Earth's orbit because if the Earth were farther away, we would be cooler.
C. The tilt of the Earth presents the Northern Hemisphere in a more perpendicular angle, and this increased sunlight more than offsets the decrease in sunlight due to the added distance.
Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus, mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following is (are) true? A. This is evidence of a primitive state that is generally less efficient than separate sexes. B. This is primarily to allow them to self-fertilize if no other worm is in their sector of the soil. C. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter. D. Maintaining any system not clearly male or female is disadvantageous; the earthworm is trapped in an evolutionary dead end.
C. This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.
The temperature is nearly uniform throughout a lake A. during winter when the ice forms an insulating cover. B. during summer when the sunlight warms the surface and the wind mixes the layers. C. by the end of the fall and spring overturn. D. at all times due to winds causing constant mixing of the layers. E. never. The lake always has different temperature layers and they are reversed in winter and summer.
C. by the end of the fall and spring overturn.
Predacious meat eaters with large and conical-shaped canines are A. cetaceans. B. chiroptera. C. carnivores. D. proboscidea.
C. carnivores.
There are tubeworms and clams that live at the bottom of the ocean near thermal vents. They derive their energy ultimately from A. the sun by way of burning fossil fuels like we do with coal and oil. B. the sun, but they are deep in the dark ocean and live off dead detritus that sink to them. C. chemosynthetic bacteria. D. sources not yet known.
C. chemosynthetic bacteria.
The amphibians' common receptacle for the urinary, genital, and digestive canals is the A. vulva. B. glottis. C. cloaca. D. tympanum. E. operculum.
C. cloaca.
Which of these plant tissue types is composed of cells with primary walls thickened at the corners that provide support for immature parts of the cell body? A. xylem B. phloem C. collenchyma D. sclerenchyma E. parenchyma
C. collenchyma
All of the following are specialized epidermal cells except A. root hairs. B. trichomes. C. collenchyma. D. guard cells. E. A and D only are correct.
C. collenchyma.
What occurs when two species with very similar niches live in an overlapping range? A. speciation B. hypervolume C. competitive exclusion D. total extinction of one species E. a switch in habitat for one of the organism
C. competitive exclusion
Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT A. hair. B. mammary glands. C. constant body temperature. D. young born alive.
C. constant body temperature.
A person working in a rice paddy in Asia becomes infected with the liver fluke by A. eating infected snails. B. drinking water contaminated with eggs. C. eating infected undercooked or uncooked fish. D. swimming or wading in infected water, where the cercariae enter the skin.
C. eating infected undercooked or uncooked fish.
The main function of the contractile vacuole is A. chlorophyll production. B. synthesis of carbohydrate. C. eliminating excess water. D. to be a photoreceptor to detect light. E. resistance for survival during winter and times of drought.
C. eliminating excess water.
The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following EXCEPT A. protoderm. B. ground meristem. C. epidermis. D. procambrium.
C. epidermis.
Which of the following is NOT strictly a freshwater community? A. lakes B. rivers C. estuaries D. streams E. ponds
C. estuaries
The "nursery" of the sea is the A. rocky beach. B. sandy beach. C. estuary. D. coral reef. E. ocean floor.
C. estuary.
The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT A. skates. B. sharks. C. goldfish. D. rays.
C. goldfish.
The major insect body parts are A. head, cephalothorax, and abdomen. B. cephalothorax, midsection, and abdomen. C. head, thorax, and abdomen. D. head, prothorax, and metathorax. E. head, cephalothorax, and genitalia.
C. head, thorax, and abdomen.
Consider the seasonal transfer of sugars in deciduous trees in the temperate zone where leaves are regularly shed before freezing winters. For lumber to be lightweight and dry so that it doesn't warp, it is best to cut timber A. in the summer while leaves are still on. B. in the early fall when leaves are about to fall. C. in the early winter when sap is in the roots. D. in the spring after sap is rising. E. anytime, since there would be no differences in how wet the wood would be.
C. in the early winter when sap is in the roots.
Which of these diseases could NOT be treated with antibiotics? A. chlamydia B. plague C. influenza D. scarlet fever
C. influenza
Vertebrates without jaws would be the A. rays. B. turtles. C. lampreys. D. eels.
C. lampreys.
The organisms used in plastic surgery and in reconstructive surgery for severed digits are A. octopuses. B. polychaetes. C. leeches. D. squids. E. schistosome blood fluke.
C. leeches.
Which of the listed organisms are NOT in phylum Mollusca? A. clams B. squids C. lobsters D. nautiluses E. snails
C. lobsters
Study the life cycle diagram. Label A is the ________ life cycle. A. lysogenic B. sexual C. lytic D. alternation of generations
C. lytic
The cycle of viral infection of a bacterial cell that will cause its death most rapidly is called the _______ cycle. A. lysogenic B. lysozyme C. lytic D. lysol E. lysosome
C. lytic
Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent? A. fish kills - dinoflagellate B. fish ick - a ciliate C. malaria - an amebozoan D. African sleeping sickness - a trypanosome
C. malaria - an amebozoan
Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning A. extremely small. B. non-living. C. poison. D. contagious. E. particle.
C. poison.
The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT A. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. B. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria. C. prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium. D. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed a cyanobacterium.
C. prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.
In ______, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore. A. gastrocoelomates B. blastocoelomates C. protostomes D. deuterostomes E. triploblastics
C. protostomes
The amphibians' unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was A. respiration by gills. B. respiration through the skin. C. separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation. D. development of the tail for propulsion. E. the leathery waterproof egg shell.
C. separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation.
Which can have a cellular form as well as an acellular (plasmodial) form with multiple nuclei? A. sporozoa B. zooflagellates C. slime molds D. diatoms E. ciliates
C. slime molds
The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is A. comb jellies. B. flatworms. C. sponges. D. cnidarians.
C. sponges.
Derived character states shared by clade members are called A. ancestral traits. B. homoplasies. C. synapomorphies. D. plesiomorphies. E. symplesiomorphies.
C. synapomorphies.
A forest found in a broad belt in northern Eurasia and North America, with conifers and swamps, is called the A. tropical rain forest B. tundra C. taiga D. chaparral E. temperate deciduous forest
C. taiga
A forest found in a broad belt in northern Eurasia and North America, with conifers and swamps, is called the A. tropical rain forest. B. tundra. C. taiga. D. chaparral. E. temperate deciduous forest.
C. taiga.
Which biome is characterized by rainfall under 25 cm/year, hot days, cold nights, and quickly blooming plants A. grasslands B. temperate deciduous forests C. temperate deserts D. taiga E. tundra
C. temperate deserts
Which biome is characterized by rainfall under 25 cm/year, hot days, cold nights, and quickly blooming plants? A. grasslands B. temperate deciduous forest C. temperate deserts D. taiga E. tundra
C. temperate deserts
A sponge feeds by A. acting as a net in a current that sweeps food particles into its central cavity and digests them externally. B. squeezing the spongocoel cavity and sucking debris in and out through the osculum. C. the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells. D. the beating collar cells form a current from osculum to pores; the food is engulfed by amoebocytes in the central cavity of the sponge.
C. the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells.
The position of mammals in evolution is best described as A. they dominate life in the sea. B. they were among the first animals to live on land and their diversity is greater than all living things known. C. they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Jurassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land. D. mammals gave rise to birds. E. All of the choices are correct.
C. they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Jurassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land.
Based on molecular data and skull features, what reptile(s) has an independent lineage from all other reptiles? A. lizards B. snakes C. turtles D. crocodiles E. A and D have independent lineages.
C. turtles
When a cold, ocean current brings rich nutrients to the surface, it is called a(n) A. guano. B. lake effect. C. upwelling. D. monsoon. E. profundal zone.
C. upwelling.
Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of a A. scolex, proglottids, and an anus. B. corona, stomach, and intestines. C. visceral mass, mantle, and foot. D. eyespots, digestive system, and nervous system.
C. visceral mass, mantle, and foot.
Saprolegnia, a _______, is feeding on the dead insect pictured at right. A. slime mold B. ciliate C. water mold D. green algae
C. water mold
About 542 million years ago, life became very abundant during the ______ explosion.
Cambrian
Which of the following major divisions of geologic time is mismatched with the organisms that flourished during that time period? Carboniferous Period—Age of Amphibians Mesozoic Era—Age of Reptiles Cambrian Period—Age of Fish Cenozoic Era—Age of Homo sapiens
Cambrian Period—Age of Fish
What are the characteristics of Whisk Ferns?
Can live in or on trees; have two genera: Psilotum and Tmesipteris.
When and where did the first multicellular protists evolve? Africa / 2.3 BYA Canada / 1.4 BYA Middle East / 4.6 BYA Asia / 3.2 BYA
Canada / 1.4 BYA
Which of the following features are shared by all of the jawed fish? Answer Endothermic, gills and scales. Ectothermic, smooth nonscaly skin and bony skeleton. Cartilaginous endoskeleton, gills and scales. Bony endoskeleton, gills and scales.
Cartilaginous endoskeleton, gills and scales.
Cleavage
Cell division without growth.
What are the common characteristics between charophytes and land plants?
Cellulose cell walls, apical cells, plasmodesmata, placenta.
Which era contains the Paleogene and Neogene periods?
Cenozoic
In the allopatric speciation of Ensatina salamanders, the ____ served as the geographic barrier separating the diverging populations.
Central Valley of California
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?
Certain proteins are unique to each membrane
Type II Curve
Chance of surviving is independent of age, predation Ex: Lizards
What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper unfolding of other proteins?
Chaperonin
DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the __________ are most closely related to land plants. Spirogyra Ulva Volvox Chara Chlamydomonas
Chara
What is the name of the freshwater green algae that land plants are most closely related to?
Charophytes
How will cheetahs use pheromones to increase their foraging success?
Cheetahs will scent mark their territory to warn other cheetahs to stay out. This will decrease their competition for food within their territory.
Based upon the current evolutionary tree, which of the following group would have the closest evolutionary relatedness to the fungi? Amoeboids Foraminiferans Euglenoids Choanoflagellates Cellular slime mold
Choanoflagellates
"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of Archaeplastids. Chromalveolates. Excavates. Amoebozoans. Rhizarians.
Chromalveolates.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi? Basidiomycota Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Glomeromycota
Chytridiomycota
What are the examples of Bivalves?
Clams, Oysters, Mussels, and Scallops.
______ is the process of naming and assigning organisms to a taxon. Cladistics Taxonomy Phylogeny Classification None of the above
Classifcation
What is an example of a Lycophyte?
Club Mosses
Types of Distributions
Clumped, Random, Uniform
Which organisms are tubular animals that most often reside in shallow marine waters?
Cnidarians
What does Radlata consist of?
Cnidarians and Comb Jellies
Identify the features unique to protostome development. Answer Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastophore becomes the mouth and the cleavage is spiral. Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastophore becomes the anus and the cleavage is spiral. Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastophore becomes the mouth and the cleavage is radial. None of the above features are unique to the protostomes
Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastophore becomes the mouth and the cleavage is spiral.
What are the characteristics of Molluscs?
Coelom; all have a foot, mantle, and visceral mass; foot is variously modified; in many, the mantle secretes a calcium carbonate shell as an exoskeleton; true coelom and all organ systems.
Which organisms are small, transparent, sometimes bio-luminescent, have bodies composed of mesoglea, and may have been the first animals to evolve?
Comb Jellies
Which variable is not a density-dependent factor?
Competition between two male deer for territory.
Ecosystem
Composed of the community of populations along with the abiotic factors
Phloem
Conducts sucrose and other organic compunds throughout the plant.
Xylem
Conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots.
The _____ are cone-bearing gymnosperm plants that include many evergreen trees
Conifers
Stamens
Consist of a filament and anther.
What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical
Which of the following lists of mass extinctions is correctly matched with the date of the extinction? Silurian / 445.2 mya Devonian / 443.7 mya Cretaceous / 65.5 mya Triassic / 251 mya
Cretaceous / 65.5 mya
What are the examples of Arthropods?
Crustaceans, Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes, Millipedes, and Insects.
What are the examples of Gymnosperms?
Cycads, Ginkgoes, Conifers, and Gnetophytes.
The bottom of a lake or stream harbors worms, clams, and other organisms in the A. littoral zone B. limnetic zone C. profundal zone D. benthic zone E. abyssal zone
D. benthic zone
Chemoautotrophs oxidize which of the following to obtain the energy necessary to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound? A. hydrogen gas B. hydrogen sulfide C. ammonia D. All of the above choices are correct. E. A and C only.
D. All of the above choices are correct.
Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? A) Trypanosoma brucei-sleeping sickness B) Trichomonas vaginalis-vaginitis and urethritis C) Entamoeba histolytica-amoebic dysentery D) Giardia lamblia-malaria
D) Giardia Lamblia-Malaria
Resource partitioning commonly results in all of the following EXCEPT: A) Character displacement B) Allows different species to coexist in the same habitat C) Less competition D) More niche overlap between species
D) More niche overlap between species
Which of the following biogeochemical cycles is sedimentary? A) Water B) Nitrogen C) Carbon D) Phosphorus
D) Phosphorus
How do limited resources affect a population? A) Increase the rate of natural increase B) The population grows exponentially C) Prevent a population from reaching its carrying capacity D) Prevent a population from reaching its biotic potential
D) Prevent a population from reaching its biotic potential
All of the factors affect a community's composition EXCEPT: A) Climate B) The supply of inorganic and organic nutrients C) The amount of available space D) Species richness
D) Species richness
Where an organism lives and how it interacts with other organisms is the organism's: A) habitat B) species richness C) trophic level D) ecological niche
D) ecological niche
Non-native species like kudzu, zebra mussels, and nutria experience _____ outside their native area due to a lack of natural predators and their ability to compete more successfully than native species for resources. A) environmental resistance B) extinction C) resource partitioning D) environmental resistance
D) environmental resistance
The distribution of biomes in the biosphere is dependent upon all of the following EXCEPT: A) the distribution of land masses and oceans. B) variations in solar radiation reception. C) topographical features D) species composition in the region
D) species composition in the region
Prokaryotes generally range in size from A. 10-400 nm. B. 20-300 mm. C. 10-100 µm. D. 1-10 µm. E. 50-100nm
D. 1-10 µm.
Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the Supergroup Archaeplastida? A. They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. B. They include multicellular and unicellular organisms. C. They include land plants and the green algae, Chlorophyta. D. All of the above apply. E. A and B only.
D. All of the above apply.
The mammalian lineages include A. placental mammals. B. marsupials. C. monotremes. D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above are correct.
D. All of the above are correct.
A distinctive form of this pictured organism is found in each geologic period. Which statement(s) about this organism is/are true? A. The organisms pictured are foraminiferans and have a skeleton called a test. B. These organisms may be used as index fossils to date sedimentary rock. C. The Egyptian pyramids are built of this type of limestone. D. All of the above are true. E. A and C only are true.
D. All of the above are true.
Monotremes A. are egg laying mammals. B. include the anteater and duck-billed platypus. C. nurse their young. D. All of the above are true. E. A and C are true.
D. All of the above are true.
Halophiles A. require a high salt environment. B. have a chloride pump that pumps chloride into the cell. C. may be chemoheterotrophs or photosynthetic. D. All of the above choices are correct. E. A and C only are correct.
D. All of the above choices are correct.
Similarities between the archaea and eukarya include A. same ribosomal proteins. B. similar tRNA. C. similar initiation of transcription. D. All of the choices are correct similarities. E. A and B only.
D. All of the choices are correct similarities.
A cyst A. is a dormant cell with a resistant outer covering. B. helps protists over winter. C. aids a parasite in the survival of the host's digestive tract. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
Bilaterally symmetrical animals A. tend to be active and move forward. B. tend to exhibit cephalization. C. have right and left sides when cut longitudinally. D. All of the choices are correct. E. A and C only are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following characterize prions? A. Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles. B. Prions cause TSEs, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. C. Prions are misshapen proteins that may interact with a normal prion protein to change its shape. D. All of the choices are correct. E. A and B only.
D. All of the choices are correct.
Among the many functions of wetlands is (are) A. providing food and habitats for fish, waterfowl, and wildlife. B. purifying water by filtering it and breaking down toxic wastes and nutrients. C. absorbing storm and overflow waters. D. All of the choices are functions performed by wetlands.
D. All of the choices are functions performed by wetlands.
Plant roots function to A. anchor the plant. B. store the products of photosynthesis. C. produce hormones that stimulate stem growth. D. All of the choices are plant root functions. E. A and B only are correct.
D. All of the choices are plant root functions.
Considering that leaf stomates have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is (are) reasonable? A. A submerged-water plant would have no stomates. B. Tree leaves that orient flat and present the top side to the sun would have most of their stomates on the bottom of the leaf. C. Corn, oats, rice, and wheat-all monocots-have relative upright blades with sunlight hitting both sides and would have stomates distributed evenly on both sides. D. All of the choices are reasonable. E. None of the choices is reasonable, since stomates are found uniformly on all type of leaves.
D. All of the choices are reasonable.
Which of the following could be used to grow viruses in the laboratory? A. chicken eggs B. cell culture C. bacteria D. All of the choices could be used.
D. All of the choices could be used.
Slime molds, found in the Supergroup Amoebozoa, were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? A. Slime molds lack cell walls. B. They are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle. C. The vegetative state of the slime mold is mobile and amoeboid. D. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.
D. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.
Incoming solar radiation affects A. the rise and fall of air masses. B. evaporation or precipitation of moisture. C. the seasons. D. All of these choices are directly or indirectly affected by solar radiation. E. A and C only are correct.
D. All of these choices are directly or indirectly affected by solar radiation.
Consider the possibility that we discover a gene that regulates both the amount of root hairs and where root hairs grow on a root tip. Since the surface area provided by root hairs is so critical to their uptake of water and nutrients, expanding their growth area seems a great advantage. However, which of these might be a problem? A. Growth of root hairs in the zone of cell division would interfere with root cell proliferation. B. Growth of root hairs in the root cap would cause them to be shredded off since this area takes substantial abrasion. C. Growth of root hairs in the zone of elongation would cause them to be shredded off as they anchored in soil and the root lengthened. D. All of these choices pose a problem.
D. All of these choices pose a problem.
The following steps are used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species. If you arranged these steps from first to last, which step would be last? A. Polarize the characters. B. Establish the character states. C. Gather data on characters to be used. D. Apply the principle of parsimony. E. Select an outgroup.
D. Apply the principle of parsimony.
What is the correct sequence of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection? A. Attachment, Viral DNA penetration into host cell, Integration of viral DNA into host cell DNA, Biosythesis, Maturation, Release B. Endocytosis of virion, Uncoating, Maturation, and Release C. Attachment, Fusion of envelope and host cell membrane, Biosynthesis, Maturation, and Release D. Attachment, Viral DNA penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release
D. Attachment, Viral DNA penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release
Which statement concerning body symmetry is not correct? A. In radial symmetry, two identical halves are obtained regardless of how the animal is sliced longitudinally. B. The evolution of bilateral symmetry is accompanied by cephalization. C. Asymmetrical animals have no body shape. D. Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile. E. Radial symmetry is useful because the animals can reach out in all directions.
D. Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile.
One day after a biology class four of your friends argue about the difference between phylogeny and systematics. Which friend is right? A. Friend A states that systematics and phylogenies are really the same, one is more recent than the other, but basically they are the same. B. Friend B says that systematics is the same as cladistics and cladistics is reconstructing clades, which ultimately lead to the development of phylogenies. C. Friend C argues that systematics is the actual collecting and cataloguing of specimens into museums that can be used later by scientists to construct clades and phylogenies. D. Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and study of phylogenies.
D. Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and study of phylogenies.
Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? A. Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness B. Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis C. Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery D. Giardia lamblia—malaria
D. Giardia lamblia—malaria
_______ occurs when one living organism feeds on another A. competition B. mimicry C. commensalism D. Predation E. symbiosis
D. Predation
If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why? A. Shellfish seasonally produce toxic substances. B. Shellfish regularly consume poisonous red tide organisms. C. Most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species. D. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.
D. Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.
This filamentous algae (shown at right) is ______. A. Ulva B. Plasmodium C. Chlamydomonas D. Spirogyra E. Volvox
D. Spirogyra
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root? A. The specialized root tissues are seen at the zone of maturation. B. The epidermis of the root has no cuticle on its outer surface, unlike other epidermal tissues. C. The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder, with the ability to form secondary or branch roots. D. The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem. E. The Casparian strip is a waxy lining on four sides of the cells of the endodermis, which forces water into the endodermal cells.
D. The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem.
Which statement is true about prokaryotes? A. They contain a nucleus. B. They lack ribosomes. C. They usually lack a cell wall. D. They do not divide by mitosis. E. They contain a single circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.
D. They do not divide by mitosis.
A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is A. Plasmodium. B. Giardia. C. Entamoeba. D. Trichomonas. E. Paramecium.
D. Trichomonas.
Which of these parasites does NOT enter the mouth of its human host and leave as eggs with the human feces? A. tapeworm B. pinworm C. Ascaris D. Wuchereria
D. Wuchereria
Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by A. dry climates with rainfall of 25 - 75 cm per year B. the highest variation in day and night length C. the highest amount of organisms living in tree D. a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days E. the richest topsoil horizon
D. a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days
Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by A. dry climates with rainfall averages around of 25-75 cm per year. B. the highest variation in day and night length. C. the highest amount of organisms living in tree canopy. D. a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days. E. the richest topsoil horizon.
D. a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days.
Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra? A. a swimming medusa with the mouth pointing downward B. a swimming medusa with the mouth pointing upward C. a sessile medusa with the mouth pointing upward D. a sessile polyp form with the mouth pointing downward E. a freely moving polyp with the mouth pointing upward
D. a sessile polyp form with the mouth pointing downward
In the water cycle, evaporated equatorial water that rises and does not immediately rain back down proceeds to A. the poles where it causes snow. B. the poles if it does not encounter mountain ranges, which it usually does. C. about 60 north or south and then cools and condenses, supporting a band of moist vegetation. D. about 30 north or south and then cools and condenses, supporting a band of moist vegetation.
D. about 30 north or south and then cools and condenses, supporting a band of moist vegetation.
Density-independent factors which play a role in regulating population size in nature include A. weather B. natural disasters C. geographical barriers D. all of the choices are correct
D. all of the choices are correct
Reptiles evolved from ______ ancestors and were abundant by the ________ Period. A. mammals; Carboniferous B. fish; Devonian C. echinoderms; Cambrian D. amphibians; Permian
D. amphibians; Permian
MacArthur discovered that five species of warblers coexisted on spruce trees by foraging on the same caterpillar, but in different places of the tree canopy. This is A. an exception to the competitive exclusion principle B. an exception based on bird taking longer C. confirmation that all warblers were variations D. an example of resource partitioning
D. an example of resource partitioning
Which association between zone and description is NOT correct? A. littoral - lake zone closest to shore B. benthic - stream, lake, or ocean floor C. limnetic - lake zone on surface away from shore D. bathypelagic - sunlit portion of the ocean
D. bathypelagic - sunlit portion of the ocean
Lungless salamanders lack lungs and breathe through their skins after they lose their gills. You would expect lungless salamanders to A. prefer drier habitats. B. prefer stagnant water. C. be larger than most salamanders. D. be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans.
D. be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans.
Generally the respiratory system in birds A. is identical to the human breathing system. B. is merely accelerated by the flight muscles. C. resembles the positive pressure system of a frog. D. is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.
D. is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.
The various forms of algae are NOT considered plants because they A. are not multicellular. B. lack strengthened cell walls. C. never have specialized tissues. D. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves. E. All of the choices are differences that separate the algae from plants.
D. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves.
Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by A. an infection of the human coelom by Ascaris. B. a large number of Trichinella worms encysting in our muscles. C. contracting a disease that usually occurs in elephants. D. microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell. E. a protozoan that lives in tropical roundworms and, when ingested by humans, causes muscles to bloat.
D. microscopic roundworms that reproduce and clog lymph glands, causing limbs to swell.
In some climates, differences in land and ocean temperatures cause a gigantic circulation of air, with warm air rising over the land and cooler, ocean winds blowing onshore to replace it. As the warm air rises and looses its moisture, the rains begin. This process may last for almost half a year and is called A. rain shadow. B. lake effect. C. upwelling. D. monsoons. E. profundal zone.
D. monsoons.
The mesophyll layer of leaves is important to plants because A. it keeps the plant from drying out. B. it anchors the plant to the soil. C. most of the water needed for photosynthesis is absorbed here. D. most of the photosynthesis occurs here.
D. most of the photosynthesis occurs here.
In older, woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by A. trichomes. B. tracheids. C. collenchyma. D. periderm.
D. periderm.
Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they A. have a trochophore larvae. B. have a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm. C. have the anus arise at or near the blastopore. D. periodically shed their outer covering. E. Both B and C are true.
D. periodically shed their outer covering.
The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the A. mammary gland. B. egg. C. pouch. D. placenta. E. marsupium.
D. placenta.
The part of a body of water where light does not penetrate is the A. littoral zone. B. benthic division. C. pelagic division. D. profundal zone. E. limnetic zone.
D. profundal zone.
The following are differences between amphibians and reptiles EXCEPT A. amphibians have smooth non-scaly skin, whereas reptiles are covered with scales and their skin is dry. B. all reptiles respire by the use of lungs, while amphibians use small lungs supplemented by cutaneous respiration C. amphibian eggs are laid in water, but reptiles do not require water for reproduction. D. reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.
D. reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.
The layers of cells that protect the root apical meristem are the A. cortex. B. endodermis. C. bark. D. root cap. E. periderm.
D. root cap.
Climate is affected and/or characterized by all of the following factors EXCEPT A. temperature. B. variations in solar radiation distribution. C. topography. D. soil type E. rainfall.
D. soil type
A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtles' stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by their calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in the turtles' digestive systems. These protective structures are called A. amoebocytes. B. osculum. C. choanocytes. D. spicules. E. spongin.
D. spicules.
Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? A. amoeboids—pseudopodia B. ciliates-—cilia C. zooflagellates—flagella D. sporozoan—flexing the pellicle
D. sporozoan—flexing the pellicle
A group is considered polyphyletic if A. all members of the group share a common ancestor. B. not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. C. all members share homoplastic traits. D. the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. E. it is the most parsimonious grouping.
D. the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
The lophotrochozoans can be divided into two groups, which include A. the protostomes and the deuterostomes. B. the comb jellies and the cnidarians. C. those that reproduce sexually and those that reproduce asexually. D. the lophophorates and the trochozoans.
D. the lophophorates and the trochozoans.
In a population with low death rates, this age structure diagram indicates that A. the population is decreasing B. the population is stable C. the biotic potential must be larger than usual D. the population will continue to grow for some time.
D. the population will continue to grow for some time.
Viruses are categorized according to all of the following EXCEPT A. size and shape. B. their type of nucleic acid. C. the presence of absence of an envelope. D. their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.
D. their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.
What biome has a mean annual precipitation over 250 cm with relatively little seasonal variation, and warm temperatures over 20C? A. tropical dry forest B. temperate rainforest C. taiga D. tropical rainforest E. savanna
D. tropical rainforest
Which of the following tissues transports water and nutrients within the plant? A. epidermal tissue B. ground tissue C. meristematic tissue D. vascular tissue
D. vascular tissue
The greenhouse gases include all of the following EXCEPT A. nitrous oxide B. methane C. carbon dioxide D. water
D. water
Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as Shanghai H1N1 or Mexico City H2N2. The viruses vary in H and N surface proteins because A. the viruses reproduce and attack people in cities more often. B. these viruses emerged as stray DNA from the genomes of people in these cities. C. this is where the antibodies of immune people began to break down and the old virus was again virulent. D. when infected people develop immunity to the present virus, strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.
D. when infected people develop immunity to the present virus, strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.
Minute animals that feed on phytoplankton are A. chemosynthetic. B. benthic. C. scavengers. D. zooplankton.
D. zooplankton.
The protein-first hypothesis of chemical evolution describes the formation of proteins as occurring before the formation of ______
DNA
Type III Curve
Death in early stages of life Ex: Mosquitoes
Demographic Transition
Decreased death rate followed by decreased birthrate
Bilateral Symmetry
Definite right and left halves.
What was the constant threat that made adaptation required for a land environment?
Desiccation (Drying Out)
What is the cause of the Evolution of body parts in animals?
Different combinations of numbers, positions, sizes, and patterns of body parts and slight shifts in the DNA code and expression of Hox (homeotic) genes may have been responsible for the differences that arise during development.
What are the characteristics of Ginkgoes?
Dioecious; leaves resemble a maiden hair fern; one surviving species is Gingko biloba; fleshy seeds ripen in fall and have foul odor.
Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavates? Foraminiferans, radiolarians & fungi Euglenoids, Amoeboids & cellular slime molds Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids Diplomonads, euglenoids & diatoms
Diplomonads, euglenoids & parabasalids
What are the characteristics of Angiosperms?
Diverse; live in all habitats; sporophyte bears flowers, which produce pollen grains, and bear ovules within ovary. Following double fertilization, ovules become seeds that enclose a sporophyte embryo and endosperm (nutrient tissue). Fruit develops from ovary.
What are the characteristics of Vascular Plants?
Dominant, branched sporophyte has vascular tissue; Lignified xylem transports water, and phloem transports organic nutrients; typically has roots, slems, and leaves; and gamotophyte is eventually dependent on sporophyte.
Which biological events took place during the Paleozoic Era and the Mesozoic Era? During the Paleozoic Era three mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants while during the Mesozoic Era gymnosperms became the dominant plant life. During the Mesozoic Era three mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants while during the Paleozoic Era gymnosperms became the dominant plant life. During the Paleozoic Era five mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants while during the Mesozoic Era angiosperms became the dominant plant life. During the Mesozoic Era five mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants while during the Paleozoic Era angiosperms became the dominant plant life.
During the Paleozoic Era three mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants while during the Mesozoic Era gymnosperms became the dominant plant life.
The largest biome on Earth is the A. tundra. B. taiga. C. temperate deciduous forest. D. desert. E. ocean (marine aquatic).
E. ocean (marine aquatic).
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except A) DNA. B) a cell wall. C) a plasma membrane. D) ribosomes. E) an endoplasmic reticulum.
E) an endoplasmic reticulum.
The root endodermis A. forms a boundary between the cortex and inner vascular cylinder of the root. B. contains impermeable lignin and suberin called a Casparian strip that controls water and nutrient movement between adjacent cell walls. C. is two to three layers of spherical cells. D. All of the choices are true of root endodermis. E. A and B only are correct.
E. A and B only are correct.
Which of the meristems and tissues is (are) mismatched? A. protoderm - vascular tissue B. ground meristem - ground tissue C. procambrium - epidermal tissue D. None of the above are mismatched. E. A and C are mismatched.
E. A and C are mismatched.
Economically important products of the Rhodophyta include A. agar used to make capsules for drugs and vitamins as well as a solidifying agent for bacterial media. B. a gentle polishing abrasive included in some toothpaste or silver polish. C. wrappings around sushi rolls. D. All of the choices. E. A and C only.
E. A and C only.
The fossil Tiktaalik roseae A. provides insight into how the legs of tetrapods evolved. B. is a transitional fossil form. C. was found in Arctic Canada. D. is intermediate between reptiles and mammals. E. A, B, and C are correct.
E. A, B, and C are correct.
The term archosaurs refers to A. crocodilians. B. dinosaurs. C. lizards. D. birds. E. A, B, and D are correct.
E. A, B, and D are correct.
"El Nino" results in A. poor fishing in some areas. B. monsoons associated with Indian Ocean fail. C. hurricanes off the west coast of the United States. D. great warming of ocean water of the west coast of the Americas. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Sharks A. lack bony skeletons. B. have placoid scales. C. have a keen sense of smell. D. have teeth derived from epidermal scales. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
To which phylum do leeches belong? A. Mollusca B. Arthropoda C. Chordata D. Echinodermata E. Annelida
E. Annelida
A notochord is A. a strip of cartilage that forms a back and tail in all vertebrates. B. a stiff dorsal supporting rod. C. replaced by the vertebral column during development. D. All of the choices are correct. E. B and C are correct.
E. B and C are correct.
An enveloped virus enters a host cell by A. injecting its DNA or RNA into the host cell. B. fusion of its envelope with the host cell's plasma envelope. C. endocytosis. D. Any of the above choices are correct. E. B and C only are correct.
E. B and C only are correct.
Marsupials include A. spiny anteaters. B. kangaroos. C. Tasmanian devils. D. All of the above are correct. E. B and C only are correct.
E. B and C only are correct.
The particular place where an organism lives is its? A. life zone B. niche C. ecosystem D. community E. habitat
E. Habitat
Which of these is a bivalve? A. slug B. octopus C. earthworm D. snail E. oyster
E. oyster
Which of these plant tissue types most closely corresponds to the "typical" unspecialized plant cell? A. xylem B. phloem C. collenchyma D. sclerenchyma E. parenchyma
E. parenchyma
Which statement about leaves is NOT correct? A. The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss. B. Gas exchange occurs through tiny openings in the leaf surface called stomates. C. Regulation of gas exchange through the leaf is the responsibility of the guard cells. D. Vascular tissue is arranged in a net pattern in dicots and a parallel pattern in monocots. E. In eudicots, the photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.
E. In eudicots, the photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.
Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms? A. There are three layers of tissues in the body. B. Roundworms have a tube-within-a-tube body plan. C. There is an internal body cavity called a pseudocoelom. D. Roundworms have a smooth unsegmented outside body wall. E. Roundworms are all parasitic.
E. Roundworms are all parasitic.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? A. Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion or absorption. B. Animals produce gametes by meiosis. C. Animals digest their food internally. D. Animals are multicelluar eukaryotes. E. The adult form is diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle.
E. The adult form is diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle.
A cohort is A. all the individuals in a population born at the same time B. all individuals living in the same habitat C. all the different species in a community D. all the organisms interacting in the ecosystem E. all of the choices are correct
E. all of the choices are correct
Which of the following factors limits exponential growth of a population? A. limited resource B. increases in predator C. competition between members D. competition between species E. all of these choices limit exponential growth
E. all of these choices limit exponential growth
Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be ______________ characteristics. A. homologous B. homoplastic C. adaptive E. ancestral
E. ancestral
A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fencerow is used as a fencepost, to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The fence is A. twenty feet up because it added fifteen feet to the original five-foot height. B. split because the trunk grew up but the bottom stayed at ground level. C. fifteen feet up because the tree doubled in height. D. twenty feet up, still ten feet from the top of the tree. E. approximately five feet up since a tree grows longer at the tips of its stem, branches and roots.
E. approximately five feet up since a tree grows longer at the tips of its stem, branches and roots.
Major regional groups of interacting terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climate and geography are called A. biospheres B. estuaries C. tundras D. taigas E. biomes
E. biomes
Major regional groups of interacting terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climate and geography, are called A. biospheres. B. estuaries. C. tundras. D. taigas. E. biomes.
E. biomes.
Which of these is the best description of a virus? A. a noncellular living organism B. one of the smallest bacteria known C. a member of the kingdom Virusae D. a cell at the boundary between living and nonliving things E. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell
E. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell
In flame cells of flatworms, A. light is detected. B. ciliated sperm are stored. C. undigested food is expelled. D. slow fires actually burn food for energy. E. cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion.
E. cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion.
Energy flow in an ecosystem is not cyclic because energy is A. destroyed as it is used B. evenly spread out over many organisms C. converted to many kinds of useful energy D. increased as you go up the energy pyramid E. converted to heat, which is no longer useful
E. converted to heat, which is no longer useful
You need to identify a plant, but it is winter and the leaves have fallen to the ground and mixed with leaves from other plants. The parts of flowers, fruits, and seed leaves of germinating seeds are not available either. Your best clue to identify the plants as a monocot or a eudicot is to A. inspect the stem for woody bark, as only eudicots have woody tissue. B. determine if there are parallel xylem tubes in the stem to identify it as a monocot. C. determine if the roots lack phloem and xylem to identify it as a monocot. D. cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are in a distinct ring, it is a monocot. E. cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot.
E. cut the stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, it is a monocot.
Parental care in dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds is an example of A. homoplasy caused by convergence. B. homoplasy caused by common descent. C. homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. D. homology caused by convergence. E. homology caused by common descent.
E. homology caused by common descent.
Amphibians evolved from A. darters. B. sharks. C. bass and bluegill. D. sturgeon and catfish. E. lobe-finned fishes with lungs.
E. lobe-finned fishes with lungs.
Protist reproduction A. is always asexual fission. B. is always sexual with the adult haploid. C. is always sexual with the adult diploid. D. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations. E. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.
E. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.
The temperature is nearly uniform throughout a lake A. during winter when the ice forms B. during summer when the sunlight warms surface C. by the end of the fall and spring overturn D. at all times due to winds causing constant mixing E. never. the lake always has different temperature layers and they are reversed in winter and summer
E. never. the lake always has different temperature layers and they are reversed in winter and summer
The four defining characteristics of chordates are A. segmentation, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and an amniotic egg. B. a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, bilateral symmetry, and mammary glands. C. bilateral symmetry, segmentation, a well-developed coelom, and limbs. D. a well-developed coelom, pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and jaws. E. pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.
E. pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.
A certain type of this algae has cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and helps to build coral reefs. A. diatoms B. dinoflagellates C. multicellular green algae D. brown algae E. red algae
E. red algae
Name one of the smallest, if not the smallest, animals that are sometimes referred to as "resurrection animalcules." A. planaria B. parasitic mites C. fruit flies D. parasitic E. rotifers
E. rotifers
Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are called A. derived traits. B. homoplasies. C. synapomorphies. D. plesiomorphies. E. symplesiomorphies.
E. symplesiomorphies.
The evolutionary sequence in the development of a complex character can be best analyzed through A. homoplasies. B. phylogenetics. C. taxonomy. D. classification. E. synapomorphies.
E. synapomorphies.
The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by A. the reproductive rate of the organism B. the number of organisms of that species C. the state and national wildlife laws pertaining D. age distribution of that species E. the limited availability of renewable resources in the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism.
E. the limited availability of renewable resources in the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism
All of the following are true of methanogens EXCEPT A. they produce methane from CO2 and H2. B. they live in the intestinal tracts of cows, humans, and termites. C. they live in swamps and marshes. D. their biogas may contribute to global warming. E. they are harmful human pathogens.
E. they are harmful human pathogens.
What do the Invertebrate Deuterostomia consist of?
Echinoderms
Which of the following statements best describes the jawless fishes? Answer Ectotherms that have a bony skeleton. Ectotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin. Endotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin. Vertebrates that have scales and are ectothermic.
Ectotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin.
How do Liverworts reproduce?
Either asexually through gemmae that are groups of cells that detach from the thallus and start a new plant, or sexually, which depends of two types of stals bearing either antheridia or archegonia.
What are the characteristics of Liverworts?
Either have flattened thallus (thallose liverworts) or leafy appearances (leafy liverworts), and some contain Rhizoids.
It is likely that the protocell was heterotrophic. chemoautotrophic. photoautotrophic. All of the above. Either heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic.
Either heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic.
What did Stanley Miller use as an energy source in his chemical experiment?
Electricity
Wuchereria
Elephantiasis; Filiarial Warm uses mosquitoes as a vector to transmit disease to humans, limbs may swell to a monstrous size.
Style
Elevated Stigma
A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is correctly described as
Endergonic
The explanation of the development of mitochindria and chloroplasts from prokaryotic ancestors is called the ______ theory
Endosymbiotic
What is a plasmid?
Extrachromosomal loops of DNA that usually carry accessory genes.
A common cause of amoebic dysentery is Entamoeba histolytica. Plasmodium falciparum. Giardia intestinalis. Trichomonas vaginalis.
Entamoeba histolytica.
Limiting Factors
Environmental aspects that determine where and organism lives
_________ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes. Euglena Giardia Amoeba Plasmodium
Euglena
Single celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains? Fungi Animalia Eukarya Plantae
Eukarya
The domain Archaea is more closely related to the domain _____ than to the domain____
Eukarya; Bacteria
A cell with a nucleus and membrane cytoplasmic organelles is an(n) ______ cell.
Eukaryotic
Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles? Eukaryotic cells acquired nuclei and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Nuclei were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and flagella by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while flagella were derived from motile bacteria. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from anaerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from aerobic bacterium.
Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while choloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium.
A Gram-negative bacteria will have a peptidoglycan layer that is sandwiched between two plasma membranes and will stain purple. True False
False
A population of organisms that reproduce asexually without gametes from other individuals will display more variation than a population that reproduces sexually
False
A prophage is a form of virus that attacks only plants cells. True False
False
A rain shadow is the region where heavy condensation precipitates out, as warm, moist air rises and then cools on the windward side of mountain ranges. True False
False
All chordates are also vertebrates. Answer True False
False
All chordates are also vertebrates. True False
False
An allele becomes the most common allele in a population by becoming the dominant allele
False
Diatoms share a more recent common ancestor with dinoflagellates than with water molds. True False
False
Diatoms share a more recent common ancestor with dinoflagellates than with water molds. True False
False
Eukarya are believed to have diverged from the bacterial line of descent. The Eukarya are, therefore, more closely related to the Bacteria than to the Archaea. True False
False
Eukarya are believed to have diverged from the bacterial line of descent. The Eukarya are, therefore, more closely related to the Bacteria than to the Archaea. True False
False
Lenticels are small openings on the underside of eudicot leaves where gaseous exchange occurs. True False
False
Mycorrhizae are associations between bacteria and the roots of select plants. True False
False
Only the LDC's will be experiencing overpopulation growth in the near future. True/False
False
Parasitism, competition, and predation are density independent factors that help control population size.
False
Sea cucumbers are marine mollusks without a shell. True False
False
Since the population of the LDCs is still growing at a significant rate, one would correctly assume that the LDCs consume a much larger proportion of the Earth's resources. True/False
False
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is usually met in populations in changing environments
False
The basic level of an ecological study always begins by looking at how populations interact with each other.
False
The deceleration phase of growth always precedes the stable equilibrium phase in exponential growth. True/False
False
The early explorers used sailing ships, which were blown by the major winds; therefore, Columbus and other sailors generally traveled from Europe to North America by the mid-latitude westerlies, and returned to Europe by the southern easterlies near the equator. True False
False
The first species to being secondary succession are called pioneer species, or colonizers
False
The first species to being secondary succession are called pioneer species, or colonizers True/False
False
The most successful mammals belong to the marsupials group. True False
False
The outer annual rings where transport occurs is called heartwood. True False
False
Protostomes
First embryonic opening becomes the mouth.
1-Torpedo shaped body 2-Eggs are deposited in nest 3-Light body color 4-Jaws or grasping prey 5-Produces live young
Fish C Fish D Fish A Fish E Fish F
What are the characteristics of Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)?
Flat body; no specialized circulatory or respiratory structures; sac body plan with on opening; no body cavity.
What are the examples of Trocohozoans?
Flatworms, Rotifers, Molluscs, Annelids.
What are the examples of Angiosperms?
Flowering Plants
What are parasitic Flatworms called?
Flukes and Tapeworms
A seed is composed of a sporophyte embryo and its ____ within a protective seed coat
Food
What are the characteristics of Millipedes?
Four thoracic segments each have on pair of legs; abdominal segments have two pairs of legs; have cylindrical bodies; have a tough chitinous exoskeleton.
What are the characteristics of Hydra?
Freshwater Cnidarian; Small tubular poly body about one-quarter inch in length; Tentacles can respond to stimuli; can reproduce sexually and asexually; nerve net.
What are plants thought to have evolved from about 420 million years ago?
Freshwater Green Algae
The _____ that develop from flowers protect and aid in the dispersal of seeds
Fruits
Match the name of the kingdom found in the domain Eukarya on the left with the right
Fungi=molds Animal=insects Plant=cactus Protista=green algae
What is the dominant generation of mosses?
Gametophyte
Which is the correct binomial nomenclature?
Genus species
The first layers that appear in Embryonic Development are called what?
Germ Layers
Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes? Entamoeba histolytica—amoebic dysentery Trypanosoma brucei—sleeping sickness Giardia lamblia—malaria Trichomonas vaginalis—vaginitis and urethritis
Giardia lamblia—malaria
What are the three respiratory organs in Arthropods?
Gills, Book Lungs, and Tracheae
In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced?
Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.
___________ proposed that clay may have served as the site of polymerization of monomers to produce both nucleic acids and proteins at the same time. Stanley Miller Graham Cairns-Smith Thomas Cech Aleksander Oparin Sidney Fox
Graham Cairns-Smith
The two types of vascular platens that produce seeds are called _______ and _________
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
What are the examples of Seed Plants?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is
H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
What are Rhizoids?
Hairy extensions that anchor plants in soil and aid in absorption.
What are the characteristics of Crustaceans?
Hard, crusty exoskeleton containing calcium carbonate and chitin; most have compound eyes and five pairs of appendages; majority live in marine and aquatic environments.
What is a perfect flower?
Has both stamens and (a) carpel(s).
What is a imperfect flower?
Has stamens or (a) carpel(s), but not both.
What are the characteristics of Tapeworms?
Have anterior region with modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host; behind head region, scolex, a long series of proglottids are found that contain a full set of both male and female sex organs; complicated life cycles that usually involve several hosts.
What are the characteristics of Comb Jellies?
Have the appearance of jellyfish; the "combs" are eight visible longitudinal rows of cilia that can assist locomotion; Lack the nematocysts of cnidarians but some have two tentacles.
What are the characteristics of Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)?
Have three-part body plan; nervous system consists of several ganglia connected by nerve cords; true coelom is reduced and largely limited to the region around the heart; heart pumps hemolymph through vessels into hemocoel.
What are the characteristics of Cephalopods?
Head-footed force water out of mantle cavity for propulsion; Tentacles and arms capture prey by adhesive secretions for suckers; the beak is used to tear prey apart; have well-developed sense organs.
Filarial Worms
Heartworms; Caused fatalities in dogs.
What are the characteristics of Earthworms Reproduction?
Hermaphroditic; two worms lie in parallel to each other, facing in opposite directions fusing mid-body segment, which then secretes mucus, protecting sperm from desiccation; no larval stage.
How are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other?
Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
The gene that regulates segmentation in vertebrates, and therefore the number and types of vertebrae in snakes and humans is called the ____ gene.
Hox
AAT GAC CCG GAA TTT. Which species below is most closely related to the ancestral species?
Human: AAT GAC GCG GAA TTT
What are the examples of Cnidarians?
Hydra, Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones.
Active transport must be working against the concentration gradient. why?
If it were working with the gradient, it would simply diffuse.
r-Selection
In unstable or predictable environments, population growth is controlled by density-independent factors -population size is low relative to K
Which description best describes the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria? It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of cellulose.
It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.
Density-Independent Factor
Intensity of the effect does not increase with increased population density
Nerve Net
Interconnected nerve cells.
What parasitic effect does a Tapeworm have on an organism?
Interfere with nutrient absorption in host organism.
Ascaris
Intestinal roundworm that produces over 200,000 eggs daily.
Animals are descended from a single common ancestor, the two main branches within the animal lineage are?
Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Evidence supporting the idea that a bolide was responsible for the Cretaceous extinction includes the presence of _____ in Cretaceous clay
Iridium
Diffusion
It is a passive process in which molecules move from higher to lower concentration
What are the characteristics of Lycophytes?
Leaves are microphylis with a single, unbranched vein; sporangla borne on sides of leaves produce windblown spores; independent and separate gametophyte produces flagellated sperm.
Microphylls
Leaves that have only one strand of vascular tissue.
Which statement is NOT true about a retrovirus? It remains in the host cell genome, but is not replicated when host DNA is replicated. It contains reverse transcriptase. It has the capacity to integrate cDNA into the host DNA of the cell it infects. It may cause cancer or AIDS.
It remains in the host cell genome, but is not replicated when host DNA is replicated.
Which statement is NOT true about the RNA-first hypothesis? It is supported by the discovery that RNA can act as an enzyme. It is supported by the fact that some viruses have RNA as their genetic material. It suggests that there was an "RNA world" about 4 billion years ago. It says that first RNA, then DNA, and then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.
It says that first RNA, then DNA, and then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
Which statement is NOT true about a protocell? It would have contained DNA as its genetic material. It would have been present before the development of a true cell. It would have had a lipid and protein membrane forming the outer layer. It would have contained a biochemical pathway for energy metabolism. It might have been like a coacervate droplet in which a semipermeable boundary allows some materials to be absorbed from the surrounding environment.
It would have contained DNA as its genetic material.
A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?
Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.
Which of the following groups had made their appearance during the Ordovician period? Answer Jawless and jawed fish. Jawed fish and amphibians. Amphibians and reptiles. Reptiles and mammals. All of these groups had appeared by the Ordovician period.
Jawless and jawed fish.
Carrying Capacity
K; Maximum number of individuals of a given species the community can support
What are the characteristics of Leeches?
Leeches are usually found in freshwater habitats; have the same body plan as other annelids which is they have no setae, each body ring has several transverse grooves, and they have two additional suckers.
Doubling Time
Length of time it takes for the population size to double
What is a incomplete flower?
Lacks one or more of the four parts.
What are the examples of Lophophorates?
Lampshells and Bryozoa
What are the characteristics of Cycads?
Large, finely divided leaves that grow in clusters at the top of the stem; Large cones; pollen and seed cones on separate plants; pollinated by insects rather than wind; multiflagellated sperm swim to reach an egg.
What are the characteristics of Gastropods?
Largest class of molluscs; have an elongated, flattened foot; most have one-piece coiled shell; well-developed head region; cerebral ganglion and eyes on the ends of tentacles.
What are the characteristics of Mosses?
Largest phyla of nonvascular plants; in dry environment they shrivel, turn brown, and look dead but, when moist, they resume metabolic activity and turn green; usually have a leafy shoot, although some are secondarily flattened.
LDCs example
Latin America, Africa, & Asia
What are the characteristics of Ferns and Allies?
Leaves are megaphylis with branched veins; dominant sporophyte produces windblown spores in sporangia borne on leaves; and independent and separate gametophyte produces flagellated sperm.
What are the characteristics of Seed Plants?
Leaves are megaphylls; dominant sporophyte produces heterospores that become dependent male and female gametophytes. Male gametophyte is pollen grain and female gameophyte occurs within ovule, which becomes a seed.
What are the characteristics of Corals?
Like sea anemones encased in calcium carbonate; live in colonies and build coral reefs.
Who developed the taxonomic system of binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus
What are the characteristics of Planarians (genus Dugesia)?
Live in freshwater habitats; head bluntly arrow shaped; three kinds of muscle layers: Outer circular layer, Inner longitudinal layer, and Diagonal layer; excretory organ functions in osmotic regulation and water excretion; can reproduce asexually or sexually; hermaphroditic; have undergone cephalization; ladder-type nervous system.
What are the characteristics of Hornworts?
Live in moist, well-shaded areas; photosynthetic; have small sporophytes rising out of thin gametophytes that carry on photosynthesis; symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria; can bypass alternation of generations by reproducing asexually through fragmentation.
What are the characteristics of Chelicerates?
Live in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments; appendages attached to cephalothorax, no no abdomen.
What are the characteristics of Charophytes?
Live in water, haploid life cycle, and share traits with the land plants.
What are the examples of Bryophyes?
Liverworts, horn-warts, and mosses.
Which of the listed organisms do not possess the necessary features to be classified as a member of phylum Mollusca? Answer clams squids lobsters nautiluses snails
Lobsters
What are water vascular systems used for?
Locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception.
What are the two groups that Laphotrochozoa are divided into?
Lophophorans and Trocohozoans
What does Protostomia (Lophotrochozoa) consist of?
Lophophorates, Flatworms, Rotifers, Molluscs, and Annelids.
Who was the first person to suggest the existence of a virus, suspecting that it was the cause of rabies?
Louis Pasteur
What are the characteristics of Bryophytes?
Low-lying, non-vascular plants that prefer moist locations; Dominant gametophyte produces flagellated sperm; unbranched, dependent sporophyte produces windblown spores.
What are some examples of Vascular Plants?
Lycophytes, Ferns and their allies, and Seed Plants.
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
Lysosome
Metamorphosis
Means implying change, and it reduces competition because larvae require different food and environment than adults.
What are the characteristics of True Jellies (Jellyfish)?
Medusa is primary stage and polyp remains small; feed on invertebrates and are food for marine animals.
Age Structure Diagrams
Members of a populations distributed into groups by age
Which of the following is an example of hybrid sterility?
Members of different species produce an infertile offspring
Iteroparity
Members of the population experience many reproductive events
Semelparity
Members of the population have only a single reproductive event
Which of the following time periods contains the others? Cretaceous Triassic Jurassic Mesozoic
Mesozoic
At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?
Metaphase
What are the characteristics of Rotifers?
Microscopic animals with a corona (crown of cilia) that looks like a spinning wheel when in motion.
What are the two types of spores in Lycophytes?
Microspores (male gametophyte) and Megaspores (female gametophyte).
What are the characteristics of the microspores and megaspores in heterosporous plants?
Microspores-develop into drought-resistant pollen grains (male gametophyte). Microspores-develops into an ovule which becomes a seed after fertilization (female gametophyte).
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrion
What do plant systematicists use to classify plants?
Molecular and Morphological Information
Which of the following information provides the strongest evidence to support the evolutionary relatedness between fungi and animals? Both of them are heterotrophic. Some fungi and animals have flagella. Molecular data showing a similarity in DNA / RNA base sequences. They both possess a cell wall made of chitin.
Molecular data showing a similarity in DNA / RNA base sequences.
Which kingdom contains bacteria and other prokaryotes?
Monera
The two classes of angiosperms are:
Monocots, eudicots
Replacement Reproduction
More young women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them
What are the characteristics of Insects?
Most insects live of land; body segments; live on land and breathe by tracheae; many undergo complete metamorphosis; are an important food source for other animals and carnivorous plants.
Sporophyte
Multi-cellular individual produces haploid spores by meiosis that develops into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell. Spore undergoes mitosis and becomes new multi-cellular gametophyte.
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?
Multi-cellular, usually with specialized tissues; photosynthesizers that became adapted to living on land; most have alternation-of-generations life cycle.
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
Multi-cellular; usually with specialized tissues; ingest or absorb food; diploid life cycle.
What are the characteristics of Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera)?
Named for crown of cilia (known as the corona) resembling a rotating wheel; mostly freshwater, although some marine and terrestrial forms exist.
Zero Population Growth
No increase in population size
Asymmetry
No particular body shape. (EX. Sponge)
Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced? Ascomycota—conidiospores Basidiomycota—conidiospores Zygomycophyta—sporangiospores Chytrids—zoospores None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.
None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.
The two layered body sac of Cnidarians includes the Outer and Inner layers, what are the characteristics of each layer?
Outer Layer-Protective Epidermis Inner Layer-Gastrovascular Cavity
When comparing archaea with bacteria both archaea and bacteria are easily cultured and studied in the laboratory. the chemical nature of the cell wall of archaea and bacteria is identical and shows their early relationship. bacteria are not very diverse and are limited in distribution, while archaea are far more diverse and found everywhere. the archaea and bacteria are cases of reduction in traits and are both derived from early eukarya. None of the choices are true.
None of the choices are true.
Resources
Nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components of an environment that support living organisms
What are the characteristics of Roundworms?
Nonsegmented, generatally colorless worms; several parasitic roundworms infect humans; contain a pseudocoelom.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the evolutionary species concept?
Normally occurring trait variations can confuse species identification
MDCs example
North America, Europe, Japan and Australia
Exponential Growth
Number of individuals added each generation increases rapidly (due to total number of reproductive females) 2 Phases
Monocotyledones (Monocots)
One cotyledon in seed.
The eukaryotic supergroup that contains the fungi is the supergroup _____
Opisthokonkta
Which of these best describe a photoautotroph?
Organisms able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and sunlight as the energy source.
What do germ layers give rise to?
Organs and organ systems.
Density- Dependent Factor
Percentage of the population affected does increase as the density of the population increases
Which list of traits is characteristic of the ecdysozoans? Answer Periodically shed their outer covering, non-segmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an exoskeleton and undergo metamorphosis. Periodically shed their outer covering, non-segmented body plan and contain a layer of jellylike fluid called mesoglea, contain an exoskeleton and undergo metamorphosis. Periodically shed their outer covering, segmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an endoskeleton and undergo metamorphosis. None of the these are correct.
Periodically shed their outer covering, non-segmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an exoskeleton and undergo metamorphosis.
Which of the following features is common among the roundworms as well as the arthropods? Answer Periodically shed their outer covering. Radial symmetry. Endoskeleton. Undergo metamorphosis.
Periodically shed their outer covering.
Which kingdom is correctly described? Animalia: multicellular and heterotrophic by absorption Plantae: multicellular and photoautotrophic Fungi: multicellular and heterotrophic by ingestion Protista: unicellular and heterotrophic only
Plantae: multicellular and photoautotrophic
What is the difference between plants and algae?
Plants protect the zygote, and protect and nourish the embryo.
Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoans? Amoeboids and euglenoids Choanoflagellates and diplomonads Cellular slime molds and radiolarians Plasmodial and cellular slime molds Plasmodial and water molds
Plasmodial and cellular slime molds
Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Plastids
Water environments provide what?
Plentiful water and support for the body of the plant.
Water is a polar molecule because of the presence of ___________ bonds.
Polar covalent
The transfer of pollen from either pollen cone to seed cone or from anther to stigma
Pollination
What are the examples of Annelids?
Polychaetes, Earthworms, and Leeches.
What are the body forms of Cnidarians?
Polyp and medusa body forms.
Less-Developed Countries (LDC)
Population growth is expanding rapidly; poverty Ex: Latin America, Africa, Asia
More-Developed Counties (MDC)
Population growth is low; high standard of living Ex: United States, Germany, Japan, Australia
How is environmental impact measured in a population?
Population size and resource consumption.
Environment Impact (EI)
Population size x Resource consumption per capital = pollution per unit of resource used
________ prevent hybrid offspring from developing or if the hybrid is born, it is infertile. Prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms Temporal isolation mechanisms Postzygotic isolating mechanisms Two of these are correct. None of the above.
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Survivorship
Probability of newborn individuals of a cohort surviving to particular ages
What are the characteristics of Conifers?
Produce cones; tough, needle-like leaves of pines coserve water with a thick cuticle and recessed stomata; Sporophyte is dominant; monoecious.
The evolution of organisms in the three domains and four kingdoms is most accurately described by which sequence? Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals Prokaryotes to Protists, separately to Animals and Plants with Fungi a loss of plant photosynthesis Prokaryotes to Protists to Plants, from Plants separately to both Animals and Fungi Protists to Prokaryotes to Fungi, from Fungi separately to Plants and Animals Prokaryotes to Fungi to Protists to Plants to Animals
Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Sepals
Protect flower bud before it opens.
What is an example of Ferns and Allies?
Pteridophytes
Which of the following is part of a viroid?
RNA
The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of
RNA or DNA
Some viruses never use DNA to carry out protein synthesis and have only RNA as their genetic material. This would lend evidence to which theory? RNA-first hypothesis protein-first hypothesis simultaneous evolution of RNA and proteins endosymbiotic theory of eukaryote evolution
RNA-first hypothesis
What are the characteristics of Echinoderms?
Radial symmetry as adults; unique water-vascular system and tube feet; endoskeleton of calcium plates.
Name one of the smallest, if not the smallest, animals that are sometimes referred to as "resurrection animalcules." Answer planaria parasitic mites fruit flies parasitic rotifers
Rotifers
What is the purpose of the crown of cilia in Rotifers?
Serves as both an organ of locomotion and aids direction of food to mouth.
What are the characteristics of Flukes
Reproductive system well developed; usually hermaphroditic; utilize secondary host to transmit offspring; head has been replaced by hooks or suckers for attachment to host.
Which of the following is not part of the reproduction cycle of HIV? Biosynthesis of the viral mRNA Reverse transcription of the viral RNA Reverse transcription of the viral DNA Maturation of the viruses
Reverse transcription of the viral DNA
The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by Rhizarians. Opisthokonts. Chromalveolates. Excavates. Amoebozoans.
Rhizarians.
What does "Ecdysis" mean?
Stripping off.
What does Protostomia (Ecdysozoa) consist of?
Roundworms and Arthropods
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to
RuBP
Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product? Rusts and smuts—truffles Aspergillus—soy sauce Aspergillus—citric and gallic acid Penicillium—antibiotics Saccharomyces cerevisiae—beer and wine
Rusts and smuts—truffles
What are the examples of Echinoderms?
Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, and Sea Cucumbers.
What are the most plentiful plants in the biosphere?
Seed Plants
What is the characteristics of the seeds of Gymnosperms?
Seed are not enclosed by fruit-"naked" seeds.
A plant with vascular tissue and windblown spores is a _______ vascular plant
Seedless
What are Pteridophytes?
Seedless vascular plants with megaphylls including ferns and their allies.
What are the characteristics of Annelids (Phylum Annelida)?
Segmented partitions (septa) divide the well-developed, fluid-filled coelom, which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton; specialized digestive tract; closed circulatory system; ventral solid nerve cord; most are marine; Setae help in movement.
What are the characteristics of Annelids?
Segmented with body rings and setae; cephalization in some polychaetes; hydroskeleton; closed circulatory system.
R-selection
Selection occurring when a population is far below the carrying capacity of an unstable environment Species reproduce quickly and in large numbers
Dioecious
Some trees produce seed, and other trees produce pollen.
What are the characteristics of a Sea Star?
Spines from exoskeletal plates offer protection; on oral surface, each arm has a groove lined by little tube feet; Locomotion depends on water vascular system; reproduce sexually and asexually.
This name of the filamentous algae pictured here, belongs in the supergroup Archaeplastida, is _______. Spirogyra Plasmodium Ulva Volvox Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges? Answer If the cells of a sponge are mechanically separated, they will spontaneously reassemble into a complete and functioning sponge. Sponges have two tissue layers. Sponges have an osculum, an opening in the upper body. Sponges are filter feeders. Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Sponges have two tissue layers.
What is the dominant generation of Lycophytes?
Sporophyte
What is the dominant generation of ferns, pine trees, and peach trees?
Sporophyte
What are the examples of Cephalopods?
Squids and Octopi.
__________, a black mold that grows well on building materials, causes "sick building syndrome" in those who have been chronically exposed to its toxins. Aspergillus Stachybotrys Candida Histoplasma
Stachybotrys
________ discovered that a variety of amino acids and organic acids could be produced in the laboratory in a reducing atmosphere with electrical sparks. Stanley Miller Graham Cairns-Smith Thomas Cech Aleksander Oparin Sidney Fox
Stanley Miller
Demography
Statistical study of a population, including information about its density, distribution, and rate of growth
Stigma
Sticky receptor of pollen grains.
What are the three regions of the Carpel?
Stigma, Style, Ovary
Lignin
Strengthens cell walls of conducting cells in xylem.
Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT thrush. Strep throat (pharyngitis). athlete's foot. histoplasmosis.
Strep throat (pharyngitis).
The gene that codes for a transcription factor that turns on genes required for the development of limbs in both birds and humans is called the ___ gene.
Tbx5
What are the examples of Chelicerates?
Terrestrial spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crab, and sea spiders.
What is the name and purpose of Chelicerates first pair of appendages?
The Chelicerae are used for feeding and defense.
What is the name and purpose of Chelicerates second pair of appendages?
The Pedipalps function in feeding or sensory systems.
Which of the following lists of mass extinctions and Eras is correct? The Precambrian experienced 0, Paleozoic experienced 3, Mesozoic experienced 2 and the Cretaceous experienced 0 mass extinctions. The Precambrian experienced 2, Paleozoic experienced 2, Mesozoic experienced 3 and the Cretaceous experienced 0 mass extinctions. The Precambrian experienced 0, Paleozoic experienced 2, Mesozoic experienced 3 and the Cretaceous experienced 0 mass extinctions. The Precambrian experienced 1, Paleozoic experienced 3, Mesozoic experienced 2 and the Cretaceous experienced 1 mass extinctions.
The Precambrian experienced 0, Paleozoic experienced 3, Mesozoic experienced 2 and the Cretaceous experienced 0 mass extinctions.
When discussing population features a cohort is described as
all the individuals in a population born at the same time.
What are the three-parts in a Molluscs body plan, and what is the purpose of each part?
The Visceral Mass-contains internal organs The Mantle-May secrete shell and/or contribute to development of gills or lungs. The Foot-Muscle adapted for locomotion, attachment, or food capture.
Which statement is the most likely description of the common ancestor that exists between fungi and animals? The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived on the terrestrial environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist. The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a multicellular protist. The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist. The ancestor was a multicellular organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a flagellated protist.
The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist.
Molecular Information
The branch of biology that deals with the nature of biological phenomena at the molecular level.
In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf? Mold actually begins from anywhere inside but produces colored spores only at the surface. Only molds at the surface of the bread can get oxygen to respire. There is an antibiotic antagonism between the bread mold and the internal yeasts that made the bread rise. Mold can grow only on dry surfaces. The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.
The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.
a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart
In differentiating fungi from plants and animals, which of the following statements is NOT true? Fungal spores develop into haploid hyphae without embryo development; plants have embryo development. The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen. Plants have cell walls of cellulose; fungi have cell walls of chitin. Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion while fungi are heterotrophic by absorption.
The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen.
Which feature would have given the jawed fish an evolutionary advantage over the jawless fish when it came time to hunt for food? Answer The evolution of jaws from the gill slits that would enable them to bite more efficiently. The evolution of an ectothermic lifestyle so they could regulate their body temperature based upon the environment. Gills that would increase the efficiency of their breathing. A cartilaginous endoskeleton that would provide for more power while swimming. A skin that is nonscaly that also allows for an increased respiration ability.
The evolution of jaws from the gill slits that would enable them to bite more efficiently.
The reactivity of an atom arises from?
The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms? Answer The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates. Gas exchange occurs through skin gills and tube feet. Larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical. A water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction. Symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.
The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates.
What is the colonial flagellate hypothesis?
The hypothesis states that animals are descended from an ancestor resembling a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells.
Cephalization
The localization of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end.
What is the main reason that mammals underwent adaptive radiation after the demise of the dinosaurs? Answer They had to adapt in order to physically survive the ice age. The mammals had little competition so it was easier for them to evolve into the niches that were once occupied by the dinosaurs. They had an "inner need" to become better suited to their environment. None of the above.
The mammals had little competition so it was easier for them to evolve into the niches that were once occupied by the dinosaurs.
Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen. The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic fungi would no longer be available for the bacterial cells. The fungi would start to dry out due to the lack of water retention ability. There wouldn't be any type of impact to the lichen at all. The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells.
The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells.
Which piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution? The outer membrane of a mitochondrion and chloroplast resemble a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion and chloroplast resemble a eukaryotic cell while the outer membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell. Both mitochondria and chloroplast divide by Mitosis. Mitochondria and chloroplast are much larger than present day bacteria.
The outer membrane of a mitochondrion and chloroplast resemble a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell.
Which piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution? Mitochondria and chloroplast are the same size as bacteria. Mitochondria and chloroplast divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplast both contain DNA and some can make their own proteins. The outer membrane of chloroplast and mitochondria resemble that of a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell. All of the above are correct.
The outer membrane of chloroplast and mitochondria resemble that of a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell.
What is the different between body forms in Cnidarians?
The polyp mouth is directed upward, while the mouth of a jellyfish or medusa is directed downward.
Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph?
The presence of a light trapping pigment.
Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph? The ability to synthesize organic compounds. The presence of cellulose in the cell wall. The presence of mitochondria within the cell. The ability to synthesize inorganic compounds. The presence of a light trapping pigment.
The presence of a light trapping pigment.
What do fungi and arthropods have in common?
The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.
Any chemical that had reached equilibrium
The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
Most brown algae have the alternation of generations life cycle, but some species of Fungus have a diplontic life cycle. True False
True
Ecology
The study of the interactions among all organisms and with their physical environment
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi? The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi. The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi. The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a single hyphae and multiple mycelium. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi. The vast majority of fungi are unicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
Which of the following is ancestral to all mammals?
Therapsid
Which group of Archaea are chemoautotrophic anaerobes that will use hydrogen as an electron donor? Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Cyanobacteria Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
What are the characteristics of Non-vascular Plants
These plants are low-lying plants that lack the means of transporting water and organic nutrients, and lack true roots, stems, and leaves. These plants were the first to colonize land.
What is the expected pattern of growth for a population that has a birthrate that is higher than the death rate?
This population can expect to see a pyramid-shaped diagram that will cause the population to grow in the near future.
What is the function of the buds formed by hydras? Answer They aid in digestion. They develop into cnidocytes and can be used in defense. They develop into the nerve net and are used to detect prey. They produce new epidermal tissue to replace the old tissue. They are a form of asexual reproduction.
They are a form of asexual reproduction
Which of the following does not describe Phylum Ascomycota? Uses candidospores during reproduction. Morel mushrooms are members of this phylum. The fruiting body is known as an ascocarp. They are limited to only asexual reproduction.
They are limited to only asexual reproduction.
If each of the six organisms shown is a separate species, what does that imply? They are different sizes. They have different diets. They are not capable of interbreeding. They do not live in the same location.
They are not capable of interbreeding.
Which of the following characteristics about saprotrophs is NOT true? They are ecologically important in recycling matter. They are bacteria that decompose large organic molecules. They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells. Saprotrophs are also called decomposers.
They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells.
Which statement is true about prokaryotes? They lack ribosomes. They do not divide by mitosis. They contain a nucleus. They usually lack a cell wall. They contain a long linear strand of DNA as the genetic material.
They do not divide by mitosis.
How are organisms in a particular taxonomic category grouped together?
They share a trait or set of traits
What is special about Octopuses?
They show capacity for learning.
What are the characteristics of Crayfish?
Thorax bears five pairs of walking legs; head and thorax fused into cephalothorax; the respiratory system consists of gills; coelom is reduced; have an open circulatory system; nervous system is well developed; the sexes are separate; green glands excrete metabolic wastes.
Describe the hypha of a fungus:
Tiny filaments with tubular cell walls surrounding the cytoplasm and plasma membrane
What is the purpose of the fruits of flowers?
To protect and aid in seed dispersal; utilize wind, gravity, water, and animals for dispersal.
Trichinella
Trichinosis; Humans can contract infection from eating rare pork infected this Trichinella.
A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is Trichomonas. Plasmodium. Giardia. Entamoeba. Paramecium.
Trichomonas.
fish example
Trout: live in cool mountain streams, where the oxygen content is high Carp: can tolerate a lower oxygen concentration, live in rivers near the coast
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can metabolize effectively in the presence or absence of oxygen. True False
True
A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and fungi. True False
True
A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and fungi. True False
True
A supergroup is a taxonomic category that may encompass kingdoms and phyla. True False
True
An environmental change, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, may cause a lysogenic bacterium to enter a lytic cycle. True False
True
An environmental change, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, may cause a lysogenic virus to enter a lytic cycle. True False
True
Bioluminescence is found in some organisms living in the deepest part of the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. True False
True
Brown algae along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and mucilaginous cell walls. True False
True
Chromalveolates that live along the rocky shores of the north temperate zones are able to withstand pounding tides and drying because of their holdfasts and mucilaginous cell walls. True False
True
Dandelions and tent caterpillars, which are r-strategists, are examples of opportunistic species that tend to move in high numbers and rapidly occupy new environments. True/False
True
Intrinsic factors, such as behavior and physiology, may affect growth rates of a population. True/False
True
It is believed that eukaryotes evolved their mitochondria from a symbiotic relationship with a free-living aerobic bacteria. True False
True
Many species are held below the environmental carrying capacity by predation. True/False
True
Metamorphosis is a change in form and physiology that occurs during the development of an insect. True False
True
Monocot roots have centrally located ground tissue called pith, surrounded by a ring of xylem and phloem bundles. True False
True
Most Chromalveolates have the alternation of generations life cycle, but some species of Fungus have a diplontic life cycle.
True
Eudicotyledones (Eudicots)
Two cotyledons in seed.
How is convergent evolution best explained?
Two different species develop similar traits due to adaptation to similar environments.
Radial Symmetry
Two identical halves (EX. jellyfish).
Which of the following reptilian features enabled them to adapt to a terrestrial environment? Answer A dry skin, ectothermy and external fertilization Two pairs of paired limbs, a septum that divides the ventricle, and well developed kidneys Skin that allows for respiration, a septum that divides the ventricle and an amniotic egg Efficient respiration, ectothermy and external fertilization Live birth, efficient excretion and two pairs of limbs
Two pairs of paired limbs, a septum that divides the ventricle, and well developed kidneys
Diploblastic
Two tissue layers
The roots of Lycophytes are branching...
Underground rhizome that evolved as lower extensions of the stem.
Which of the following list best describes the features used to classify an organism as a member of Domain Bacteria? Multicellular, lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains introns but lacks ribosomes Unicellular, contains a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns Unicellular, lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains introns but lacks ribosomes Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns
Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns
Which of the following lists of features exemplifies the Domain Archaea? Unicellular, unbranched phospholipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, nuclear envelope and contain some introns Multicellular, varying branched lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns
Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns
A population in which death rates are higher than birth rates, and the prereproductive group is smaller than the reproductive group, is best represented by an age structure diagram with a(n) ______ -shape.
Urn
Identify the correct sequence of events that occur during the reproduction of HIV. Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - mature viruses leave the host cell Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell
Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell
A difference between viruses and viroids?
Viruses have capsids composed of protein, whereas viroids have no capsids.
Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description? Volvox—filamentous Chara—multicellular Chlamydomonas—unicellular Ulva—multicellular
Volvox—filamentous
Ferns are most abundant in which of the following habitats:
Warm, moist, tropical conditions
What are the adaptations of land plants that allow them to live on land?
Waxy Cuticle, Stomata, Vascular Systems, Three-dimensional tissues, alternation of generations.
Competition
When members of a species attempt to use the same resource that are in limited supply
Predation
When one living organism, the predator, eats another, the prey
How do Comb Jellies Capture prey?
With Colloblasts.
The vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals up from the roots is called ______
Xylem
Biosphere
Zones of the Earth's soil, water, and air where living organisms are found
Fungi such as black bread mold that reproduce asexually by forming windblown spores in sporangia and sexually via thick-walled zygospores:
Zygomycota
The common bread mold, Rhizopus, belongs to which phylum?
Zygomycota
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin C. Matoo Kimura D. both A and B E. both B and C the originator of the binomial designation for species
a
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin C. Matoo Kimura D. both A and B E. both B and C used a classification scheme that did not sort homology from analogy
a
A. phlyogenetic tree B. phylogram C. ultrametric tree D. A and B only E. A, B, and C Provides information only about relative sequence of branch points in time.
a
Figure 25.1 Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2?
a
Figure 25.1 Which species are extinct? A) A and E B) A and B C) C and D D) D and E E) cannot be determined from the information provided
a
Figure 25.2 Which of the following is not true of vertically oriented phylogenetic trees? A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are ancestral to those represented at higher levels. C) The more branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. D) The common ancestor represented by the highest branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at lower branch points. E) The more branch points there are, the more instances of cladogenesis are represented.
a
Figure 25.4 Which pattern of mutation rate would be most helpful if one desires to use a gene as a molecular clock to determine evolutionary relatedness of species that are closely related to each other?
a
Upon their discovery by Europeans, koalas were classified as bears (Ursidae). Later, it became apparent that koalas are not bears, but marsupial mammals of the family Phascolarctidae. For as long as the koalas were classified as bears, what was true of the family Ursidae? A) It was polyphyletic. B) Its classification had a better basis in fact than the current one. C) Its classification was more in line with molecular evidence than the current one. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
a
Which of the following pairs are homologous? A) bat wing and human hand B) owl wing and hornet wing C) porcupine quill and cactus spine D) bat forelimb and bird wing E) Australian mole and North American mole
a
Which of these is most likely to increase the rate of a molecular clock? A) genes being replicated by DNA polymerases that have no proofreading capability B) genes with a high proportion of guanine-cytosine pairs C) the absence of introns from genes D) when the amino acid sequence of the gene product is critical for proper functioning E) the absence of functional telomerases
a
population
all the individuals of a species within a particular space at a particular time
What is the correct order of reproduction in members of Phylum Basidiomycota a. Cytoplasmic fusion results in a dikaryotic mycelium b. The mycelium produces basidiocarps c. Nuclear fusion produces a diploid nucleus d. Meiosis produces basidiospores e. Spores germinate into haploid hyphae f. Basidia develop on the gills of the mushroom g. Basidiospores are released a - b - f - c - d - g - e a - d - b - f - c - g - e a - c - f - d - c - g - e a - b - f - d - c - g - e
a - b - f - c - d - g - e
What is the correct order of reproduction in members of Phylum Zygomycota? a. Hyphae of opposite mating strains touch each other b. Gametangia merge, nuclei pair and fuse c. Spores are released from the sporangium d. Gametangia form at the end of the hyphae e. A thick wall develops around the zygospore a - b - c - d - e a - d - b - e - c a - b - e - c - d e - d- a - b - c
a - d - b - e - c
Which of these structures can be said to be analogous to each other?
a bee wing and a bat wing
The Cretaceous, Devonian, and Triassic extinctions may all have been the result of
a bolide event
Describe the body structure of a Chytrid:
a circle (body) with root like legs coming out of it (Rhzoids)
What is a inflorescent flower?
a cluster of flowers.
A group of molecular biologists is trying to synthesize a new artificial compound to mimic the effects of a known hormone that influences sexual behavior. They have turned to you for advice. Which of the following compounds is most likely to mimic the effects of the hormone?
a compound with the same three-dimensional shape as part of the hormone
In the near future, the human population is predicted to involve
a decrease in growth in most, but not all, more-developed countries and continued growth in most less-developed countries.
Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by _________. a protein capsid both DNA and RNA a membranous envelope a protein spore coat either DNA or RNA
a membranous envelope
All of the following statements about population distribution are true EXCEPT
a population's distribution is calculated as the number of individuals per unit area.
The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi, but the fungi do not benefit from the association. a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level. a simple cooperative mutualism between normally free-living strains. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association. an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells.
a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association.
Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap, a colorful flap of skin in the neck region. This is an example of temporal isolation. a postzygotic isolating mechanism. hybrid inviability. a prezygotic isolating mechanism.
a postzygotic isolating mechanism.
An example of territoriality is
a red-winged blackbird singing to ward off other males and attract a female to the nest in his fencerow.
Name five differences between Chytrids and classical Fungi: a. b. c. d. e.
a. Chytrids are aquatic; Fungi live on land b. Chytrids are motile; Fungi are non-motile c. Chytrids have centrioles; Fungi don't have centrioles d. Chytrids have diploid nuclei; Fungi have haploid nuclei e. Chytrids have cellulose in the cell wall; Fungi do not
Over the years, Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) have bounced back and forth between the Fungal kingdom and Protistan kingdom. Give two reasons for classifying the chytrids as Fungi: a. b.
a. Chytrids have chitin in the cell wall b. The genes indicate a close evolutionary relationship
A lichen is an organism composed of these phyla: a. b. c.
a. Green Algae b. Cyanobacteria c. Cyanobacteria + Green Algae
Spores produced in a zygosporangium are: a. Haploid b. Diploid c. Lacking a nucleus.
a. Haploid
The spore of question 27 is: a. Haploid b. Diploid.
a. Haploid
The spores of classical (non-chytrid) fungi are always: a. Haploid b. Diploid c. Triploid d. Tetraploid.
a. Haploid
Select the phylum in which the cells composing the vegetative hyphae have no cross-walls (septa), so that cytoplasm and organelles can flow from cell to cell: a. Zygomycota b. Ascomycota c. Basidiomycota.
a. Zygomycota
The type of meiotic cycle found in non-chytrid fungi is: a. Zygotic b. Gametic c. Sporic.
a. Zygotic
The formation of simple organic monomers, such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotide bases, from inorganic molecules is biosynthesis. genetically modified photosynthesis. abiotic synthesis. chemoautotrophic activity.
abiotic synthesis
If a geologists is measuring levels of radioactive isotopes from fossils in order to estimate the age of the fossils, she is using a technique called ____ dating.
absolute
Altruism is
actions of an animal that immediately benefit others rather than itself.
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
activation energy
Rather than being seen as stages in a path leading to the formation of the modern horse, it is important to realize that ancestors to the modern horse were all ____ to their particular environments.
adapted
A type of speciation that involves the development of several species, each adapted to a specific environment is called
adaptive radiation
A single fish quickly gave rise to many new species of fish following the introduction of a change in environmental conditions. This is an example of convergent evolution. adaptive radiation. coevolution. microevolution.
adaptive radiation.
Whereas ____ are the protists that share common ancestors with land plants, __ are the protists that are most closely related to animals.
algae; protozoans
By the middle of the Cenozoic era:
all modern orders of mammals were in existence
A female chooses a mate by -courtship display rituals. -selecting the more aggressive and vigorous males. -selecting traits that improve the chances of offspring survival.
all of these
An ecologist may study -the human impact on the Earth's environment. -the different types of organisms living near a hydrothermal vent and how they interact. -the affect of a particular pesticide on a food chain. -how populations are restricted by environmental resistance.
all of these
Density-independent factors which play a role in regulating population size in nature include -weather. -natural disasters. -geographical barriers.
all of these
Which of the following factor(s) limit(s) exponential growth of a population? -limited resource availability -increases in predator populations -competition between members -competition with other species
all of these
Which of the following is a disadvantage of maintaining a large territory? -There will be a large number of females that reside within the territory. -There will be a large diversity of food types within the territory. -There will be ample room for nesting sites. -It will be energetically expensive to control and defend the territory.
all of these
________ communication occurs within an animal societal unit. -Chemical -Auditory -Visual -Tactile
all of these
community
all populations of a multiple species interacting at a locale
Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California. As they migrate southward, populations are separated by the Central Valley. With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley, genetic differences accumulate. What type of speciation occurs under these conditions? neither sympatric or allopatric sympatric speciation allopatric speciation both sympatric and allopatric speciation
allopatric speciation
What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier? neither sympatric or allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier allopatric speciation sympatric speciation both sympatric and allopatric speciation require a geographic barrier
allopatric speciation
If two different species of plants hybridize, and following that there is doubling of the chromosome number the resulting hybrid will have a polyploidy condition known as _____
alloploidy
Adaptive behavior has probably been selected by evolutionary processes because it
allows the animal to produce the largest number of viable offspring.
The unicellular protists that have small sacs lying just beneath their plasma membranes are the _____
alveolates
Proteins are polymers of
amino acids
Stanley Miller's chemical evolution experiment has been criticized because it is unlikely that primitive Earth's atmosphere contained
ammonia
Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles? Answer amniotic egg scales on skin four-legged body skull and vertebral column animals living completely on land
amniotic egg
Reptiles evolved from ______ ancestors and were abundant by the ________ Period. Answer mammals; Carboniferous fish; Devonian echinoderms; Cambrian amphibians; Permian
amphibians; Permian
Flukes are divided into Monogenea and Digenea. Monogenea have a posterior holdfast with hooks, clamps, and suckers; Digenea have suckers but never hooks and clamps. Monogenea have only one host in the life cycle, and usually live on gills or skin of fish and amphibians; Digenea have at least two hosts and often three or more, and are named because they have two reproductive states in their life cycle (an adult and intramolluscan phase). From what you now know, the blood fluke Schistosoma would therefore be Answer an endoparasite and Monogenean. an endoparasite and Digenean. an ectoparasite and Digenean. an ectoparasite and Monogenean.
an endoparasite and Digenean.
Darwin analogized the effects of evolution as the above-ground portion of a many-branched tree, with extant species being the tips of the twigs. The common ancestor of two species is most analogous to which anatomical tree part? A) a single twig that gets longer with time B) a node where two twigs diverge C) a twig that branches with time D) the trunk E) neighboring twigs attached to the same stem
b
Figure 25.2 Which of the following numbers represents a polyphyletic taxon? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) more than one of these
b
Figure 25.3 If the sequence of Species A differs from that of the other four species due to simple misalignment, then what should the computer software find when it compares the sequence of Species A to those of the other four species? A) The nucleotide at position 1 should be different in Species A, but the same in species B-E. B) The nucleotide sequence of Species A should have long sequences that are nearly identical to those of the other species, but offset in terms of position number. C) The sequences of species B-E, though different from that of Species A, should be identical to each other, without exception. D) If the software compares, not nucleotide sequence, but rather the amino acid sequence of the actual protein product, then the amino acid sequences of species B-E should be similar to each other, but very different from that of Species A. E) Computer software is useless in determining sequences of introns; it can only be used with exons.
b
Mutations that occur deep within intronic sequences that are not subject to alternative splicing, and not subject to DNA-repair enzyme activity, should usually be ________ mutations. A) point B) neutral C) deletion D) beneficial E) harmful
b
Some claim that the birds should continue to be placed in a class (Aves) separate from the Reptilia, despite evidence from molecular systematics indicating a close relationship between birds and crocodiles. Their claim is based on the extent of the adaptations that birds have undergone for flight. The logic of their claim is most similar to that found in which statement? A) Dolphins should be classified as fish because of their streamlined bodies and dorsal fins. B) Humans should be placed in their own order because no other member of the order Primates features so many modifications for bipedalism. C) Koalas (Australian marsupials that feed on Eucalyptus leaves) should be placed in a new family because they are so similar in appearance to true (eutherian) bears. D) Convergent evolution has made the cacti of the New World and the euphorbs of the Old World so alike in appearance that they ought to be placed together in the same taxon. E) Pterodactyls are an extinct group of reptiles that were well-adapted for flight and, thus, were the first birds.
b
The camera-type eyes of octopuses are very complicated and have many of the same features as the camera-type eyes of vertebrates. Yet, the eyes of invertebrates and vertebrates are not homologous. This situation is an example of
b
The correct sequence from the most to the least comprehensive of the taxonomic levels listed here is A) family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus. B) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. C) kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species. D) phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus. E) phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species.
b
The lakes of northern Minnesota contain many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma that have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10,000 years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species? A) nuclear DNA B) mitochondrial DNA C) small nuclear RNA D) ribosomal RNA E) amino acids in proteins
b
The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) exaptation. D) adaptive radiation. E) sympatric speciation.
b
When sufficient heat is applied, double-stranded DNA denatures into two single-stranded molecules as the heat breaks all of the hydrogen bonds. In an experiment, molecules of single-stranded DNA from species X are separately hybridized with putatively homologous single-stranded DNA molecules from five species (A-E). The hybridized DNAs are then heated, and the temperature at which complete denaturation occurs is recorded. Based on the data below, which species is probably most closely related to species X? Species Temperature at Which Hybridized DNA Denatures A 30°C B 85°C C 74°C D 60°C E 61°C
b
Reproduction in Zygomycetes and Ascomycetes is usually: a. Parthenogenetic b. Asexual c. Sexual d. Gametic.
b. Asexual
Cell walls of fungi are strengthened with: a. Cellulose b. Chitin c. Peptidoglycan d. Protein.
b. Chitin
Fungi obtain organic molecules for food by: a. Phagocytosis b. Extracellular digestion followed by absorption c. Endocytosis d. Chemoautotrophy.
b. Extracellular digestion followed by absorption
During vegetative (i.e., non-reproductive) growth the nuclei in the cells of non-chytrid fungi are always: a. Diploid b. Haploid c. Triploid d. Tetraploid.
b. Haploid
How does mitosis (and meiosis) in non-chytrid fungi differ from that in plants and animals? a. The nuclear envelope disintegrates (open) b. The nuclear envelope does not disintegrate (closed or nuclear) c. Cellulose fibers pull the chromosomes apart, not microtubules d. Fungi do not have chromosomes.
b. The nuclear envelope does not disintegrate (closed or nuclear)
Unicellular non-chytrid fungi are called: a. Prokaryotes b. Yeasts c. Molds d. Conidiophores.
b. Yeasts
The small organic molecules in the oceans of early Earth would not have oxidized because there was no oxygen and would not have decomposed because there were no _____
bacteria
The first cells gave rise to bacteria and archaea. archaea and protists. bacteria and fungi. eukaryotes and bacteria.
bacteria and archaea
example of r-strategists
bacteria, some fungi, many insects, rodents and annual plants
A virus that infects only bacterial cells is called a(n)
bacteriophage
Allopatric speciation involves two populations becoming isolated by some type of geographical or physical ____
barrier
The fruiting body a club fungus, formed from a mass tightly packed hyphae, is called a(n)
basidiocarp
A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n) conidium. basidiospore. mycelium. ascospore. hypha.
basidiospore.
When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper, a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap. This powdery material would be mycelia. conidiospores. basidiospores. sporangia. hyphae.
basidiospores.
During sexual reproduction in club fungi, spores develop in a club-shaped structure called a(n)
basidium
If you were using cladistics to construct a phylogenetic tree of birds, what is the best outgroup? bats eagles robins eastern bluebirds
bats
Lungless salamanders lack lungs and breathe through their skins after they lose their gills. You would expect lungless salamanders to Answer prefer drier habitats. prefer stagnant water. be larger than most salamanders. be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans.
be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans.
In both Hawaiian honey creepers and Galapagos finches, adaptive radiation resulted in a variety of species with different____.
beak shapes
A male cricket is chirping for a mate. A female of a different species of cricket does not recognize his chirping pattern and will not mate with him. This is an example of a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation called ______ isolation.
behavioral
The mating call of leopard frogs is an example of a ___ trait that can be used to construct an evolutionary history of that group of frogs.
behavioral
Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by the pattern of their flashings, while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping. These are examples of _____. mechanical isolation habitat isolation temporal isolation behavioral isolation
behavioral isolation
Most prokaryotes reproduce via:
binary fission
Although acadian, willow, and least flycatchers are physically similar, according to the _____ species concept they are separate species because they do not interbreed.
biological
The _____ ______ concept defines a species as a group of populations that can breed among themselves to produce fertile offspring.
biological species
conditions that regulate population size in natural environments
biotic and abiotic conditions
All of the following statements concerning birds are true EXCEPT Answer birds have small, relatively under-developed brains. some birds do not have the ability to fly. birds have acute vision. birds use the sun, stars, and the Earth's magnetic field to guide them.
birds have small, relatively under-developed brains.
Synchytrium endobioticum is a Chytrid that causes this problem (You looked at it in lab.):
black wart disease
A dramatic increase in cyano bacterial numbers in a lake as a result of human pollution is called a cyanobacterial _____
bloom
Which of the following features are found in the lobe-finned fish but are not present in the cartilaginous fish? Answer bony skeletons and lungs paired fins and a bony skeleton jaws and lungs vertebrae and amniotic eggs
bony skeletons and lungs
deer are prolific breeders
breed their first year and once they start breeding, produce about two young each year of life
Represented by the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, the nonvascular ______ were the first plants to colonize on land
bryophytes
The asexual fungal reproductive mechanism shown here is called ____
budding
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin C. Matoo Kimura D. both A and B E. both B and C an originator of neutral theory
c
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin C. Matoo Kimura D. both A and B E. both B and C based rate of evolutionary change on the assertion that most genetic mutations in populations are neither harmful nor helpful and therefore are not influenced by natural selection
c
A. nonadaptive B. analogous C. homologous D. polyphyletic E. monophyletic shared derived characters
c
A. nonadaptive B. analogous C. homologous D. polyphyletic E. monophyletic shared primitive characters
c
A. nonadaptive B. analogous C. homologous D. polyphyletic E. monophyletic whale pectoral flipper and horse foreleg
c
A. phlyogenetic tree B. phylogram C. ultrametric tree D. A and B only E. A, B, and C Branch length distinguishes extant taxa from extinct taxa.
c
Domain Percentage of Homologous Amino Acids A 32% B 8% C 78% D 45% Typically, mutations that modify the active site of an enzyme are more likely to be harmful than mutations that affect other parts of the enzyme. A hypothetical enzyme consists of four domains (A-D), and the amino acid sequences of these four domains have been determined in five related species. Given the proportion of amino acid homologies among the five species at each of the four domains, which domain probably contains the active site?
c
Figure 25.1 The two extant species that are most closely related to each other are A) A and B. B) B and C. C) C and D. D) D and E. E) E and A.
c
Figure 25.2 If this figure is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which taxon is unacceptable, based on cladistics? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
c
Nucleic acid sequences that undergo few changes over the course of evolutionary time are said to be conserved. Conserved nucleic acids should A) be found in the most crucial portions of proteins. B) include all mitochondrial DNA. C) be abundant in ribosomes. D) be proportionately more common in eukaryotic introns than in eukaryotic exons. E) comprise a larger proportion of pre-mRNA (immature mRNA) than of mature mRNA.
c
On the basis of their morphologies, how might Linnaeus have classified the Hawaiian silverswords? A) He would have placed them all in the same species. B) He probably would have classified them the same way that modern botanists do. C) He would have placed them in more species than modern botanists do. D) He would have used evolutionary relatedness as the primary criterion for their classification. E) Both B and D are correct.
c
Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees) are strongest when A) they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns. B) each clade is defined by a single derived character. C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence (such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence). D) they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field. E) they are based on a single putatively homologous DNA sequence.
c
Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. What conclusion can be drawn validly from these data? A) Humans and other primates evolved from rabbits within the past 10 million years. B) Most of the genes of other organisms are paralogous to human genes, or with chimpanzee genes. C) Among the organisms listed, humans shared a common ancestor most recently with chimpanzees. D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees somewhere in Africa within the last 6 million years. E) Both B and C are correct.
c
The common house fly belongs to all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing which of the following should provide you with the greatest amount of detailed information about this specific organism? A) order Diptera B) family Muscidae C) genus Musca D) class Hexapoda E) phylum Arthropoda
c
Ultimately, which of these is the basis for both the principle of maximum parsimony and the principle that shared complexity indicates homology rather than analogy? A) the laws of thermodynamics B) Boyle's law C) the laws of probability D) chaos theory E) Hutchinson's law
c
When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? A) shared primitive characters B) analogous primitive characters C) shared derived characters D) the degree of evolutionary divergence E) overall phenotypic similarity
c
.Select the phylum that has sexual reproductive structures that are microscopically small club- shaped cells with four spores each attached by a stalk to the club-shaped cell: a. Zygomycota b. Ascomycota c. Basidiomycota.
c. Basidiomycota.
Imperfect fungi are those that do not engage in: a. Spore formation b. Asexual reproduction c. Sexual reproduction d. Mitosis.
c. Sexual Reproduction
The three phyla of classical fungi are distinguished from one another primarily by: a. Cell wall composition b. Their mode of nutrition c. Their mode of sexual reproduction d. The type of asexual spore they produce.
c. Their mode of sexual reproduction
The "nursery" of the sea is the A. rocky beach B. sandy beach C. estuary D. coral reef E. ocean floor
c. estuary
A glycocalyx that consists of a well-organized layer of polysaccharide is called a _____, while a loosely organized layer is called a _____.
capsule; slime layer
Predacious meat eaters with large and conical-shaped canines are Answer cetaceans. chiroptera. carnivores. proboscidea.
carnivores
Population size levels off at the _______ of an environment.
carrying capacity
K
carrying capacity of the environment
Which structure of prokaryotic cell prevents the cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic pressure changes?
cell wall
In the cells of some organisms mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in
cells that are unusually small.
Which type of slime mold has free-living cells that feed by phagocytosis and aggregate to produce spores when conditions are poor?
cellular
Plant and fungal cells differ structurally in that plant cell walls are composed of ____ white fungal cell walls are composed of ____
cellulose; chitin
The concept that info flows from DNA to RNA to protein is called the
central dogma
Conidiospores are:
chains of haploid spores
The finches on the Galápagos Islands also evolved to allow many different species of finch to coexist. How did the finches adapt to occupy different niches? changed feather size and shape changed teeth size and shape changed organism size and shape changed beak size and shape
changed beak size and shape
Type 1
characteristic of a population in which most individuals survive past the midpoint of the life span and death does not come until the end of the life span
The group of green algae that, based on genetic data, is most closely related to land plants are the ___
charophytes
Which of these is the best description of a virus? a cell at the boundary between living and nonliving things a member of the kingdom Virusae a noncellular living organism one of the smallest bacteria known chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell
chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell
Abiotic synthesis is
chemical evolution of organic molecules in the presense of strong energy forces
chemical evolution occurred on early Earth. This means that _____.
chemicals became more complex over time
An organism that is able to obtain energy through the oxidation of inorganic substances is called a
chemoautotroph
A bacterium that needs to take in organic nutrients to survive is called a ______
chemoautotroph.
With regard to nutrition, fungal differ from plants in that they are _____
chemoheterotrophic
The amino acid sequences in cytochrome c were determined for chickens, ducks, and humans. Scientists found a difference of 3 amino acids between chickens and ducks, but between chickens and humans there were 13 differences. One may conclude that chickens are as closely related to humans as they are to ducks. chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans. chickens are more closely related to humans than they are to ducks. None of the above.
chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans.
A polymer of glucose that contains nitrogen and is found in the cell walls of fungi is called ____
chitin
The centromere is a region in which
chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.
In deuterostomes, Answer cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate. spiral cleavage occurs. the fate of cells is fixed and determinate. the mouth appears at or near the blastopore.
cleavage is radial and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.
The idea that the rate at which mutational changes accumulate in certain genes is constant over time and can be used to determine how long different species have been evolving separately is called the molecular
clock
The fungi that produce spores in club-shaped basidia within a fruiting body are called the ____ fungi.
club
An aggregate of colloidal droplets held together by electrostatic forces that may develop a semipermeable boundary is called a _____ droplet.
coacervate
Reinforcement of reproductive isolation has been demonstrated between species of pied and collared flycatchers of the Czech Republic, where members of different species have different ____ in areas where the species overlap.
coat colors
Some scientists believe that the first monomers on Earth came from outer space because
comets and meteorites have been shown to contain monomers
A(n) ____ ancestor is one that has given rise to two or more lines of descent.
common
In cladistics, _______________ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms. ecological niche common ancestry mating behavior observable traits All of the above.
common ancestry
A(n) _______ consists of all the populations of multiple species interacting in a designated region.
community
density-dependent factors
competition predation parasitism
cohort
composed of all the members of a population born at the same time
Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction? conidia gametangia mushrooms ascocarps
conidia
During sexual reproduction in sac fungi, conidiospores are produced within specialized aerial hyphae called _____
conidiophores
An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n) hypha. conidiospore. basidiospore. ascospore. mycelium.
conidiospore.
Bacteria being classified as a protist, the slime molds were classified as:
fungi
Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT Answer hair. mammary glands. constant body temperature. young born alive.
constant body temperature.
Dikaryotic cells of fungi are just another form of haploid cells. contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time. is just another name for diploid cells. are nonseptate plasmodial masses with many nuclei and no cell partitioning. are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens.
contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time.
The term "reducing atmosphere" for the early Earth means that the atmosphere was much thinner around the surface of the Earth than now. contained only two or three kinds of gases. contained little or no free oxygen. contained little or no free nitrogen. contained little or no carbon dioxide.
contained little or no free oxygen
The Ordovician extinction of organisms on Gondwana was most likely the result of ____
continental drift
All of the following statements concerning the theory of continental drift are true EXCEPT: the coastlines of several continents are mirror images. similar geological structures are found in areas where the continents touched. continental drift has ceased. the unique distribution patterns of several fossils is explained by continental drift.
continental drift has ceased.
Continental drift was confirmed in the 1960s. It states that _____.
continents are not fixed but instead their positions have changed over time.
One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells
continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.
The diagram depicts ____ of African lake fish
convergent evolution
_____ occurs when a similar biological trait evolves in two or more unrelated species as a result of adaptation to similar environments.
convergent evolution
community example
coral reef
The zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates that often have symbiotic relationships with_____
corals
All of the following are means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes EXCEPT conjugation. crossing over. transduction. transformation.
crossing over.
Which of the following fungi / Phylum associations is incorrect? button mushrooms / Basidiomycota morel mushroom / Ascomycota Chytriomyces / Cytridiomycota black bread mold / Zygomycota cup fungus / Glomeromycota
cup fungus / Glomeromycota
Stromatolites are dome-shaped structures formed by the action of ____
cyanobacteria
The outer surface of stromatolites found along the western coast of Australia are covered with ______
cyanobacteria
The dominant plants of the Triassic and Jurassic periods were _____
cycads
Four groups of living gymnosperms
cycads, gnetophyes, conifers, ginkgoes
Which protistan structure is not correctly matched with its function? trichocyst - defense and capture of prey cyst - a reproductive structure pseudopodia - movement and feeding pyrenoid - synthesis of starch
cyst - a reproductive structure
A researcher wants to determine the genetic relatedness of several breeds of dog (Canis familiaris). The researcher should compare homologous sequences of ________ that are known to be ________. A) carbohydrates; poorly conserved B) fatty acids; highly conserved C) lipids; poorly conserved D) proteins or nucleic acids; poorly conserved E) amino acids; highly conserved
d
A. Carolus Linnaeus B. Charles Darwin C. Matoo Kimura D. both A and B E. both B and C unaware of the existence of genetic mutations
d
A. phlyogenetic tree B. phylogram C. ultrametric tree D. A and B only E. A, B, and C Can provide information about rates of change.
d
Figure 25.1 A common ancestor for both species C and E could be at position number A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. E) 5.
d
Figure 25.3 Assuming that misalignment has occurred at one time in the sequence of Species A, what kinds of mutations seem to be connected to this misalignment? I. insertion II. substitution III. deletion IV. point V. neutral A) I and IV B) II and V C) III and V D) I, IV, and V E) III, IV, and V
d
Figure 25.4 Which pattern of mutation rate would be most helpful if one desires to use a gene as a molecular clock to determine evolutionary relatedness of species that are not closely related to each other?
d
Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived characters should be found among two organisms that are members of the same A) kingdom. B) class. C) domain. D) family. E) order.
d
Panthera is a taxon at which level? A) order B) family C) phylum D) genus E) class
d
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). The morphological similarities of these two species must therefore be due to A) inheritance of acquired characteristics. B) sexual selection. C) inheritance of shared derived characters. D) convergent evolution. E) possession of shared primitive characters.
d
Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. What probably explains the inclusion of rabbits in this research? A) Their short generation time provides a ready source of DNA. B) They possess all of the shared derived characters as do the other species listed. C) They are the closest known relatives of rhesus monkeys. D) They are the outgroup. E) They are the most recent common ancestor of the primates.
d
The average mutation rate of a gene can be used as a molecular clock. Which type of mutation would cause an underestimate of the time that elapsed since two related species diverged from their common ancestor? A) a mutation to the third base of a nucelotide codon B) a mutation to the second base of a nucleotide codon C) a mutation to the first base of a nucleotide codon D) a mutation that returns a mutated nucleotide to its original state E) a mutation that substitutes a different amino acid in place of the original amino acid
d
The four-chambered hearts of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of this independence, then one might logically conclude that A) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a three-chambered heart. B) birds and mammals are more distantly related than is actually the case. C) early mammals possessed feathers. D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart. E) birds and mammals should be placed in the same class.
d
The reason that paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that A) having multiple copies of genes is essential for sympatric speciation. B) paralogous genes can occur only in diploid species. C) polyploidy is a necessary precondition for sympatric speciation. D) having an extra copy of a gene permits modifications to the copy without loss of the original gene product. E) both A and C
d
Which of these theoretically permit(s) a large proportion of base-pair substitutions to be neutral in their effect? A) the observation that in eukaryotes, 90-95% of gene sequences are intronic B) the prevalence of third-base-wobble and the redundancy of the genetic code C) natural selection eliminating the harmful mutations D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
d
Which process hinders clarification of the deepest branchings in a phylogenetic tree that depicts the origins of the three domains? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) horizontal gene transfer E) gene duplication
d
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of homology? A) Dogs and wolves have very similar morphologies. B) Dogs and wolves belong to the same order. C) Dogs and wolves are both members of the family Canidae. D) Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently. E) Convergent evolution has occurred.
d
Select the fungal phylum that when reproducing sexually produces eight spores lined up in an elongated sac: a. Chytridiomycota b. Zygomycetes c. Glomeromycetes d. Ascomycota e. Basidiomycota.
d. Ascomycota
Select the phylum that normally reproduces sexually, and in which asexual reproduction is rare: a. Imperfect fungi b. Zygomycota c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota.
d. Basidiomycota.
The common mushrooms that you can buy in Food Lion for culinary purposes belong to this phylum: a. Zygomycota b. Glomeromycota c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota.
d. Basidiomycota.
type 3 survivorship curve
death comes early on ex. mosquitos lower curve
Type 2
death is linear over time (unrelated to age)
type 1 survivorship curve
death occurs after midpoint ex. humans upper curve
The sequence of decreased death rate followed by a decrease in birthrate is called
demographic transition.
What is the term used for a change in the protein's three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?
denaturation
A trait that is not found in a common ancestor to two species is called a ____trait
derived
Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms? Both traits are equally valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms. Neither trait is useful in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms. ancestral derived
derived
New traits that were previously unseen in an evolutionary history show divergence from an organisms ancestors. What are these traits called?
derived traits
distribution example
desert shrubs
The difference between septate hyphae and nonseptate hyphae is a classification trait that separates basidiomycotes from ascomycotes. a distinction between saprotrophic fungi and parasitic or disease-causing fungi. a difference in haploid and diploid cells. determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls. a distinction between plasmodial masses with many nuclei and nonliving zygospores.
determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.
The difference between septate hyphae and nonseptate hyphae is
determined by whether the hyphae have segments or lack segments
The evolutionary species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits, called _______, to distinguish one species from another. diagnostic traits convergent traits homologous traits analogous traits
diagnostic traits
A stramenopile alga with valves made of silica is called a ____
diatom
Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals found in various fungi include all of the following EXCEPT ergot alkaloids. muscarine and muscaridine. digitoxin. psilocybin, a structural analog of LSD and mescaline.
digitoxin.
An enveloped virus enters a host cell by: injecting its DNA or RNA into the host cell. fusion of its envelope with the host cell's plasma envelope. endocytosis. engulfing the host cell and incorporating its organelles as its own. Both choices B and C are correct choices.
endocytosis.
Name an important feature that distinguishes the Glomeromycota:
endomycorhizal
An internal structure formed by a bacterial cell that functions in dispersal and survival in a harsh environment is called a(n) ______.
endospore
When conditions are unfavorable, some Gram positive bacteria form capsules. thylakoids. endospores. galls. pili.
endospores.
limiting factors
environmental aspects that determine where an organism lives
According to the protein-first hypothesis, proteins were required in a cell before nucleic acids could develop because nucleic acid formation would require ____
enzymes
The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is ergot. Penicillin. Rhizopus. Saccharomyces. Aspergillus.
ergot.
Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour?
ergotism
Unlike other domains, the organisms in the domain ____ have membrane-bound nuclei.
eukarya
A membrane-bound nucleus and other cytoplasmic organelles are found in ______ cells.
eukaryotic
The endosymbiotic theory proposes the evolution of:
eukaryotic cells
The principle of common ancestry, that all life on Earth can be traced back to a single common ancestor also known as LUCA, was the heart of Darwin's theory of
evolution
The fossil record is explained by the ____ species concept
evolutionary
An external skeleton, like that found in trilobites of the Cambrian era is called a(n)
exoskeleton
All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT Answer internal organs. vertebral columns. postanal tails. exoskeletons. skulls.
exoskseletons
Humans are genetically very similar to other animals because rather than having out difference from other species result from different genes, they result from differential gene _____
expression
If a species totally disappears from the planet, this event is referred to as a(n)_____ ALSO The total disappearance of a species or high taxonomic group is called
extinction
How do Chytrids obtain their nutition?
extra cellular digestion
Mycology is the study of:
fungi
Of those listed, which level of classification is the most specific? Class Family Domain Kingdom Phylum
family
Darwin believed that the finch beaks evolved to accommodate their different feeding habits. If the finches had lived in different habitats (beach, forest, etc.), what different characteristic might have evolved? beaks size leg length feather coloration
feather coloration
The short bristle-like fibers that may allow a prokaryote to attach to the surface of a host cell are called:
fimbriae
Which of the following occur during spore formation in an ascus?
first meiosis, then mitosis
Chytrids differ from all other fungi in being aquatic and in having _____spores and gametes.
flagellated
The structure that rotates 360 degrees to allow for cellular movement is called a
flagellum
Stinkhorns are club fungi that rely on _____ to disperse their spores.
flies
A protist with a test made of calcium carbonate that contains many opening through which pseudopods extend is a ______
foraminiferan
Hard body parts, impressions of soft body parts, and footprints can all form ALSO Any remains or traces of past life are called
fossils
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
The structure that bears sporangia and that forms during the sexual phase of a slime mold life cycle can also be called a _____ body
fruiting
Fungal infections are difficult to treat because fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells. they "hide out" inside of cells, and have long latent periods where medications can not get to the organism. they mutate very rapidly and therefore become resistant to most medications. All of the above.
fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells.
Scientists discriminate among types of lichens based on the _____ _____
fungal partner
Describe the benefits that each partner obtains in a mycorrhizal relationship:
fungus is feeding off of the plant to receive carbohydrates and sugars; fungus acts like a root system and provides the plant with minerals
A mycorrhizal association is a symbiotic relationship between _____________________ and ____________________________________.
fungus; a plant root
Select the nutritional modes that might be found in a fungus: a. Saprobe b. Parasite c. Predator d. Photosynthetic autotroph e. All of the above f. a and d g. a, b and c.
g. a,b and c a-mostly b-many c-few
Identify the structure in which gametes form in the zygospore fungi:
gametangia
If the gametes of two different species meet but cannot fuse, this is an example of _____isolation.
gamete
In _________, proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg. temporal isolation gametic isolation mechanical isolation behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
In some plants, the sperm can not reach the egg because the stigma prevents formation of the pollen tubes. This is an example of mechanical isolation. gametic isolation. behavioral isolation. temporal isolation.
gametic isolation.
Why were the Glomeromycota removed from one phylum and placed in another?
genetic analysis
Process is common to both bacteria and viruses?
genetic material composed of nucleic acid
The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris. Canis represents the species _______. kingdom. genus name. species name. phylum name.
genus name.
The most accepted hypothesis for the cause of the Permian extinction describes an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere that results in
global warming due to too much carbon dioxide
The Glomeromycota used to be placed in which fungal phylum?
glomeromycetes
The first stage of cellular respiration is
glycolysis
The protocell would likely have been able to generate ATP via
glycolysis
The model of evolution that describes the process as slow and continuous is called the ______model
gradualistic
The common ancestors of plants are the freshwater _____ algae
green
Fossils from the Paleozoic are plentiful because mammals greatly diversified during this time. multicellular organisms first evolved during this time. this is the time period most studied. hard body parts evolved in plants and animals.
hard body parts evolved in plants and animals.
If a virus is latent, it has not entered a lytic cycle. has not entered a lysogenic cycle. cannot be a retrovirus. is easy to develop immunity against it. is gaining a new envelope via "budding." References Multiple Choi
has not entered a lytic cycle.
In order to infect a cell, a virus must have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell. inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell. actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus.
have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.
Marine annelids (polychaetes) are different than earthworms in that polychaetes Answer lack the setae that earthworms have. have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have. have segments, whereas marine annelids do not. lack a larval form, whereas earthworms have a larvae form. marine annelids have a well developed coelom, whereas earthworms do not.
have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have.
The evolutionary species concept considers two organisms to be in the same species if they ____
have the same characteristics
The specialized cells found in some colonial cyanobacteria where nitrogen fixation occurs are called what?
heterocysts
All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A) flagellated B) symbiotic C) heterotrophic D) act as decomposers E) pathogenic
heterotrophic
Most bacteria are
heterotrophic
Which of the following traits are found in both fungi and animals? multicellular & saprotrophs saprotrophs & contain cell walls of cellulose heterotrophic & absorb food heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter saprotrophs & contain cell walls of chitin
heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter
Structures that are similar to each other because of common descent are referred to as _____ structures
homologous
Structural similarity that stems from having a common ancestor is known as what?
homology
A study of echinoderm embryos, such as sea stars, confirms a similar developmental pattern to that of vertebrates. In both, the blastopore becomes the anus. This would be considered convergent evolution. homology. behavioral data. synapomorphy. analogy.
homology.
A long, thin, probing beak enables finches to feed on what food source? seeds insects small fish plants
insects
semelparity example
insects -adaptation to an unstable environment
Generally the respiratory system in birds Answer is identical to the human breathing system. is merely accelerated by the flight muscles. resembles the positive pressure system of a frog. is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.
is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.
All of the following are true regarding systematics EXCEPT that it is the study of the diversity of organisms at all levels of organization. utilizes protein, DNA, and RNA comparisons to determine relatedness of individuals. relies on data from the fossil record, homology, and molecular data. is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.
is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.
When two species are reproductively _____, gene flow does not occur between them
isolated
The biological species concept requires reproductive _____ between organisms to be considered valid.
isolation
A major adaptation in the evolution of fish that is first observed in fossils of the Silurian period is
jaws
The jawed fish and all other vertebrates are gnathostomes, which means they have Answer segmentation. jaws. a notochord that develops into a vertebral column. amniotic eggs. exoskeletons
jaws
The various forms of algae (Archaeplastids) are NOT considered plants because they are not multicellular. lack strengthened cell walls. never have specialized tissues. lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves. All of the choices are differences that separate the algae from plants.
lack plant structures such as true roots, stems, and leaves.
phases of logistic growth curve
lag phase: growth is slow bc the population is small exponential growth phase: growth accelerating deceleration phase: growth slows down stable equilibrium phase: there is little if any growth --births and deaths are about equal
phases of exponential growth curve
lag phase: growth is slow bc the population is small exponential growth phase: growth is accelerating
Vertebrates without jaws would be the Answer rays. turtles. lampreys. eels.
lampreys
the structure that forms from the symbiotic relationship between certain fungi and algae, in which the fungi possibly provide inorganic food or water and the algae provide organic food:
lichen
The presence of ____________ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe. ergot lichens yeast mycorrhizae smuts
lichens
______ result from a symbiotic relationship between certain fungi and algae, in which the fungi possible provide inorganic food or water and the algae provide organic food from photosynthesis.
lichens
Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of mycorrhizae. mushrooms. lichens. rusts and smuts. yeasts.
lichens.
The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is
light energy
Which of the following traits are possessed by amphibians but are not present in fish? lungs limbs amniotic eggs paired appendages
limbs
All of the following factors will keep a population from growing at its biotic potential EXCEPT
limited supply of food and water.
A structure formed from lipids that is roughly the same size as a cell is called a _____
liposome
Density- Independent Effects river example
low density of mice vs high density of mice --when the river floods more mice are killed when there is a high density
The overall function of the calvin cycle is
making sugar
Which disease is mismatched with the incorrect causative agent? African sleeping sickness - a trypanosome fish ick - a ciliate malaria - an amebozoan fish kills - dinoflagellate
malaria - an amebozoan
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
Based on this tree, the lineage leading to ________ was the first to diverge from the other lines. turtles crocodilians mammals dinosaurs birds
mammals
Following the demise of dinosaurs, ____ underwent adaptive radiation as they adapted to environments previously inhabited by dinosaurs.
mammals
The disappearance of large numbers of species in a few million years or less is called a
mass extinction
Protist reproduction is always asexual fission. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations. may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles. is always sexual with the adult diploid. is always sexual with the adult haploid.
may be asexual or any of these sexual cycles.
If two species of bees try to mate but their genitalia are not compatible with each other this would be an example of _____ isolation
mechanical
semelparity
members of a population have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime
All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT fossils are considered to be members of the same species if they possess the same diagnostic traits. an abrupt change in the diagnostic traits of fossils is indicative of the evolution of a new species. members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways. certain structural traits, called diagnostic traits, are used to distinguish one species from another.
members of a species may actually have quite dissimilar evolutionary pathways.
r-selection and K-selection
members of some populations are subject to r-selection and members of other populations are subject to K-selection
What is the voltage across a membrane called?
membrane potential
iteroparity
membres of the population experience many reproductive events throughout their lifetime
Biogas, produced by _____ contributes to 65% of the methane gas in our atmosphere which is contributing to the greenhouse effect an global warming
methanogens
biotic potential example
mice vs rhinos
A ____ is a single layer of fatty acids organized with their heads pointing out and their tails pointing towards the center of the sphere
micelle
A structure with many cellular properties that forms from protenoids in water is called a
microsphere
The Greek terms for "small" and "ball" are the root words for proteinoid. polymer. microsphere. coacervate. liposome.
microsphere
A _____ is an organism that can use either autotrophic or heterotrophic means of gaining nutrients.
mixotroph
Which definition would best describe the feeding mechanism of Euglena? carnivorous decomposer heterotrophic photoautotrophic mixotrophic
mixotrophic
Regarding nutrition, golden-brown algae are most commonly ___
mixotrophs
Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPT Answer presence or absence of segmentation. mode of reproduction. type of body symmetry. number of germ layers. molecular data.
mode of reproduction
In recent years, the biological species concept has been supplemented by the data from the field of _____
molecular genetics
overpopulation due to population growth
more obvious in LDCs
overpopulation due to increased resource consumption
more obvious in MDCs -increased resource consumption has a negative effect on the environment ---leads to pollution problems ---may cause mass extinction of wildlife that will impact planet
replacement reproduction
more young women entering reproductive years than older women leaving them, will still result in population growth
The appearance or physical characteristics of an organism are used to define the ___ species concept
morphological
In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _________, while asexual reproduction occurs in ________. deer tick; deer humans; mosquitoes mosquito; humans tsetse fly; humans
mosquito; humans
How many species of fungi are there?
over 100,000 have been named; estimated 1.5 million or more
What is the ecological importance of mycorrhizae?
most plants require it to obtain mineral nutrients for growth
iteroparity example
most vertebrates, shrubs, and trees -adaptation to a stable environment in which chances of survival of offspring are relatively high
A _____ may form when two moving continental plates collide into one another
mountain range
Which is NOT a feature found in protozoans? multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic usually motile
multicellular
The____ of developmental genes, coupled with geographic isolation, can cause speciation.
mutation
Emerging viruses arise by
mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses to new host species, and the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species.
We can assume that the evolution of fungi is tied to the colonization of land by plants due to the presence of _____ in early land plant fossils.
mycorrhizae
Some scientists feel that it is more likely that monomers developed near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor because iron-nickel sulfides at these locations would have been able to catalyze the reaction to change _____ gas into ammonia
nitrogen
the oxygen-based layer that filters out of the ultraviolet radiation that would reach Earth is called the
ozone shield
Which is the correct sequence for the evolution of reptilian features? Answer notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg notochord, jaws, vertebrae, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg notochord, vertebrae, jaws, cartilaginous skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg vertebrae, jaws, notochord, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg notochord, vertebrae, jaws, 4 limbs, bony skeleton, lungs, and an amniotic egg
notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg
The protists with threadlike pseudopods called filopodia and that are closely related to fungi are the _____
nucleariids
A cytoplasmic region of prokaryotic cells where chromosomal DNA is located:
nucleoid
exponential growth
number of individuals added each generation increases rapidly due to the total number of reproductive females increasing -biotic potential is having full effect and birthrate is a maximum during exponential growth
rate of natural increase (r) is determined by:
number of individuals born each year minus the number of individuals who die each year
Population Density
number of individuals per unit area
population density
number of individuals per unit area
An organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen gas is a(n):
obligate anaerobe
Logistic growth
occurs when limiting environmental factors oppose growth
The protein-first hypothesis describes the formation of protein as occurring before the formation
of DNA
Ants following a trail to the sugar bowl in your kitchen are doing so because
of a pheromone pathway laid down by previous ants.
doubling time
of human population is estimated to be between 50 and 60 years
During sexual reproduction in dinoflagellates, the zygote divides melotically and
one daughter cell is produced
Modern horses have a large body size, long legs, hooves, and strong teeth. These adaptation are best suited to a(n) ____ habitat.
open plains
The eukaryotic supergroup that contained both animals and fungi is the supergroup
opisthokonts
The term taxon is used when classifying a group of ______ that all have a particular group pf characteristics
organisms
Which event and date is mismatched? origin of multicellular organisms—650 million years ago origin of life—4.8 billion years ago origin of eukaryotic cells—2.2 billion years ago All the choices are incorrect.
origin of life—4.8 billion years ago
The Earth's primitive atmosphere was produced primarily by outgassing from the Earth's interior. gravitational energy. radioactivity. All of the choices are true.
outgassing from the Earth's interior.
_____ are used in cladistics to detect ancestral and derived traits of characters in the ingroups
outgroups
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and occurs _____ the mitochondria.
outside
The outlined group is: polyphyletic. monophyletic and paraphyletic are correct. paraphyletic. monophyletic.
paraphyletic.
Chytridium confervae might be useful for biological control of:
parasites on mosquitos and fly larvae
The four defining characteristics of chordates are Answer segmentation, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and an amniotic egg. a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, bilateral symmetry, and mammary glands. bilateral symmetry, segmentation, a well-developed coelom, and limbs. a well-developed coelom, pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and jaws. pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.
pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.
In some chordates, the _______ is (are) replaced by ________. Answer pharyngeal pouches; gills dorsal hollow nerve cord; a ventral solid nerve cord gill arches; pharyngeal pouches notochord; a dorsal hollow nerve cord a vertebral column; notochord
pharyngeal pouches; gills
Algae are ___ protists
photoautotrophic
Cyanobacteria obtain their nutrients through the process of
photosynthesis
The species concept that uses a common ancestor to define a species is the ____ species concept.
phylogenic
The ______ of a group of organisms is its evolutionary history
phylogeny
Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of taxonomic classification?
phylum
habitat
place where an organism lives
The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the Answer mammary gland. egg. pouch. placenta. marsupium.
placenta
Which of the following are NOT cnidaria? Answer corals planaria sea anemones hydrozoa Portuguese man-of-war
planaria
small freshwater and marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of the water are called ____
plankton
Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning
poison
Reproductive isolation mechanisms that do not prevent members of different species from producing a fertilized egg are called ____ isolating mechanisms
postzygotic
environmental conditions
prevent exponential growth -eventually limiting factors prevent further growth
Reproductive isolation between species of Anolis lizards with different colored dewlaps is ___isolation.
prezygotic
Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. a lack of F2 fitness. postzygotic isolating mechanisms. Two of these are correct. None of the above.
prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.
Infectious particle consisting of protein only and no nucleic acid (usually associated with mad cow disease):
prion
survivorship
probability that newborn individuals of a cohort will survive to a particular age
Describe the benefits that a fungal endophyte, living in stem and leaf tissue of a plant, can provide for its host:
produce alkaloids in leaf and stem tissue; when something eats it, it tastes disgusting
Asexual reproduction __________.
produces offspring genetically identical to the parent
The segments of a tapeworm that contain female and male sex organs are called Answer proglottids. cercariae. sporocysts. scolexes. glycocalyxes.
proglottids
The term ____ refers to any organism that has neither a nucleus nor cytoplasmic organelles beyond ribosomes.
prokaryote
The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium. chloroplasts originated when a nucleated cell engulfed a cyanobacterium. mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which evolved into mitochondria.
prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium.
Bacteria are classified as _____ cells
prokaryotic
Age Distribution
proportion of the population hat falls into the various age categories
The four main categories of macromolecules present in living systems are
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
A eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a plant, animal, or fungus is a ____
protist
Either being heterotrophic or using chemosynthesis are two ways in which _____ could have acquired energy.
protocells
In _______, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore. Answer gastrocoelomates blastocoelomates protostomes deuterostomes triploblastics
protostomes
Describe the symbiosis between the components of the lichen. What does each component provide for the other?
provides carbohydrates to fungi; fungi provides protection and minerals to Green Algae
An amoebid cell is one that moves by using:
pseudopods
Which of the following structures is NOT related to choanoflagellate structure?
pseudopods
The large flying dinosaurs of the Jurassic period were called _____
pterosaurs
The ______ equilibrium model of macroevolution describes a process in which characteristics remain constant for long time periods and then abruptly change.
punctuated
Which model of evolutionary change suggests that transitional fossils are less likely to be found?
punctuated equilibrium model
Rate of Natural Increase
r, number of individuals born each year minus number of individuals that die each year
Prokaryotes were divided into two groups because of the differences in their _____sequenes
rRNA
Which of these is NOT one of the characteristics of a vertebrate? Answer radial symmetry segmentation extreme cephalization closed circulation coelom
radial symmetry
A protozoan with a glassy silicon test and pseudopods that extend outward from the test is called a ____
radiolarian
A unique species of snail has been discovered in the Negev Desert. At night, these snails use a toothlike rasping organ in their head to scrape up porous limestone; they then digest the algae that lived in the rock pores. This scraping organ is the Answer labial palp. radula. mantle. tentacle. crop.
radula
Less-Developed Countries
rapid population growth low standard of living
What is the shape of the teeth that are designed for grazing algae? interlocking points chisels daggers rasps
rasps
r
rate of natural increase of a population
The algae that contain pigments that are best adapted to absorb sunlight at very great depths in the oceans are the ___ algae
red
The members of the Supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the _________. dinoflagellates brown algae red algae diatoms multicellular green algae
red algae
Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to
reduce competition for nutrients.
Reinforcement would eventually increase the fitness of hybrids. reduce the formation of hybrids. have no effect on hybrid formation. favor and therefore increase the formation of hybrids.
reduce the formation of hybrids.
Natural selection favors the development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms after postzygotic isolating mechanisms have developed. This is called the process of ____.
reinforcement
Determining the age of a fossil by noting its sequential relationship within strata is called ____ dating.
relative
A benign tumor, but not a malignant tumor, is one in which the cancerous cells
remain confined to their original site
If a person is trying to use operant conditioning on their child they would need to
repeatedly encourage the child to perform a behavior and then reward the good behavior so the child associates the behavior with the reward.
Amphibians, like those of the Carboniferous period are not fully adapted to life on land because they must return to the water to
reproduce
The biological species concept relies mainly on ___________ to define a species. comparative biochemical analysis the presence of analogous traits reproductive isolation morphological differences
reproductive isolation
The following are differences between amphibians and reptiles EXCEPT Answer amphibians have smooth non-scaly skin, whereas reptiles are covered with scales and their skin is dry. all reptiles respire by the use of lungs, while amphibians use small lungs supplemented by cutaneous respiration. amphibian eggs are laid in water, but reptiles do not require water for reproduction. reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.
reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.
A virus with a RNA genome that utilizes reverse transcriptase is a:
retrovirus
The enzyme tht uses RNA as a template to form DNA is called______
reverse transcriptase
The viral enzyme found in retroviruses that is capable of converting their RNA genome into a DNA copy is called ______ ______.
reverse transcriptase
Which enzyme enables a retrovirus to convert its RNA genome into DNA?
reverse transcriptase
Which enzyme enables a retrovirus to convert its' RNA genome into DNA? DNA ligase reverse helicase reverse transcriptase DNA helicase
reverse transcriptase
The eukaryotic supergroup that contains foraminiferans and radiolarians is the supergroup ____
rhizarians
A RNA molecule with enzymatic properties is called a(n)
ribozyme
The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the rusts and smuts. yeasts. truffles. stinkhorns. lichens.
rusts and smuts.
Powdery mildew, leaf curl, chestnut bright, and Dutch elm disease are all plant diseases caused by ____fungi
sac
Ringworm, candidiasis and athlete's foot all result from infections of ____ fungi
sac
The antibiotic Penicillin, the immune system suppressant cyclosporine, and steroids used in birth control pills are all produced by ___ fungi.
sac
Species of ________ are known to consume jet fuel and wall paint. sac fungi club fungi AM fungi Chytrids
sac fungi
Halophiles are commonly found in environments that contain high _____ concentration
salt
A bacterium that functions in decomposition by secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing the resulting nutrients into its cell is called a(n) _______.
saprotroph
Which of the following traits is not found in both fungi and animals? saprotrophic multicellular heterotropic consumers
saprotrophic
The process by which particular material accumulates and forms a stratum is called
sedimentation
A thick, crushing beak enables finches to feed on what food source? seeds plants small fish insects
seeds
two models for population growth
semelparity iteroparity
The amphibians' unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was Answer respiration by gills. respiration through the skin. separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation. development of the tail for propulsion. the leathery waterproof egg shell.
separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation.
A(n) _______ is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group. shared derived character analogous structure shared ancestral character divergence clade
shared ancestral character
Hair is a character shared by all mammals, but not found in their ancestral lineage. Hair is therefore considered to be a(n) clade. shared ancestral character (trait). shared derived character (trait). analogous structure.
shared derived character (trait).
The main adaptation that suits reptiles for terrestrial life is the _____
shelled egg
In stickleback fish, natural section has favored ___ pelvic spines in fish that live on the bottom of a lake.
short
life tables
show how may members of a cohort are still alive after certain intervals of time
The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to the kingdom Protista. six different supergroups. Domain Archaea. Domain Eubacteria
six different supergroups.
Which of the following would be likely to not fossilize?
skin
More Developed Countries (MDCs)
slow population high standard of living
Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
the reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme
Farmers sprayed leechi trees to suppress populations of scale insects. This also killed the populations of a predatory lacewing that controlled the numbers of scales. Soon the spraying did no good, and the damage to the leechi from the scales was greater than before spraying had occurred. Few predatory lacewings exist in the trees now because
the scale insect was r-selected and the high number of young included a resistant strain; the predator was K-selected and will take longer to produce a resistant variety.
Paleontology is
the study of the fossil record
Which of the following best represents analogous structures? the arm of a human and the wing of a bat the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bee the arm of a human and the leg of a human
the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly
Viruses are categorized according to all of the following EXCEPT their type of nucleic acid. size and shape. the presence of absence of an envelope. their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.
their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.
The group of dinosaurs that gave rise to birds were called _____
therapods
The mammal-like reptiles that gave rise to mammals were the Answer coelacanths. therapsids. lampreys. archaeopteryx.
therapsids
The type of Archaea that lives in hot , acidic, aquatic habitats, such as hot springs or near hydrothermal vents is called a ___.
thermoacidophile
A recent book by a reputable biologist suggests there is a deep, hot biosphere under the Earth's crust that may have more biomass than all life at the Earth's surface. This would primarily rely on what organisms? primitive heat-loving plants viruses fungi living on the detritus from above primitive animals thermoacidophilic archaea
thermoacidophilic archaea
Which of the following is a mismatch? methanogens - prefer anaerobic environments halophiles - live in high salt environments thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures thermoacidophiles - live in high temperatures and acidic environments
thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures
Many worker bees give their lives to save a bee hive from an attack by bears or other animals. In such cases, we now know that
these worker bees will have a reproductive benefit if the members of the hive survive.
All of the following are true of methanogens EXCEPT they live in swamps and marshes. their biogas may contribute to global warming. they are harmful human pathogens. they live in the intestinal tracts of cows, humans, and termites. they produce methane from CO2 and H2.
they are harmful human pathogens.
It is difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase because __________.
they have uncoiled to form long, thin strands
Why do chromosomes coil during mitosis?
to allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking
In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians? opossums, koalas sharks, skates snakes, lizards toads, salamanders
toads, salamanders
A poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissue is a(n):
toxin
Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another in a process called conjugation. replication. transduction. infection. transformation.
transduction
A ____ exists where two continental plates scrape against one another
transform boundary
The place where two plates meet and scrape past one another, creating stress that results in earthquakes is a subduction zone. transform boundary. oceanic ridge. supercontinent.
transform boundary.
_____ occurs when a cell takes on extracellular pieces of DNA.
transformation
Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA that were secreted by live bacteria or released from dead bacteria in their environment. This process is called transduction. conjugation. infection. transformation. replication.
transformation.
The rhino-like dinosaurs that roamed in large herds during the cretaceous period where called _____
triceratops
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can metabolize effectively in the presence or absence of oxygen. True False
true
Communication is an action by a sender that may influence the behavior of a receiver.
true
Many species are held below the environmental carrying capacity by predation.
true
A _____ is a simple protocell formed from merged micelles
vesicle
A non cellular parasitic agent consisting of an outer proteinaceous capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid.
virus
AIDS, polio, rabies and the common cold are all examples of infectious diseases which are caused by:
viruses
What are prions?
viruses that invade bacteria
Hippopotamuses perform territorial displays that include mouth opening. This is _____ communication.
visual
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
water and minerals
An aquatic, fungus-like protist that could be found parasitizing a dead insect would be called a _____
water mold
Saprolegnia, a ________, is feeding on the dead insect pictured here. This classifies it as a heterotrophic protist. green algae slime mold ciliate water mold
water mold
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which
water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers
During the Ordovician period, plants had not attained significant height because they lacked ______ tissue.
water-conducting
Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as Shanghai H1N1 or Mexico City H2N2. The viruses vary in H and N surface proteins because when infected people develop immunity to the present virus, strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas. these viruses emerged as stray DNA from the genomes of people in these cities. the viruses reproduce and attack people in cities more often. this is where the antibodies of immune people began to break down and the old virus was again virulent.
when infected people develop immunity to the present virus, strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.
When a population grows too large
white-tailed deer population doubled, this means natural predators are now absent from most regions
The structure most closely related to the success and diversification of insects is the _____
wing
Consider that a species of salmon lays 20,000 eggs per pair when it spawns and dies. At the end of five years, an average of one pair of mature salmon from this group of hatched eggs returns again to spawn in the parent stream (19,998 have not survived). What is the growth rate of this population?
zero, because there is exact replacement of the previous generation
biosphere
zones of the earth's soil, water and air where organisms are found
The general term for a unicellular protist that moves the flagella but that is not photosynthetic is:
zooflagellate
