Ch. 20 Urinary

Place the following events of the renin pathway in chronological order.

1. Renin is secreted by the kidneys. 2. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 3. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II 4. Secretion of aldosterone 5. Increased Na+ and Cl- reabsorption 6. Increased H2O reabsorption

Place the segments of the renal tubule of a nephron in the correct order, with the region closest to the glomerulus at the top.

1. proximal tubule 2. nephron loop 3. distal tubule

The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is ___ ___the rate (GFR).

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

The process by which the glomerular capillaries filter plasma is called ___ ___

Blank 1: glomerular Blank 2: filtration

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ___

Blank 1: reabsorption

The kidneys lie on either side of the ______ column in a depression high on the ______ wall of the abdominal cavity.

Blank 1: vertebral, vertebrae, or spinal Blank 2: posterior

In the kidney, describe the movement of substances during tubular reabsorption.

Substances move from the tubular fluid to the blood.

What determines the composition of urine?

The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.

The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid?

Tissue fluid

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

What is a glomerulus?

a tangled cluster of blood capillaries

This type of transport, with the help of ATP, allows a substance to be reabsorbed against its concentration gradient.

active

Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?

aldosterone

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of which hormone?

aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed.

almost all

List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate.

amino acids uric acid glucose

Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts.

antidiuretic hormone

The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______.

autoregulation

The kidney is shaped like a(n) ______.

bean

Name the tube that collects urine from several nephrons and conveys it down the renal pyramid to the renal papilla.

collecting duct

The tubular structure that collects urine directly from several nephrons is called a ______.

collecting duct

Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges?

composition of body fluids pH of body fluids volume of body fluids

What is the function of renin?

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration.

decrease

Renin would be released by juxtaglomerular cells when the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron is ______.

decreased

If the fluids of the body contain excess water, then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______.

decreased; dilute

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is ______ proportional to net filtration pressure (NFP), so altering NFP allows regulation of GFR.

directly

Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron.

distal tubule

Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct?

distal tubule

Which term refers to an increase in urine volume?

diuresis

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?

favors filtration

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration

fenestrae

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______.

filtrate

The fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular:

filtrate

Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

filtration

In which direction do substances move during tubular reabsorption?

from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

glomerular capillaries

Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?

glomerular capillaries

Name the double-walled structure within a nephron that is positioned around the glomerulus and receives glomerular filtrate.

glomerular capsule

Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

glomerular filtration

Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

What is the most important factor in determining GFR?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The specific structure indicated by the arrow and circle is called the

glomerulus

Where does glomerular filtration occur?

glomerulus capillaries

The greater the filtration pressure within a glomerulus, the ______ the rate of filtration will be.

higher

Because the afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than the efferent arterioles, blood pressure in the glomerulus is ______ than in other capillaries, which ______ filtration.

higher; favors

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood

What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate?

hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside.

hydrostatic; blood

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure.

increase

Define diuresis.

increase urine volume

When dehydration is a threat, ADH secretion ______, causing water reabsorption to ______, producing ______ concentrated urine.

increases; increase; more

Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?

inward

Due to the reabsorption of water and sodium from the proximal tubule, the tubular fluid is ______ to peritubular capillary blood plasma by the time it reaches the end of the proximal tubule.

isotonic

The renal artery brings blood to which structure?

kidney

The bean-shaped organs that are reddish-brown in color and have a smooth surface are the

kidneys

The organs that function to regulate the removal of excess water, electrolytes, and metabolic wastes from body fluids are called the

kidneys

The diameters of afferent arterioles are ______ than those of the efferent arterioles. This difference causes blood to back up into the glomerulus, changing blood pressure which ______ filtration.

larger; favors

A substance that is freely reabsorbed down its concentration gradient must be ______-soluble.

lipid

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed.

most

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted.

much greater than

Which prefix means "pertaining to the kidney"?

nephr

Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule.

nephron loop, proximal tubule, and distal tubule

Each kidney has about one million ____ , the functional unit responsible for urine formation.

nephrons

The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the

nephrons

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus?

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

on either side of the vertebral column

Reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule occurs by which mechanism?

osmosis

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of

osmosis

Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule?

osmosis

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ______ as it follows sodium reabsorption. The result is a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume.

osmosis; decrease

When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries?

out of the glomerular capillaries

When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force.

outward

The word element "nephr-," as in the term nephron, means ______.

pertaining to the kidney

The cells that cover the glomerulus, helping to form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, are called

podocytes

The kidneys are on the ______ wall.

posterior abdominal

Consider the order of segments of the renal tubule. What is the first part of the renal tubule called?

proximal tubule

Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______.

proximal tubule

Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubule?

proximal tubule

In the picture, arrow A is pointing to the ______ and arrow B is pointing to the ______.

proximal tubule; ascending limb of nephron loop

Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are ___ before urine is excreted.

reabsorbed

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

regulate the composition and volume of body fluids

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called ___ the artery.

renal

The two major components of a nephron are the ______.

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Which are the two major components of a nephron?

renal tubule renal corpuscle

The enzyme that is released by the kidneys, called ______, acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

renin

Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular ___

secretion

Which of the following stimulates the release of renin?

sympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa

What is a glomerular capsule?

thin walled, sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus.

During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______.

tubular fluid; blood

The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process?

tubular reabsorption

What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule?

tubular secretion

The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______.

urea

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ____ system.

urinary

The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called

urine

The fluid formed by the kidneys and excreted from the body is called

urine

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?

vasoconstriction

What are some effects of angiotensin II?

vasoconstriction increased ADH secretion increased aldosterone secretion

Podocytes make up which layer of the glomerular capsule?

visceral layer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption of ___ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

water