Ch 21

Arrange the steps involved in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the correct order.

1. treat cells 2. denature chromosomal DNA 3. hybridize chromosomal DNA 4. add flourescently labeled 5. view with a fluorescence microscope

In a FISH experiment, what molecule is incorporated into the single-stranded DNA probes that later allows for detection of the probes?

Biotin

A diagram that shows the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome is called a genetic .

Blank 1: map

Which of the following processes is used for physical mapping?

Cloning fragments of chromosomal DNA

What was the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?

DNA from several anonymous volunteers

A gene chip is also called a(n)

DNA microarray.

rue or false: The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence.

False

What stain is used to produce banding patterns on chromosomes so that the location of a bound probe in a FISH experiment can be compared to banded chromosomes?

Giemsa

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

Improvements in cloning technology Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes Improved DNA sequencing technology Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes

The transcriptome is the set of all ______ produced in one cell or a population of cells.

RNA molecules

If you wished to compare the transcriptome of healthy cells versus diseased cells, which method would you choose?

RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq)

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing?

Random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified.

What is represented in a genetic map?

The locations of genes or other DNA segments along a chromosome

RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is used to compare transcriptomes

in response to different environmental agents. in different stages of development. in different cell types. in healthy versus diseased cells.

During in situ hybridization, a DNA probe made from a cloned gene binds to

its complementary sequence on a particular chromosome.

What is a molecular marker?

A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools

What is a microsatellite?

A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row

What is a sequence-tagged site?

A specific DNA sequence that can be amplified by PCR

The type of mapping in which a gene is localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is mapping.

Blank 1: cytogenetic

"FISH" stands for in situ hybridization.

Blank 1: fluorescence or fluorescent

During FISH, the location of a bound probe can be detected through the emission of light.

Blank 1: fluorescent or fluorescence

Another term for DNA microarray is .

Blank 1: gene Blank 2: chip

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is the

Blank 1: genome

During pyrosequencing, the release of pyrophosphate after addition of a nucleotide is monitored through a series of chemical reactions. In the first reaction, pyrophosphate and adenosine 5' phosphosulfate are the substrates for ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase. The ATP produced in this reaction is combined with luciferin by the enzyme to produce .

Blank 1: luciferase Blank 2: light

In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as .

Blank 1: mapping

One of the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make it easier to identify genes that cause disease when they are .

Blank 1: mutated, mutant, missing, or damaged

Genes encoding proteins that participate in a common metabolic pathway are often expressed simultaneously. What experimental technique would be most appropriate for identifying genes whose mRNAs are expressed together?

DNA microarray

If DNA is collected from a haploid cell, how many bands will be produced by an STS that is amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis?

One

In pyrosequencing, the incorporation of a nucleotide into a growing DNA strand is monitored by measuring the release of

PPi.

What is metagenomics?

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

Why are microbes that live in water, soil, and the human intestinal tract difficult to study in the laboratory?

They are difficult to culture.

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?

To localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern

True or false: Molecular genetic technology such as gene cloning, contig construction, and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project.

True

The presence of two bands corresponding to a sequence-tagged site that has been amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis indicates that the

cell was heterozygous for the STS.

In situ hybridization is a technique that is often used for

cytogenetic mapping.

The most common method of in situ hybridization uses ______ DNA probes.

fluorescent

A knockout collection is a collection of organisms of the same species in which each strain

has one gene knocked out.

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes.

A fluorescence microscope is used to detect bound DNA probes in FISH. To detect the fluorescent molecules, the sample is illuminated with light, and then the fluorescent molecules emit ______ wavelength light, which is transmitted and detected.

longer

The technology that enables the expression of thousands of genes to be studied simultaneously is called a DNA .

microarray

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located

on both sides of the microsatellite.

Each spot in a DNA microarray contains

single-stranded DNA from a specific gene.

A DNA microarray is a silica or plastic slide that contains ______ in an area the size of a(n) ______.

tens of thousands of different DNA sequences; postage stamp

Arrange the steps involved in a metagenomic study in the correct order.

1. obtain samples 2. filter 3. lyse cells 4. extract 5. insert DNA 6. sequence

To analyze a microsatellite sequence, a scientist must first amplify it by PCR. This requires the use of PCR that flank the repeated sequence in the microsatellite.

Blank 1: primers

One of the methods that is used for genome-sequencing projects involves the sequencing of randomly generated DNA fragments followed by identification of overlapping regions in the DNA sequence. This method is called sequencing.

Blank 1: shotgun

The set of all RNA molecules that are transcribed in one cell or a population of cells is called the .

Blank 1: transcriptome

An organism's genome is its

total genetic composition.

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) - project.

Blank 1: genome Blank 2: sequencing

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA is called - sequencing.

Blank 1: high, massively, or highly Blank 2: throughput or parallel

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that is used to

analyze DNA-protein interactions.

Many microorganisms that live in soil, water, and the human intestinal tract are difficult to study because

researchers may not understand their growth requirements. they may require the presence of a complex microbial community.

A method called chromatin (ChIP) can be used to determine whether proteins can bind to a particular region of DNA.

Blank 1: immunoprecipitation or immuno-precipitation

A collection of organisms of the same species in which each strain carries one gene whose function has been inactivated is called a(n) collection.

Blank 1: knockout

In a metagenome sequencing project, DNA fragments from an environmental sample are cloned and transformed into host cells to produce a metagenomic , which is subjected to shotgun sequencing.

Blank 1: library

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic map of the human genome.

Blank 1: linkage

Which of the following are potential applications of DNA microarrays?

Comparison of cell-specific gene expression Studying genetic variation Microbial strain identification Tumor profiling

During a researcher's in situ hybridization procedure, what causes the probe to stick to the chromosome?

Complementary base pairing to the corresponding gene

Genome-wide analysis of gene expression is possible via

DNA microarrays.

What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?

Determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes

Which of the following techniques is commonly used for cytogenetic mapping?

In situ hybridization

Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pieces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome?

Physical mapping

The mapping technique that relies on the frequency of recombinant offspring for determination of the distance between genetic loci is mapping.

Blank 1: linkage

Geneticists use several types of mapping strategies to identify the locations of genes. The approach that relies on DNA cloning techniques and allows computation of distances in base pairs is mapping. The technique that is based on recombination frequencies between genes is mapping. The technique that locates genes relative to bands on chromosomes that are visible by microscopy is mapping.

Blank 1: physical Blank 2: linkage Blank 3: cytogenetic

How is genome sequencing likely to improve our understanding of human disease?

It may lead to the identification of human genes involved in disease. It can provide information about genes found in pathogens that infect humans.

What is high-throughput sequencing

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

Match each type of chromosome mapping with the correct description.

Cytogenetic mapping Determination of the locations of specific sequences relative to bands on chromosomes Linkage mapping Determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome based on their frequency of genetic recombination Physical mapping Determining the locations of genes and other DNA sequences using DNA cloning techniques

In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of

recombinant offspring.