Ch. 21 Immune System

the innate defense system defends against _____ foreign/abnormal material; even on initial exposure.

ANY

when activated, ______ become helper T cells

CD4 cells

process of B cell activation and differentiation: 1) antigen ___ to a receptor on a specific B cell

binding

_____ cells of the immune system give rise to plasma cells.

clone

the two ways of acquiring passive humoral immunity is ______ and ______.

naturally acquired; artifically acquired

the two ways of acquiring active humoral immunity is _____ and ______.

naturally acquired; artificially acquired

_________ is when antibodies block specific sites on virus receptors or bacterial toxins; prevents binding to receptors on tissue cells.

neutralization

the four mechanisms used by antibodies to bring about destruction of a pathogen are: ________, ____, ______, and ______

neutralization; agglutination; precipitation; complement fixation

soon after inflammation begins, phagocytes are mobilized to the injured area. ______ arrive at the injured area first

neutrophils

the two major types of phagocytes are _____ and _____

neutrophils; macrophages

self antigens mark a cell as "self" while intruders mark a cell as ____ (antigens)

non-self

swell and pain from inflammation are caused from increased capillary _____ and fluid leaks into the tissue spaces.

permeability

the five categories of internal innate defenses are _____; _______; ______; _______; ______

phagocytes; natural killer cells; inflammation; antimicrobial proteins; fever

the activation of complement promotes _____; coats pathogen surfaces

phagocytosis

_______ are lysosomes that fuses with the phagocytic vesicles.

phagolysosome

______ are phagocytes that form pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle.

phagosome

the first line of defense (surface barriers) act as ______ barriers that produce protective chemical

physical

process of B cell activation and differentiation: 3) differentiation of ______ and memory B cells.

plasma

membrane attack complex embeds in the plasma membrane of target cells and creates _____.

pores

______ occurs when soluble molecules (not cells) are cross linked and settle out of a solution.

precipitation

the secondary response to an antigen is so much faster than the primary response because the immune system has already been ___ to the antigen and sensitized memory cells are already on alert.

primed

active humoral immunity is when B cells encounter antigen and ____ antibodies against them.

produce

the 3-6 day delay between initial exposure to an antigen and the appearance of antibodies in the plasma is that B cells _____ and offspring differentiate into plasma cells.

proliferate

the secondary immune response occurs on _____ to the same antigen.

re-exposure

passive humoral immunity is when _____ antibodies are introduced into the body.

ready-made

_______ suppress immune responses

regulatory T cells

natural acquired humoral immunity is a ____ to infection.

response

interferons are secreted by ______ cells.

virus infected cells

a ______ lymphocyte is an immunocompetent B and T cell that hasn't been exposed to an antigen.

"NAIVE"

______ are a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for humoral immunity

B lymphocytes (B cells)

_______ is the clumping of antigenic cells.

agglutination

cilia propels debris-laden mucus ____ from the nasal cavity and lower respiratory passages.

away

______ immunity is provided by lymphocytes

cellular

the first line of defense against disease is the _______

epithelial barriers

_____ immunity is provided by antibodies.

humoral

all lymphocytes originate in the _______.

red bone marrow

_____ is failure to respond to a self-antigen

self-tolerance

the adaptive immune response has ____ because after initial exposure mounts an even stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens.

"memory"

plasma cells secrete antibodies that contain some antigen binding sites as parent ______ cells.

B

NK cells are considered to be part of the innate defense system because they are _____; can eliminate a variety of infected or cancerous cells by detecting general abnormalities.

NON SPECIFIC

the adaptive defense system selectively targets ____ foreign material to which the body has already been exposed.

PARTICULAR

the adaptive immune system is "specific" because it recognizes and targets ____ foreign agents.

PARTICULAR

____ are a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immunity.

T lymphocytes (T cells)

receiving a vaccine would be _____ humoral immunity

active (artificial)

catching the flu from your roomate would be _____ humoral immunity.

active (natural)

____ immunity provides immunological memory.

active humoral

process of B cell activation and differentiation: 4) secretion of _____.

antibodies

an _____ is a large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the blood.

antigen

a moderate fever is beneficial because is causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc that makes them less available to support ______ and increases metabolic rate of tissue cells that _____ repair.

bacterial growth; speed up

all B cells mature in the ______.

bone marrow

the activation of complement causes _______ of the target cell.

cell lysis

_____ immunity acts against cellular targets such as virus-infected tissue cells, cancer cells, and cells of transplanted tissues.

cellular

4) ______ occurs when neutrophils migrate up the gradient of chemotaxis to the injury site

chemotaxis

process of B cell activation and differentiation:2) proliferation of B cells to form a ____.

clone

a ______ is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that circulate in inactive form.

complement

the membrane attack complex (MAC) is a group of ______ proteins

complement

_______ occurs when antibodies bind to target cell membranes and active complements.

complement fixation

________ directly attack and destroy host cells bearing a foreign antigen.

cytotoxic t cells

macrophages replace neutrophils at an injured area and clear the area of _____ (pathogens, dead tissue cells)

debris

lysozyme (protein digesting enzyme) is found in the saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid of the eye and _____ bacteria (kills many different microorganisms)

destroys

3) _____ occurs when neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells.

diapedesis

redness and heat from inflammation are caused when arterioles _____ and there is increased blood flow to the area.

dilate

the primary immune response occurs on _____ to a specific antigen.

first

_______ enhance activity of other immune cells; 60-80% of circulating T cells.

helper T cells

______ immunity acts against extracellular targets such as bacteria and free viruses.

humoral

the two types of adaptive immunity are _____ and _____

humoral immunity; cellular immunity

______ is the ability to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it.

immunocompetence

two immediate effects on blood vessels in injured area following release of inflammatory chemicals: 2) _________: accounts for swelling and pain (fluid and plasma proteins leak into the tissue spaces)

increased capillary permeability

interferons are secreted by virus infected cells and help protect cells that have not yet been _____.

infected

the activation of complement enhances _____ by stimulating histamine release and increasing capillary permeability and attracts phagocytes.

inflammation

the inflammatory process begins with the release of __________.

inflammatory chemicals

the protective functions of the acid mantle is it ______ (skin, vaginal, and stomach secretions)

inhibits bacteria growth

artificially acquired passive immunity is an _____ of exogenous antibodies such as snake venom

injection

the surface barriers that make up the body's first line of defense is the _____

intact skin and mucous membrane

the second line of defense against disease is the ________

internal defenses (inflammation)

1) _____ is an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood in response to leukocytosis inducing factors.

leukocytosis

neutrophils arrive at the injured area and respond by releasing _______ factors.

leukocytosis inducing

the four steps of phagocyte mobilization is ______; ______; _____; and _____.

leukocytosis; margination; diapedesis; and chemotaxis

two immediate effects on blood vessels in injured area following release of inflammatory chemicals: 1) ______; accounts for redness/heat (arterioles dilate and increased blood flow to the area)

localized vasodilation

the third line of defense against disease is the _______.

lymphocytes

soon after inflammation begins, neutrophils arrive at the injured area first; followed by _____.

macrophages

2) ______ occurs when neutrophils stick to the endothelial lining

margination

clone cells that do not become plasma cells become _____ cells.

memory

___ cells are responsible in the secondary response to an antigen.

memory cells

opsonization enhances phagocytosis because opsonins provide "handles" that receptors on macrophages and neutrophils can adhere to.; allows them to engulf particles _____.

more rapidly

naturally acquired passive immunity is passed from the ___ via placenta (breastmilk)

mother

_____ is the coating of pathogen surfaces by opsonins

opsonization

receiving an injection of antibodies after exposure to a disease such as rabies is _______ humoral immunity.

passive (artificial)

antibodies that pass from a mother to a fetus or nursing infant would be _____ humoral immunity.

passive (natural)

the four cardinal signs of inflammation are: _____,_____,_____,______

redness; heat; swelling; and pain

memory cells respond to a later encounter with the _______.

same antigen

an immunocompotent but naive B or T cell first encounter its antigen in ______ such as the lymph nodes and spleen

secondary lymphoid organs

the adaptive immune response is ____ because it recognizes and target particular foreign agents.

specific

the three key characteristics of the adaptive immune response that distinguishes it from the innate defenses is that it is: _____, _____, and _____.

specific; systematic; has "memory"

the adaptive immune response is _____ because it is not confined to the initial infection site.

systematic

pyrogens are chemicals that act on the body's thermostat to raise ______.

temperature

all T cells mature in the _____.

thymus

mucus lines the digestive and respiratory passageways and _____ microorganism and washes them out.

traps

artificially acquired humoral immunity is a ____ that has dead or attenuated pathogens.

vaccine

natural killer cells destroy _____ cells and cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated; kills target cells by direct contact.

virus infected