Ch. 21 Immune System
the innate defense system defends against _____ foreign/abnormal material; even on initial exposure.
ANY
when activated, ______ become helper T cells
CD4 cells
process of B cell activation and differentiation: 1) antigen ___ to a receptor on a specific B cell
binding
_____ cells of the immune system give rise to plasma cells.
clone
the two ways of acquiring passive humoral immunity is ______ and ______.
naturally acquired; artifically acquired
the two ways of acquiring active humoral immunity is _____ and ______.
naturally acquired; artificially acquired
_________ is when antibodies block specific sites on virus receptors or bacterial toxins; prevents binding to receptors on tissue cells.
neutralization
the four mechanisms used by antibodies to bring about destruction of a pathogen are: ________, ____, ______, and ______
neutralization; agglutination; precipitation; complement fixation
soon after inflammation begins, phagocytes are mobilized to the injured area. ______ arrive at the injured area first
neutrophils
the two major types of phagocytes are _____ and _____
neutrophils; macrophages
self antigens mark a cell as "self" while intruders mark a cell as ____ (antigens)
non-self
swell and pain from inflammation are caused from increased capillary _____ and fluid leaks into the tissue spaces.
permeability
the five categories of internal innate defenses are _____; _______; ______; _______; ______
phagocytes; natural killer cells; inflammation; antimicrobial proteins; fever
the activation of complement promotes _____; coats pathogen surfaces
phagocytosis
_______ are lysosomes that fuses with the phagocytic vesicles.
phagolysosome
______ are phagocytes that form pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle.
phagosome
the first line of defense (surface barriers) act as ______ barriers that produce protective chemical
physical
process of B cell activation and differentiation: 3) differentiation of ______ and memory B cells.
plasma
membrane attack complex embeds in the plasma membrane of target cells and creates _____.
pores
______ occurs when soluble molecules (not cells) are cross linked and settle out of a solution.
precipitation
the secondary response to an antigen is so much faster than the primary response because the immune system has already been ___ to the antigen and sensitized memory cells are already on alert.
primed
active humoral immunity is when B cells encounter antigen and ____ antibodies against them.
produce
the 3-6 day delay between initial exposure to an antigen and the appearance of antibodies in the plasma is that B cells _____ and offspring differentiate into plasma cells.
proliferate
the secondary immune response occurs on _____ to the same antigen.
re-exposure
passive humoral immunity is when _____ antibodies are introduced into the body.
ready-made
_______ suppress immune responses
regulatory T cells
natural acquired humoral immunity is a ____ to infection.
response
interferons are secreted by ______ cells.
virus infected cells
a ______ lymphocyte is an immunocompetent B and T cell that hasn't been exposed to an antigen.
"NAIVE"
______ are a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for humoral immunity
B lymphocytes (B cells)
_______ is the clumping of antigenic cells.
agglutination
cilia propels debris-laden mucus ____ from the nasal cavity and lower respiratory passages.
away
______ immunity is provided by lymphocytes
cellular
the first line of defense against disease is the _______
epithelial barriers
_____ immunity is provided by antibodies.
humoral
all lymphocytes originate in the _______.
red bone marrow
_____ is failure to respond to a self-antigen
self-tolerance
the adaptive immune response has ____ because after initial exposure mounts an even stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens.
"memory"
plasma cells secrete antibodies that contain some antigen binding sites as parent ______ cells.
B
NK cells are considered to be part of the innate defense system because they are _____; can eliminate a variety of infected or cancerous cells by detecting general abnormalities.
NON SPECIFIC
the adaptive defense system selectively targets ____ foreign material to which the body has already been exposed.
PARTICULAR
the adaptive immune system is "specific" because it recognizes and targets ____ foreign agents.
PARTICULAR
____ are a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immunity.
T lymphocytes (T cells)
receiving a vaccine would be _____ humoral immunity
active (artificial)
catching the flu from your roomate would be _____ humoral immunity.
active (natural)
____ immunity provides immunological memory.
active humoral
process of B cell activation and differentiation: 4) secretion of _____.
antibodies
an _____ is a large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the blood.
antigen
a moderate fever is beneficial because is causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc that makes them less available to support ______ and increases metabolic rate of tissue cells that _____ repair.
bacterial growth; speed up
all B cells mature in the ______.
bone marrow
the activation of complement causes _______ of the target cell.
cell lysis
_____ immunity acts against cellular targets such as virus-infected tissue cells, cancer cells, and cells of transplanted tissues.
cellular
4) ______ occurs when neutrophils migrate up the gradient of chemotaxis to the injury site
chemotaxis
process of B cell activation and differentiation:2) proliferation of B cells to form a ____.
clone
a ______ is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that circulate in inactive form.
complement
the membrane attack complex (MAC) is a group of ______ proteins
complement
_______ occurs when antibodies bind to target cell membranes and active complements.
complement fixation
________ directly attack and destroy host cells bearing a foreign antigen.
cytotoxic t cells
macrophages replace neutrophils at an injured area and clear the area of _____ (pathogens, dead tissue cells)
debris
lysozyme (protein digesting enzyme) is found in the saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid of the eye and _____ bacteria (kills many different microorganisms)
destroys
3) _____ occurs when neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells.
diapedesis
redness and heat from inflammation are caused when arterioles _____ and there is increased blood flow to the area.
dilate
the primary immune response occurs on _____ to a specific antigen.
first
_______ enhance activity of other immune cells; 60-80% of circulating T cells.
helper T cells
______ immunity acts against extracellular targets such as bacteria and free viruses.
humoral
the two types of adaptive immunity are _____ and _____
humoral immunity; cellular immunity
______ is the ability to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it.
immunocompetence
two immediate effects on blood vessels in injured area following release of inflammatory chemicals: 2) _________: accounts for swelling and pain (fluid and plasma proteins leak into the tissue spaces)
increased capillary permeability
interferons are secreted by virus infected cells and help protect cells that have not yet been _____.
infected
the activation of complement enhances _____ by stimulating histamine release and increasing capillary permeability and attracts phagocytes.
inflammation
the inflammatory process begins with the release of __________.
inflammatory chemicals
the protective functions of the acid mantle is it ______ (skin, vaginal, and stomach secretions)
inhibits bacteria growth
artificially acquired passive immunity is an _____ of exogenous antibodies such as snake venom
injection
the surface barriers that make up the body's first line of defense is the _____
intact skin and mucous membrane
the second line of defense against disease is the ________
internal defenses (inflammation)
1) _____ is an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood in response to leukocytosis inducing factors.
leukocytosis
neutrophils arrive at the injured area and respond by releasing _______ factors.
leukocytosis inducing
the four steps of phagocyte mobilization is ______; ______; _____; and _____.
leukocytosis; margination; diapedesis; and chemotaxis
two immediate effects on blood vessels in injured area following release of inflammatory chemicals: 1) ______; accounts for redness/heat (arterioles dilate and increased blood flow to the area)
localized vasodilation
the third line of defense against disease is the _______.
lymphocytes
soon after inflammation begins, neutrophils arrive at the injured area first; followed by _____.
macrophages
2) ______ occurs when neutrophils stick to the endothelial lining
margination
clone cells that do not become plasma cells become _____ cells.
memory
___ cells are responsible in the secondary response to an antigen.
memory cells
opsonization enhances phagocytosis because opsonins provide "handles" that receptors on macrophages and neutrophils can adhere to.; allows them to engulf particles _____.
more rapidly
naturally acquired passive immunity is passed from the ___ via placenta (breastmilk)
mother
_____ is the coating of pathogen surfaces by opsonins
opsonization
receiving an injection of antibodies after exposure to a disease such as rabies is _______ humoral immunity.
passive (artificial)
antibodies that pass from a mother to a fetus or nursing infant would be _____ humoral immunity.
passive (natural)
the four cardinal signs of inflammation are: _____,_____,_____,______
redness; heat; swelling; and pain
memory cells respond to a later encounter with the _______.
same antigen
an immunocompotent but naive B or T cell first encounter its antigen in ______ such as the lymph nodes and spleen
secondary lymphoid organs
the adaptive immune response is ____ because it recognizes and target particular foreign agents.
specific
the three key characteristics of the adaptive immune response that distinguishes it from the innate defenses is that it is: _____, _____, and _____.
specific; systematic; has "memory"
the adaptive immune response is _____ because it is not confined to the initial infection site.
systematic
pyrogens are chemicals that act on the body's thermostat to raise ______.
temperature
all T cells mature in the _____.
thymus
mucus lines the digestive and respiratory passageways and _____ microorganism and washes them out.
traps
artificially acquired humoral immunity is a ____ that has dead or attenuated pathogens.
vaccine
natural killer cells destroy _____ cells and cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated; kills target cells by direct contact.
virus infected