Ch 21: Lymphatic & Immune System

The thymus is considered part of which body systems?

Immune system Lymphatic system Endocrine system

What are the lymphatic system's main functions?

Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

In most body tissue, except the CNS, cartilage cornea, bone and bone marrow.

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?

Inflammation

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

Innate

Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells?

Interferon

Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?

Interferon

Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?

-The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment -The presence of lactic acid -The presence of defensins

List the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

1. Afferent Lymphatic Vessels 2. Subcapsular Sinuses of the Cortex 3. Sinuses of the Cortex and Medulla 4. Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

Flow of fluid

1. Blood Capillaries (Blood) 2. Interstitial Spaces (Interstitial Fluid) 3. Lymphatic Capillaries (Lymph) 4. Lymphatic Vessels (Lymph) 5. Lymphatic Ducts (Lymph) 6. Subclavian Veins (Blood)

How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?

11

Describe functions of a lysozyme

Capable of destroying bacteria An enzyme Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids

Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.

Cartilage And Bone

Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?

Classical

Which describes lymphatic capillaries?

Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells

The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate ______

Complement

Which globulins make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity?

Complement

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

Complement

What are three antimicrobial proteins?

Complement Interferon Defensin

Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

Cornea Cartilage Bone marrow

Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node

Cortex

What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?

FIxed

True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.

False

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

False

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False

True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.

False

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

False

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

False

What are functions of lymph nodes?

Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation

Which line of defense consists of external barriers?

First

A _____ center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.

Germinal

Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

Germinal Center

NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?

Granzymes

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?

Heat Redness

Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

Heparin

Basophils and mast cells release _____________, which increases blood flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to an area.

Histamine

What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells?

Histamine Leukotriene Heparin

Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.

Host

Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?

Hyaluronidase

The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of what?

Hypochlorite Superoxide anion Hydrogen peroxide

The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.

Hypothalamus

Where is body temperature regulated?

Hypothalamus

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

Keratin

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the

Lacteals

The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ________

Lactic

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

Lactic Acid

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

Liver

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks? Select two

Lumbar Intestinal

What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?

Lymohatic Trunks

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called ______.

Lymph

The branched _______ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus

Reticular

Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?

Reticular

The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.

Right & Thoracic

Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?

Right Lymphatic Duct

Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?

Second

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

Secondary

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

Specific Defenses

The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the _______

Spleen

A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n) _________.

Splenectomy

Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.

T Cells

Which class of lymphocytes matures in the thymus?

T Cells

types of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells, NK cells

The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.

The Skin

Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?

Third

The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.

Thoracic

Which duct drains the most lymph?

Thoracic Duct

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.

Thymus

The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.

Thymus

Which are primary lymphatic organs?

Thymus Red Bone Marrow

The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.

Tonsils

True or False: A person can live without a spleen.

True

Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?

Valves The skeletal muscle pump The respiratory pump

List features of lymphatic vessels?

Valves are present A tunica interna is present Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which blood vessles?

Veins

A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.

antipyretic

What does MALT stand for?

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?

spleen

Examples of pathogens are ______.

fungi bacteria viruses

Name the anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

heparin

The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.

hyaluronic

Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?

Exogenous

What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?

External Barriers

What are the beneficial effects of fever?

Elevated metabolic rate Elevated interferon activity Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication

Self proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.

Endogenous

Name the leukocyte that would help a patient combat a parasitic tapeworm infection.

Eosinophil

An elevated eosinophil count is called ______.

Eosinophillia

What is the function of a lacteal?

Absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.

The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.

Adaptive

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.

Afferent, Efferent

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

What is lymphedema?

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

Antigen Presenting

Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of what?

Antimicrobial Proteins

What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?

Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages

Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?

Antipyretics

What forms pus?

Dead neutrophils and macrophages

When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.

Degranulate

What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?

Degranulation

The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the _______.

Dendritic

Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?

Dendritic cells Macrophages

'' Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called _______.

Diapedesis

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting _______

Duct

Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called ________ lymphatic vessels

Efferent

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround what?

Lymphatic Organs

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?

Lymphatic System

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

Lymphatic Vessels

Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?

Lymphatic tissues

An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as ______.

Lymphedema

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.

Lymphocytes

Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?

Lymphocytes

_______ is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.

Lysozyme

Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called

Macrophages

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

Macrophages

The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.

Phagocytosis of pathogens Inflammation Cytolysis Immune clearance

A ______ cell produces antibodies

Plasma

Which cell produces antibodies?

Plasma cell

What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?

Mast Cells Basophils

Which is a fixed macrophage in the central nervous system?

Microglia

A(n) _______ migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.

Monocyte

Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?

Monocytes

A lymph node has ______ afferent vessels associated with it than efferent vessels.

More

Describe a neutrophil

Multibodied nucleus with cytoplasmic granules

Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?

NK Cells Cytotoxic T Cells

The ____ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

Natural

______ are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals

Neutrophils

A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph ________.

Node

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic ______.

Organs

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Pain Heat Swelling Redness

A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______

Perforin

List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.

Produce superoxide anion Produce hydrogen peroxide

B cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the _____ bone marrow

Red

Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.

Red

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

Red Bone Marrow

Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?

Red Bone Marrow

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?

Red Pulp

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

Red bone marrow

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

When it enters the lymphatic capillaries

The _____ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.

White