Ch 21: Lymphatic & Immune System
The thymus is considered part of which body systems?
Immune system Lymphatic system Endocrine system
What are the lymphatic system's main functions?
Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
In most body tissue, except the CNS, cartilage cornea, bone and bone marrow.
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?
Inflammation
Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?
Innate
Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells?
Interferon
Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?
Interferon
Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?
-The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment -The presence of lactic acid -The presence of defensins
List the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.
1. Afferent Lymphatic Vessels 2. Subcapsular Sinuses of the Cortex 3. Sinuses of the Cortex and Medulla 4. Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
Flow of fluid
1. Blood Capillaries (Blood) 2. Interstitial Spaces (Interstitial Fluid) 3. Lymphatic Capillaries (Lymph) 4. Lymphatic Vessels (Lymph) 5. Lymphatic Ducts (Lymph) 6. Subclavian Veins (Blood)
How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?
11
Describe functions of a lysozyme
Capable of destroying bacteria An enzyme Found in saliva, tears, and other body fluids
Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.
Cartilage And Bone
Which complement pathway is antibody-mediated?
Classical
Which describes lymphatic capillaries?
Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells
The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate ______
Complement
Which globulins make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity?
Complement
Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?
Complement
What are three antimicrobial proteins?
Complement Interferon Defensin
Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?
Cornea Cartilage Bone marrow
Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node
Cortex
What type of macrophage moves into a specific tissue, then remains within that tissue waiting to phagocytize pathogens?
FIxed
True or false: A pathogen or a tissue transplant is an example of a host cell.
False
True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.
False
True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.
False
True or false: Complement functions to induce pathogen destruction by inducing apoptosis.
False
True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
False
True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
False
What are functions of lymph nodes?
Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation
Which line of defense consists of external barriers?
First
A _____ center is an area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs.
Germinal
Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?
Germinal Center
NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?
Granzymes
Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?
Heat Redness
Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?
Heparin
Basophils and mast cells release _____________, which increases blood flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to an area.
Histamine
What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells?
Histamine Leukotriene Heparin
Any cell belonging to the human body, as opposed to foreign cells introduced to it by such causes as infections and tissue transplants, is called a ______ cell.
Host
Some bacteria produce which enzyme that allows them to more readily spread throughout connective tissues?
Hyaluronidase
The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of what?
Hypochlorite Superoxide anion Hydrogen peroxide
The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.
Hypothalamus
Where is body temperature regulated?
Hypothalamus
What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?
Keratin
The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the
Lacteals
The organic acid that may be excreted in sweat and inhibits microbial growth is ________
Lactic
Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?
Lactic Acid
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
Liver
The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks? Select two
Lumbar Intestinal
What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?
Lymohatic Trunks
The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called ______.
Lymph
The branched _______ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus
Reticular
Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?
Reticular
The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.
Right & Thoracic
Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?
Right Lymphatic Duct
Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?
Second
The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.
Secondary
What is the third line of defense against pathogens?
Specific Defenses
The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the _______
Spleen
A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n) _________.
Splenectomy
Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.
T Cells
Which class of lymphocytes matures in the thymus?
T Cells
types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, NK cells
The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.
The Skin
Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?
Third
The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.
Thoracic
Which duct drains the most lymph?
Thoracic Duct
The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.
Thymus
The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.
Thymus
Which are primary lymphatic organs?
Thymus Red Bone Marrow
The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
Tonsils
True or False: A person can live without a spleen.
True
Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?
Valves The skeletal muscle pump The respiratory pump
List features of lymphatic vessels?
Valves are present A tunica interna is present Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall
Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which blood vessles?
Veins
A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.
antipyretic
What does MALT stand for?
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
Examples of pathogens are ______.
fungi bacteria viruses
Name the anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?
heparin
The connective tissue of skin and mucous membranes produces ______ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.
hyaluronic
Any surface glycolipid on a bacterium or virus that stimulates fever is what type of pyrogen?
Exogenous
What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?
External Barriers
What are the beneficial effects of fever?
Elevated metabolic rate Elevated interferon activity Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication
Self proteins, such as interferon and interleukins, that induce fever are called ______ pyrogens.
Endogenous
Name the leukocyte that would help a patient combat a parasitic tapeworm infection.
Eosinophil
An elevated eosinophil count is called ______.
Eosinophillia
What is the function of a lacteal?
Absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.
The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.
Adaptive
Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.
Afferent, Efferent
What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?
Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
What is lymphedema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues
A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.
Antigen Presenting
Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of what?
Antimicrobial Proteins
What does the body's second line of defense against pathogens consist of?
Antimicrobial proteins, leukocytes, and macrophages
Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?
Antipyretics
What forms pus?
Dead neutrophils and macrophages
When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.
Degranulate
What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?
Degranulation
The cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines is the _______.
Dendritic
Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?
Dendritic cells Macrophages
'' Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called _______.
Diapedesis
The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting _______
Duct
Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called ________ lymphatic vessels
Efferent
Distinct connective tissue capsules surround what?
Lymphatic Organs
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic System
Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?
Lymphatic Vessels
Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?
Lymphatic tissues
An abnormal accumulation of non-inflammatory tissue fluid resulting in swelling is known as ______.
Lymphedema
Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.
Lymphocytes
Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?
Lymphocytes
_______ is an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.
Lysozyme
Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called
Macrophages
What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?
Macrophages
The function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.
Phagocytosis of pathogens Inflammation Cytolysis Immune clearance
A ______ cell produces antibodies
Plasma
Which cell produces antibodies?
Plasma cell
What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?
Mast Cells Basophils
Which is a fixed macrophage in the central nervous system?
Microglia
A(n) _______ migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.
Monocyte
Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?
Monocytes
A lymph node has ______ afferent vessels associated with it than efferent vessels.
More
Describe a neutrophil
Multibodied nucleus with cytoplasmic granules
Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?
NK Cells Cytotoxic T Cells
The ____ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.
Natural
______ are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals
Neutrophils
A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph ________.
Node
The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic ______.
Organs
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Pain Heat Swelling Redness
A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______
Perforin
List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.
Produce superoxide anion Produce hydrogen peroxide
B cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the _____ bone marrow
Red
Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.
Red
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Red Bone Marrow
Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?
Red Bone Marrow
Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?
Red Pulp
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
When it enters the lymphatic capillaries
The _____ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.
White