Ch .22 Anatomy
What are three ways that abnormal cells are destroyed by T cytotoxic cells?
- 1. Release perforins to destroy the target cells plsma membrane - 2. Release cytokines and activate genes in the targets cells nucleus telling that to to under go apoptosis - 3. Secrete poisonous lymphtotoxin
During times of chronic stress, what type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex that can inhibit the immune system?
Glucocorticoids
A _______ doesn't cause B cell activation and antibody production unless it is bound to a carrier molecule
Haptens
HIV specifically infect ________ T cells. (Remember, CD4 cells are T helper cells which play a central role in coordinating cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses to antigens)
Helper
Blood typing utilizes agglutination reactions using anti-A and anti-B. What class of antibody are anti-A and anti-B?
IgM
Certain T cells called _________ T cells enable your immune system to "remember" an antigen it has previously encountered, and launches a faster, stronger, and longer-lasting counterattack if such an antigen appears again.
Memory
A viscous fluid mixture composed of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue components that accumulate at the injury site is known as ______.
Pus
Complement
a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens lyses cells and enhances phagocytosis and inflammation
What is an abscess?
accumulation of pus
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system
Interferons
chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections
Class ________ MHC proteins are in the plasma membranes of all nucleated cells.
class I
Ultimately, T cell activation by class ___ MHC destroys that abnormal body cell.
class I
Adaptive immunity exhibits __________ by not eliciting an immune response to self-antigens
tolerance
The first step in adaptive immunity is ____________ done by antigen presenting cells (APCs). ____________ also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), are membrane glycoproteins that identify the cell as "self" rather than foreign.
- Antigen presentation - Major histocompatibility complex
If an MHC protein contains an antigen that a T cell is programmed to detect, binding occurs. This process is called _________.
- Antigen recognition
What are tissue typing tests trying to determine?
- Assesses HLAs, human leukocyte antigens
CD8 markers are found on _________ T cells and _________ T cells, which together are often called CD8 T cells. CD8 T cells respond to antigens presented by class ____ MHC proteins
- Cytoxic - Regulatory - I
CD4 markers are found on _______ T cells, often called CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells respond to antigens presented by class ____ MHC proteins.
- Helper - Class II
The first encounter with an antigen sensitizes the immune system. What class of antibodies are produced and what cells do they bind to?
- Immediate hypersensistivity - IgE
What medical treatment is used to combat anaphylactic shock?
- Injections of antihistamines, corticoids, and epinephrine
You look at your child's throat and notice that their tonsils are inflamed and swollen. Which tonsils are you observing and what is the medical term for inflamed tonsils?
- Lingual tonsils - Tonsillitis
What does the acronym MALT stand for, and where is MALT located in the body?
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue - digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive
what are peyers patches located
- Peyers Patches are located deep to the epithelial lining of the intestine
What does the secondary response produce IgG quicker than in the primary response?
- Plasma cells responsible differentiate only after reapeated cell division that also generate large number of memory B cells
The initial immune response to an antigen is called the ________ response. When the antigen appears again, it triggers a more extensive and prolonged _______ response.
- Primary - Secondary
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher?
- Primary: IgM - Secondary: IgG
List three ways that promote immunodeficiency diseases.
- Problems with the embroyonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues - An infection with a virus, such as HIV that depresses immune function - Treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents such as radiation or drugs
__________ T cells moderate the responses of other T cells and of B cells by secreting inhibitory cytokines called suppression factors.
- Regulatory T cells
__________ lymphatic vessels bring lymph to the lymph node and _________ lymphatic vessels carry lymph away from the lymph node.
- afferent - efferent
How are lymph nodes like early warning systems?
- antigens in interstitial fluid stimulate macrophages and lymphocytes in nearby lymph nodes
Lists three examples of MALT.
- appendix - tonsils - peyers patches
Patients who have COVID-19 can be infused with laboratory-produced antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (Called Regen-CoV produced by the company Regeneron). What type of adaptive immunity is this?
- articafically acquired passive immunity
What form of adaptive immunity is induced by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19?
- artificially acquired active immunity :
Why is innate immunity considered nonspecific?
- because it does not distinguish one potential threat from another
The _________ pathway activates the complement system by binding complement protein C1 to two nearby antibodies already attached to its specific antigen, such as a bacterial cell wall.
- classical
To proceed from recognition to activation, a T cell must also bind to the stimulating cell at a second site. This process is called __________ which helps prevent T cells from mistakenly attacking normal (self) tissues
- costimulation
_________ T cells provide cell-mediated immunity, which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells. __________ provide antibody-mediated immunity, which defends against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.
- cytoxic - humoral immunity
List four main types of T cells
- cytoxic T cells - Helper T cells - Regulatory T cells - Memory T cells
What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?
- have valves , vessels contain three layers
Are first line defenses innate or adaptive?
- innate ( non specfic)
Lymphocyte formation is called _____________.
- lmyphocytopoiesis
A large amounts of lymph accumulation due to the obstruction of lymphatic vessels results in ______________.
- lymphedema
Sweat gland secretions on the epidermal surface contain strong enzymes called ________ and molecules called ___________.
- lysozymes and antibodies
) Microglia and Kupffer cells are examples of ______________.
- macrophages
) List two types of phagocytes associated with immune function.
- macrophages - microphages
Once complement has been activated, cells can be lysed by the formation of the ____________ (MAC) in the membrane that destroys the integrity of the target cell.
- membrane attack complex
Studies suggest that a woman who produced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 while pregnant or from a previous exposure can transfer a certain type of antibody across the placenta to protect her unborn child. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
- naturally acquired passive immunity
Name two kinds of microphages
- neutrophils and eosinophils
Enhanced phagocytosis resulting from complement activation is called ___________.
- opsonization
What form of adaptive immunity is induced by contracting COVID-19?
- passive immunity: produced by transferring antibodies from another source
Once damage to a tissue occurs, localized chemical or physical changes ensue in the interstitial fluid that activates mast cells. Mast cell activation results in inflammation and __________ attraction, especially ____________.
- phagocyte - neutrophils
When stimulated, B cells differentiate into _______ cells that secrete soluble proteins called ________.
- plasma - antibodies
B cells and NK cells develop and mature in the __________ and T cells develop and mature in the ___________.
- red bone marrow - thymus
) In the spleen, ________ contains large quantities of red blood cells, and _______ resembles lymphoid nodules and has a high concentration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells.
- red pulp - white pulp
What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
- redness - swelling - heat - pain
What occurs when there is a second exposure to an allergen? (What is released by mast cells and basophils that results in a sudden, massive inflammation of the affected tissues in the area of exposure?)
- the bound antibodies stimulate these cells to release histamine, heparin, several cytokines, prostaglandins, and other chemicals into the surrounding tissues. T
Name four secondary lymphoid tissues/organs
- tonsils - MALT - lymph nodes - spleen
Lymphatic capillaries have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way __________. What is the importance of this when referring to pathogens?
- valve - it permits fluids and solutes to enter however it prevents them from returning to the intercellular spaces
________ blood is the universal donor (all blood types can receive type O); _________ is the universal recipient (type AB can receive all blood types).
-O -AB
Name the two primary lymph tissues/organs
-Red bone marrow - thymus
What specific chemical is released by mast cells and basophils that increases the degree of local inflammation?
-histamine
The tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed is called _________.
-necrosis
Complement activation using any of the three pathways produces three results. What are they?
1. Killing of pathogen 2. Enhanced phagocytosis 3. Inflammation
) List three results of neutrophil activation and state their importance.
1. Stick to the side of the vessel and move into the tissue by emigration 2. their metabolic rate goes up dramatically : and while this respiratory burst continues, they generate reactive compounds, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, that can destroy engulfed pathogens 3. they secrete cytokines that attract other neutrophils and macrophages to the area
List three classes of lymphocytes that circulate in blood
1. T cells ( thymus-dependent ) 2. B cells ( bone marrow ) 3. NK cells ( natural killer)
List four ways that lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries.
1. are closes at one end, rather than forming continuous tubes 2. have larger luminal diameters 3. have thinner walls 4. have flattened or irregular outline in sectional view
List three tests that are performed to determine if there is a successful match between organ donor and recipient?
1. blood type 2. tissue type 3. cross-matching
List three functions of the spleen
1. removing abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis 2. storing iron recycled from blood cells 3. initiating immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood
After the first exposure to an antigen, it takes _______ or more before the cytotoxic T cell population reaches an effective level at the site of injury or infection
2
What is a pathogen?
A disease causing agent
Class ____ MHC proteins are present only in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
Class II
Antigen-presenting cells include all the phagocytes of the monocyte-macrophage group discussed in other chapters, but they also include ___________ cells of the skin
Dendritic
Which antibody is found in body secretion such as tears and saliva and can have a structure of two connected antibodies with a secretory molecule?
IgA
Which antibody is important in allergic responses?
IgE
Which antibody type is most prevalent in the body and is the only antibody class that can cross the placenta?
IgG
Which antibody has five antibody molecules connected to form a starburst shape?
IgM
Which antibody is the first to be secreted the first time an antigen is encountered?
IgM
What lymphocytes are involved in innate immunity? What lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity: NK cells Adaptive immunity: T cells and B cells
Antigen presentation occurs when a(n) __________ combination that can activate T cells appears in a plasma membrane
MHC
________ cells perform immune surveillance of peripheral tissues looking for abnormal cells such as virus infected cells and cancer cells.
Natural Killer
Helper T cells
Stimulate response of T cells and B cells
The thymus is the site of _____ cell development and maturation.
T
Type _____ hypersensitivities, also called immediate hypersensitivities, occur rapid and especially severe response to an antigen.
Type I
A type of immunity called _________ immunity develops after the body is exposed to an antigen and elicits an immune response.
active
Antigens that set off allergic reactions are often called _________.
allergens
The __________ pathway activates the complement system when several complement proteins interact in the plasma.
alternative
When a circulating antigen affects mast cells throughout the body, it is called ___________.
anaphylaxis
Specific chemical targets that stimulate the immune response are called __________.
antigens
The process of genetically programmed cell death is called __________.
apoptosis
Rheumatoid arthritis and Type I diabetes are examples of ___________ disorders.
autoimmune
__________ disorders occur when activated B cells make antibodies against body cells and tissues
autoimmune
Antigen presentation by class I MHC proteins is triggered by viral or bacterial infection of a _______.
body cell
What is the most likely benefit of fever?
body metabolism
Cells that are attracted to or repelled by chemicals in the surrounding fluids are moving by a process called ___________.
chemotaxis
When activated, a lymphocyte begins to divide, producing more lymphocytes with the same specificity. These identical cells are called _________, and all are sensitive to the same specific antigen.
clone
___________ proteins interact with one another in chain reactions known as cascades.
complement
The specificity of an antibody molecule depends on the amino acid sequence of the _________ segments of the light and heavy chains. The free tips of the two segments form the antigen-binding sites of the antibody molecule
constant
__________ tests for incompatibility between donor and recipient blood to avoid hemolytic reactions
cross- matching
Helper T cells produce _________ that coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses and stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunities.
cytokines
Which cells located in the subcapsular space of a lymph node initiate the immune response?
dendritic cells
Immune surveillance
destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues
Free macrophages and microphages move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells using a process known as ____________.
emigration
Antibodies bind to specific portions of an antigen's exposed surface. These regions called antigenic determinant sites, or _________.
epitopes
A Y-shaped antibody molecule consists of two pairs of polypeptide chains: one pair of ______ chains and one pair of _______ chains.
heavy light
A sensitized B cell does not undergo activation unless it receives the "OK" from a ______ cell. The required "OK" needed for activation helps prevent inappropriate activation, the same way that costimulation acts as a safety mechanism in cell-mediated immunity.
helper T cells
The ability to resist infection and disease is called _________.
immunity
_________ defenses deny pathogens access to the body or destroy them without distinguishing among specific types.
innate
Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by tissue cells infected with viruses are called __________.
interferons
Cytoxic T cells
involved in direct cellular attack
The _________ pathway activates the complement system by the binding of the protein mannose-binding lectin to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces, such as bacterial cell walls.
lectin
What is the compositional difference between lymph and plasma?
lymph contains lower concentration of suspended proteins
Which lymphoid tissue acts like a water-filter by purifying lymph before it reaches the veins.
lymph node
If the same antigen appears a second time, ______ TC cells immediately differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (TC).
memory
Upon activation, helper T(TH) undergo a series of divisions that produce both active helper T cells and _________ TH cells.
memory
After an NK cell adheres to an abnormal cell, its Golgi apparatus quickly produces secretory vesicles filled with _______, that are exocytosis and used to lyse the abnormal cell.
perforins
innate defenses.
physical barriers, phagocytes immune surveillance, interferons, complement, inflammation, fever
Most antigens are usually _________, but some lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids are also antigens.
proteins
Fever-inducing agents called _________ can reset the body's temperature-regulating center (thermostat) and raise body temperature.
pyrogens
memory t cells
respond to antigens they have already encountered by cloning more lymphocytes to ward off the invader
Worldwide, what is the most common way that individuals contract HIV? What is the second most common way?
seggs
Name two physical barriers
skin hair mucous membrane
Adaptive immunity is __________ since it results from the activation of appropriate lymphocytes and the production of antibodies with targeted effects. (Each T cell or B cell has receptors that will bind to one specific antigen, ignoring all others
specifity
Regulatory T cells
subset of T cells that moderate the immune response
The thymus produces several hormones collectively called __________ that are important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defenses.
thymosins
) Adaptive immunity is said to be __________ which means that our immune system has millions of lymphocyte populations each responding to a different antigen.
versatile
A rise in the level of interferon in the body suggests what kind of infection.
viral infection
Free macrophages are also called ___________ macrophages.
wandering
