CH. 22 HW

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. a) Kupffer cells b) ventricular macrophages c) oligodendrocytes d) micorglia e) astrocytes

a) Kupffer cells

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. a) Peyer's patches b) adenoids c) immune complexes d) lymph glands e) tonsils

a) Peyer's patches

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of a) antibodies b) pyrogens c) interferons d) microphages e) phagocytes

a) antibodies

An inflammatory response is triggered when a) mast cells release histamine and heparin b) blood flow to an area increases c) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria d) red blood cells release pyrogens e) T cells release interferon

a) mast cells release histamine and heparin

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group. a) monocyte-macrophage b) tumor-suppressing c) interferon d) complement e) lymphatic

a) monocyte-macrophage

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are a) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids b) located primarily in the large intestine c) located throughout the body d) more numerous than blood capillaries e) part of the fenestrated capillary group

a) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called a) opsonization b) activation c) agglutination d) precipitation e) neutralization

a) opsonization

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of a) passive immunity b) alloimmunity c) active immunization d) natural immunity e) innate immunity

a) passive immunity

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the a) phagocytes b) B cells c) plasma cells d) NK cells e) T cells

a) phagocytes

T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed a) specificity b) antigen processing c) tolerance d) memory e) versatility

a) specificity

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in a) the adult spleen b) the adult thymus c) Peyer's patches d) bone marrow e) the tonsils

a) the adult spleen

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that a) the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes b) lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes c) the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes d) the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin e) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes

a) the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it a) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive a year or two b) depends on memory B cells c) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers d) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response e) produces more effective antibodies

a) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as a) white pulp b) red pulp c) Peyer's patches d) lymph nodes e) adenoids

a) white pulp

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. a) 3,2,4,1,5,6 b) 2,4,1,5,3,6 c) 4,1,5,3,6,2 d) 1,2,4,5,3,6 e) 3,6,4,5,1,2

b) 2,4,1,5,3,6

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

b) IgD

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when a) a cancerous cell gets attacked by NK cells b) an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen c) a virus-infected cell secretes interferons d) a helper T cell has engulfed an antigen e) the body cells are healthy

b) an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen

The primary function of the lymphatic system is a) the production and distribution of plasma proteins b) defending the body against both external and internal threats c) circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases d) the production and maturation of leukocytes e) the transport of hormones

b) defending the body against both external and internal threats

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. a) plasma b) helper T c) cytotoxic T d) NK e) suppressor T

b) hepler T

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following? a) all body cells with a nucleus b) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells c) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen d) red blood cells e) granulocytes and microphages

b) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. a) NK b) plasma c) helper T d) liver e) thymus

b) plasma

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the a) jugular veins b) subclavian veins c) brachiocephalic trunks d) superior and inferior vena cava e) right atrium

b) subclavian veins

Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show a) CD4 markers b) tumor-specific antigens c) complement proteins d) opsonization e) interferons

b) tumor-specific antigens

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants. a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) up to 8 e) as many as a 1000

c) 2

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. a) NK b) helper T c) B d) suppressor T e) cytotoxic T

c) B

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

c) IgE

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus. a) IgM b) IgE c) IgG d) IgD e) IgA

c) IgG

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. a) plasma b) B c) NK d) suppressor T e) helper T

c) NK

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it a) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life b) lies in the anterior mediastinum c) activates B cells d) involutes after puberty e) produces T cells

c) activates B cells

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by a) immunological surveillance b) innate immunity c) adaptive immunity d) skin defenses e) fever

c) adaptive immunity

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called a) opsonization b) activation c) agglutination d) precipitation e) neutralization

c) agglutination

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an a) antihistamine b) immunoglobulin c) antigen d) antibody e) allopath

c) antigen

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? a) innate immunity b) naturally acquired passive immunity c) artificially acquired passive immunity d) naturally acquired active immunity e) artificially acquired passive immunity

c) artificially acquired active immunity

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must a) depolarize the lymphocyte b) be phagocytized by the lymphocyte c) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface d) enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte e) bind to the DNA pf the lymphocyte

c) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called a) infection b) polarity c) chemotaxis d) cytotoxicity e) diapedesis

c) chemotaxis

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except a) basement membranes b) epithelium c) complement d) secretions e) body hair

c) complement

A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called a) sensitization b) precipitation c) costimulation d) opsonization e) neutralization

c) costimulation

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. a) B b) plasma c) cytotoxic T d) helper T e) NK

c) cytotoxic T

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called a) transferrins b) complement c) interferons d) immunoglobulins e) interleukins

c) inteferons

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that a) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure b) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise c) it depends on memory B cells d) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells e) it depends on antigen triggering the approximate B cell

c) it depends on memory B cells

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte? a) NK cells b) memory T cells c) macrophages d) plasma cells e) suppressor T cells

c) macrophages

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called a) astrocytes b) Kupffer cells c) microglia d) oligodendrocytes e) ventricular macrophages

c) microglia

Various types of macrophages are derived from a) lymphocytes b) neutrophils c) monocytes d) basophils e) eosinophils

c) monocytes

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. a) artificially acquired passive b) innate c) naturally acquired passive d) artificially acquired active e) naturally acquired active

c) naturally acquired passive

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells. a) interferon b) pyrogen c) perforin d) phagocytosis e) complement

c) perforin

Lymph nodes do all of the following except a) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph b) accumulate cancer cells c) remove excess nutrients from the lymph d) monitor the contents of lymph e) produce antibodies through B cells

c) remove excess nutrients from the lymph

Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? a) neutralization b) activation of complement c) sensitization d) enhancing phagocytosis e) opsonization

c) sensitization

The primary lymphoid tissues include a) the thymus b) the bone marrow c) the bone marrow and thymus d) the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes e) the lymph nodes and tonsils

c) the bone marrow and thymus

T cells develop from stem cells in the a) kidneys b) liver c) thymus d) bone marrow e) spleen

c) thymus

Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into a) arteries b) arterioles c) veins d) the kidneys e) peripheral capillary beds

c) veins

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

d) IgG

During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? a) IgG; IgM b) IgE; IgA c) IgD; IgA d) IgM; IgG e) IgA; IgG

d) IgM; IgG

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of a) neutrophils b) suppressor T cells c) plasma cells d) NK cells e) memory B cells

d) NK cells

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called a) microglia b) histiocytes c) pleurocytes d) alveolar macrophages e) Kupffer cells

d) alveolar macrophages

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except a) interferon b) inflammation c) complement d) antibodies e) the skin

d) antibodies

Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result. a) artificially acquired passive immunity; will have b) naturally acquired active immunity; will not have c) naturally acquired active immunity; will have d) artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have e) naturally acquired passive immunity; will have

d) artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the a) thoracic snus b) hium c) thoracic ventricle d) cisterna chyli e) thoracic trunk

d) cisterna chyli

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. a) suppressor T b) plasma c) dendritic d) cytotoxic T e) helper T

d) cytotoxic T

Interferons a) prevent viruses from leaving a cell b) reduce macrophage chemotaxis to the infection c) prevent viruses from entering a cell d) interfere with viral replication e) bind to viruses and destroy them

d) interfere with viral replication

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is a) thymus b) adenoids c) tonsils d) lymph nodes e) appendix

d) lymph nodes

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. a) innate b) artificially acquired active c) naturally acquired passive d) naturally acquired active e) artificially acquired passive

d) naturally acquired active

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except a) antibody levels do not peak until 1 or 2 weeks after the initial exposure b) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are the IgM type c) B cells may undergo several round of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances e) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately

d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called a) opsonization b) activation c) agglutination d) precipitation e) neutralization

d) precipitation

Helper T cells do all of the following except a) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells b) enhance nonspecific defenses c) trigger B-cell division, plasma maturation, and antibody production d) provide a rapid response ato a future to the antigen e) attract macrophages to the affected area

d) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? a) secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA b) secrete free radicals c) secrete organic solvent d) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis e) secrete strong acid

d) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells. a) cloning b) division c) activation d) sensitization e) co-stimulation

d) sensitization

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except a) lymph b) the spleen c) lymph nodes d) the venae cavae e) lymphatic vessels

d) the venae cavae

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of thea a) right lymphatic duct b) dural sinus c) cisterna chyli d) thoracic duct e) hepatic portal vein

d) thoracic duct

The lymphatic system does all of the following except a) transports lipids from the digestive tract b) eliminate variations in the composition of interstitial fluid c) fights infection d) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes e) helps maintain normal blood volume

d) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes

Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel? a) arterioles b) arteries c) capillaries d) veins e) venules

d) veins

Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion a) 2,1,4,3 b)1,2,4,3 c)4,1,2,3 d)1,4,3,2 e)4,2,1,3

e) 4,2,1,3

An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed a) Class II MHC proteins b) Class II MHC proteins with an antigen bound c) a CD3 receptor complex in the membrane d) Class I MHC protein e) Class I MHC protein with an antigen bound

e) Class 1 MHC proteins with an antigen bound

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

e) IgM

In passive immunity, the a) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen b) body receives antibodies produced by an animal c) body receives antibodies produced by other humans d) immune system attacks normal body cells e) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

e) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except a) heat of the inflamed tissue b) redness of the inflamed tissue c) swelling of the inflamed tissue d) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space e) chemotaxis of phagocytes

e) chemotaxis of phagocytes

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. a) suppressor T b) B c) helper T d) plasma e) cytotoxic T

e) cytotoxic T

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum. a) afferent b) lateral c) descending d) ascending e) efferent

e) efferent

T cells and B cells can be activated only by a) disease-causing agents b) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells c) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors d) pathogens e) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

e) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of a) antigens b) antibodies c) plasma cells d) macrophages e) helper T cells

e) helper T cells

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except a) opsonization b) stimulation of inflammation c) chemotaxis d) destruction of target cell plasma membranes e) inhibition of the immune response

e) inhibition of the immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. a) active b) auto c) natural passive d) passive e) innate

e) innate

A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until a) it binds a cytotoxic T cell b) it has cloned plasma cells c) memory B cells have been cloned d) antibodies have been produced e) it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines

e) it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. a) secondary b) responder c) transponder d) primary e) memory

e) memory

The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called a) opsonization b) activation c) agglutination d) precipitation e) neutralization

e) neutralization

In general, lymphocytes a) are located primarily in the bloodstream b) are produced and mature only in red bone marrow c) have two nuclei d) have relatively short life spans e) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue

e) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? a) the efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum b) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic c) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space d) Lymph flows past dendritic cells e) the afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum

e) the afferent lymphatic enter at the hilum

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. a) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts b) two great vessels c) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts d) the right lumber, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks e) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

e) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? a) they cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissue can b) they are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax c) they contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not d) they occur throughout the body except in the head e) they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not

e) they are surrounded by a firbrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ? a) tonsils b) spleen c) MALT d) lymph nodes e) thymus

e) thymus

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. a) lymph nodes b) spleens c) immune complexes d) Peyer's patches e) tonsils

e) tonsils

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction? a) thick muscular walls b) endothelial cell inner lining c) blunt end tubes d) incomplete basement membrane e) valves

e) valves