Ch. 22 Reproductive Homework

Place the following structures of the male reproductive system in order, following the path of the sperm.

Seminiferous tubule epididymis ductus (vas deferens) ejaculatory duct urethra

Produces sperm cells

Seminiferous tubules

Describe the four daughter cells produced by the process meiosis.

They have one of each homologous pair of chromosomes found in the parent cell.

The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called

a secondary oocyte.

During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divides by mitosis to produce:

a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte.

Finally, within the testes but not within the tubules are the _________________________, which will provide sex hormones to regulate these processes

interstitial cells

The ________________ is an object surgically implanted into the uterus that interferes with fertilization and implantation.

intrauterine device

At puberty, these cells begin undergoing ____________, which is a type of cell division that decreases the number of chromosomes and varies the genes found in the gametes.

meiosis

The __________________ requires abstinence from sexual intercourse around the time of ovulation.

rhythm method

From uterus to abdominal wall.

round ligament

Name the first haploid cell (with 23 chromosomes) produced during spermatogenesis.

secondary spermatocyte

The last fluid expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the

seminal vesicles.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the:

seminiferous tubules.

Signs of menopause include

shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

source: hypothalamus target organ: pituitary

Estrogens

source: ovaries target organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus, secondary sex organs

Progesterone:

source: ovaries target organs: pituitary and uterus

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

source: pituitary target organ: ovaries

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

source: pituitary target organs: ovaries

Undescended testes cause infertility because

sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature.

Results in 4 viable cells.

spermatogenesis

Results in hundreds of gametes on a continual basis.

spermatogenesis

The tubules are the site of sperm production, a process known as ____________________.The stem cells, called _________________________, contain 46 chromosomes.

spermatogenesis; spermatogonia

Of the stages of spermatogenesis, which cells have 46 chromosomes?

spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

List the correct order of cell stages in spermatogenesis.

spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte

During the female reproductive cycle, the trigger for ovulation is:

surge in blood levels of luteinizing hormone.

Of the various classes of birth control methods, the most effective is:

surgical intervention.

From superior aspect of ovary to abdominal wall.

suspensory ligament

In these tubules are special cells known as ____________ cells that assist the maturing and dividing spermatocytes.

sustentacular

The most commonly used oral contraceptives contain

synthetic estrogen and progesterone

Chancre on genitals or mouth; later damage to CNS

syphilis

Produce sperm:

testes

What male reproductive structure(s) produce semen?

testes bulbourethral glands prostate gland seminal vesicles

The _________ are the male primary sex organs, or gonads. Anatomically, they are divided into __________, which contain one to four highly convoluted ___________ tubules.

testes; lobules; seminferous tubules;

In endometriosis,

tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity.

Causes of erectile dysfunction include

underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus.

What is the name of the structure highlighted in orange at the end of the arrow?

vagina

Found in females

vagina uterus cervix clitoris vestibular glands ovaries labia

A _____________ is a surgical procedure a male undergoes to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes.

vasectomy

A hysterosalpinogram measures or shows

whether or not a uterine tube is open.

Describe the chromosome number before and after meiosis II.

1N → 1N

Describe the chromosome number before and after the first meiotic division (meiosis I).

2N → 1N

The hypothalamus releases __________, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland.

GnRH

Bacterial infection:

Gonorrhea Syphilis Chlamydia infection

stimulates certain ovarian cells to secrete estrogen-precursor molecules.

LH

_______________, secreted by the ovaries, affects cyclical changes in the uterus and mammary glands.

Progesterone

Synapsis occurs during

Prophase I

Secretes an alkaline fluid to neutralize semen and enzyme which helps liquefy semen

Prostate gland

Which of the following structures is unpaired?

Prostate gland

Encloses, protects, and regulates teperature of testes

Scrotum

Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins

Seminal vesicle

Undergo meiosis:

both

Crossing over occurs in both meiosis I and meiosis II.

false

Genital sores and fever

genital herpes

Warts on genitals

genital warts

The zona pellucida consists of

glycoprotein.

Painful urination in men

gonorrhea

When homologous chromosomes are paired up during the first meiotic division (meiosis I), they may trade segments, forming new combinations of genetic material. This is called:

homologous recombination

Male secondary sex characterisitics include

increased muscular growth. thickening of the bones. increased growth of body hair.

The gubernaculum guides the testis through the ________ canal.

inguinal

Orgasm

- Accompanied by emission and ejaculation - pleasurable release

Put the steps of female arousal in order.

- Parasympathetic impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord - Sexual stimulation intensifies - Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate - Orgasm - rhythmic contractions of muscles of the perineum; muscular walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract

Put the steps leading to erection in order.

- Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arteries to penis - Veins are compressed, reducing bloodflow away from penis - Blood accumulates in the vascular spaces within erectile tissues of penis - Penis swells and becomes erect

Label the cells at each stage of spermatogenesis.

- Spermatozoa - Spermatid - Secondary spermatocyte - Primary spermatocyte - spermatogonia

Ejaculation:

- contraction of skeletal muscle at base of penis - forcible propulsion of semen from urethra - oxytocin aids in contraction of ducts and glands

Ducts to transport sperm

- epididymis - ductus - ejaculatory duct - urethra

Put the stages of the ovarian cycle in order.

- follicular phase - ovulation - luteal phase

What are some of the functions of testosterone?

- formation and maintenance of penis, scrotum, and accessory organs - increased muscular growth - growth of hair, particularly on chest, face, axillary, and pubic region

Emission:

- movement of sperm and secretions into urethra - response to sympathetic impulses - peristaltic contractions of ducts and glands

Erection:

- response to parasympathetic impulses - dilation of arteries into penis - compression of veins in penis - accumulation of blood in erectile tissue

Produce semen:

- seminal vesicles - prostate gland - bulbourethral glands

Fever, weakness, infection, cancer

AIDS

Viruses:

AIDS Genital Herpes Genital Warts

concentration affect other secondary sex characteristics, including skeletal growth and growth of hair.

Androgens

Secretes fluid that lubricates end of the penis

Bulbourethral gland

Mucous discharge, painful urination and intercourse

Chlamydia

Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct

Ductus deferens

Conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens

Epididymis

are responsible for the development and maintenance of most of the female secondary sex characteristics.

Estrogens

stimulates the maturation of a follicle; follicular cells produce and secrete estrogens.

FSH

The anterior pituitary gland secretes

FSH and LH.

Germ-line cells are haploid but gametes are diploid.

False

The second meiotic division (meiosis II) of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.

False

What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?

Genital warts

Produces and secretes male sex hormones

Interstitial cells

Describe the fate of each spermatid.

It differentiates into a sperm cell.

What period is defined by the cessation of the reproductive cycle?

Menopause

Menopause is due to aging of the

Ovaries

Which of the following terms is/are correctly defined?

Ovulation-rupture of an ovarian follicle and release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body Vestibule-space enclosed by the labia minora Orgasm-pleasurable sense of physiological and psychological release

Which of the following correctly describes an erection?

Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide causing dilation of small arteries in the penis.

Conveys urine and semen to outside of body

Penis

Define synapsis.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes.

Fold of peritoneum; attached to abdominal wall, ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

broad ligament

The chromosome number is reduced during the first meiotic division (meiosis I).

True

In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the vagina?

Urethra

The interstitial cells of the testes produce

androgens

A cause of female infertility is failure of ovulation due to hyposecretion of hormones from the

anterior pituitary gland.

A diaphragm or a condom used with spermicide are examples of ________ methods of birth control.

barrier

During the female reproductive cycle, menstruation is triggered when:

blood levels of estrogens and progesterone drop.

After the first meiotic division, the gamete has 23 chromosomes.

both

What is the name of the highlighted area of the organ (indicated by the arrow)?

cervix

A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the

cervix.

The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the

cervix.

A cross-over in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between:

chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the

clitoris.

The ______________ is a cup-shaped device that is placed over the cervix, preventing sperm from entering the uterus.

diaphragm

The epididymis, coiled on the outer surface of the testis, becomes the

ductus deferens.

The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the ductus deferens is the

ejaculatory duct.

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the

endometrium

May or may not finish the full process.

oogenesis

From inferior aspect of ovary to uterus.

ovarian ligament

A condition called _______, in which the bacteria spread throughout the reproductive organs, can result from gonorrheal or chlamydial infections.

pelvic inflammatory disease

Deposit of sperm:

penis

Found in males

penis testes seminiferous tubules ductus deferens epididymis seminal vesicles prostate scrotum

The _________ is a combined hormone contraceptive that disrupts the normal pattern of FSH and LH.

pill

Birth control methods that involve the woman receiving a combination of estrogen and progestin (as the "pill" or as patch, ring, or injection) function as birth control by:

preventing development, ovulation, or implantation of an oocyte.

After ovulation:

progesterone peak secretory phase rapidly declining FSH and LH

Before ovulation:

proliferative phase estrogen low rapidly rising FSH and LH estrogen inhibition of GnRH release rapidly rising estrogen shedding of the endometrium