Ch 3 connect
Which of the following cell types would normally have two membranes? Multiple choice question. Gram-positive Gram-negative
Gram-negative
Which characteristic gives mycoplasmas their unique shapes? Multiple choice question. Their cell membranes Their flagella Their external S-layer They lack a cell wall
They lack a cell wall
Which of the following components of LPS is most external in the outer membrane? Multiple choice question. O antigen Core polysaccharide Lipid A
O antigen
The most inclusive term to describe the contents within the plasma membrane is ____. Multiple choice question. capsule envelope cytoplasm cytosol
cytoplasm
Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the _____. Multiple choice question. plasma membrane outer membrane cytoskeleton peptidoglycan
plasma membrane
When protons move across the _____ through channels composed of the stator proteins, MotA and MotB, the flagellum rotates. Multiple choice question. outer membrane peptidoglycan layer entire cell envelope plasma membrane
plasma membrane
In hypertonic solutions, a cell will shrivel up; this is called
plasmolysis, crenate, or crenation
In gram-negative bacteria, transport across the outer membrane is made possible by the presence of _____. Multiple choice question. LPS Braun's lipoproteins porin proteins teichoic acids
porin proteins
Select all that apply Ribosomes are composed of ____. Multiple select question. fatty acids protein lipid nucleic acid
protein nucleic acid
Which of the following organism groups have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan? Multiple choice question. Archaea Fungi Plants Bacteria
Bacteria
______________ is a word often used interchangeably with pili.
Fimbriae
is a word often used interchangeably with pili.
Fimbriae, Fimbria, fimbriae, or fimbria
Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and, motility? Multiple choice question. Flagella Cilia Fimbriae/pili Pseudopodia
Fimbriae/pili
Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria? Multiple choice question. Pseudopodia Fimbriae Flagella Pili
Flagella
How many basal body rings are found in gram-negative bacteria? Multiple choice question. Four Two One None
Four
Which of the following proteins is involved in bacterial cell division? Multiple choice question. LPS FtsZ Braun's lipoprotein TubZ
FtsZ
Select all that apply The cytoskeletal proteins that determine cell shape by positioning the enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are _____ and _____. Multiple select question. MreB CreS Mbl ParA FtsZ
MreB Mbl
Which of the following is a polymer of NAM, NAG, and amino acids? Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan Lipopolysaccharide Teichoic acid Braun's lipoprotein
Peptidoglycan
The longest component of the bacterial flagellum is the _____. Multiple choice question. peptidoglycan filament hook basal body
filament
Being _____ allows for some bacteria to have a degree of differentiation among the cells in this arrangement. Multiple choice question. filamentous branched coccus forked
filamentous
The hundreds of thin, short hair-like projections extending from the bacterial cell are called ____. Multiple choice question. flagella cilia fimbriae glycocalyx
fimbriae
Endospores differ from fungal spores in that endospores are Multiple choice question. widespread in bacteria not medically important less resistant to stress not reproductive cells
not reproductive cells
DNA supercoiling, macromolecular crowding, and structural proteins contribute to organizing the architecture of the _____. Multiple choice question. 70S ribosome nucleoid cytoskeleton plasmid
nucleoid
The irregularly shaped region of a bacterial cell that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins is called the ____. Multiple choice question. nucleoid granulosome DNA vesicle nucleus
nucleoid
The packaging (coiling) of bacterial chromosomes uses ____. Multiple choice question. nucleoid-associated proteins granulocytes inclusion bodies histones
nucleoid-associated proteins
A bacterial cell will produce _____ endospore(s). Multiple choice question. sixteen one four eight
one
Most bacteria have ____ chromosome(s). Multiple choice question. many one two four
one
Gram-negative bacteria have a(n) ______ space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane.
periplasmic
Bacteria that have swarming motility typically have ____ flagella. Multiple choice question. monotrichous amphitrichous peritrichous lophotrichous
peritrichous
Polyphosphate granules are used to store ______. Multiple choice question. sugar amino acids phosphate nitrogen
phosphate
Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ____. Multiple choice question. nucleoids plasmids ribosomes chromatids
plasmids
The cytoskeletal proteins MreB and Mbl determine cell shape by Multiple choice question. position the enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan polymerizing at the internal surface of the plasma membrane forming the septum that will divide a cell into two during binary fission
position the enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ____. Multiple choice question. only DNA ribosomes and RNA protein and DNA an aggregate of vesicles
protein and DNA
Bacterial inclusions are composed of organic or inorganic materials surrounded by ________. Multiple choice question. tight coils of nucleic acid lipopolysaccharide a sugar capsule protein or lipoprotein
protein or lipoprotein
Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining? Multiple choice question. Capsule Cell wall Cell membrane Inner and outer cell membrane
Cell wall
Select all that apply Which three of the following bacterial genera are capable of producing endospores? Multiple select question. Caulobacter Vibrio Clostridium Bacillus Sporosarcina Escherichia
Clostridium Bacillus Sporosarcina
Which component of an endospore is composed of highly crosslinked protein? Multiple choice question. Germ cell wall Coat Cortex Exosporium
Coat
Match the following common bacterial cellular components with their function
Cell wall: protection against osmotic stressCell membrane: selectively permeable barrierCapsule: protective layer and sometimes aids in adhersionRibosomes: site of protein synthesis
Which of the following cellular components is not found in both plant cells and bacterial cells? Multiple choice question. Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Nucleus
Nucleus
The approximate dimensions of fimbriae are ____. Multiple choice question. 3 to 10 μm in diameter and up to several μm long 3 to 10 μm in diameter and up to several nm long 3 to 10 nm in diameter and up to several μm long 3 to 10 μm in diameter and up to several mm long
3 to 10 nm in diameter and up to several μm long
List the order of events that occur in the transition from endospore to a vegetative cell.
1) activation 2) germination 3) outgrowth
Most cells contain _____ ribosomes. Multiple choice question. 10-20 100-200 10,000-20,000 1,000-2,000
10,000-20,000
Bacterial ribosomes are composed of two subunits, the _____ S and the ____ S.
30 or 50
Select all that apply Which two subunits are found in all bacterial ribosomes? Multiple select question. 30S 70S 40S 60S 50S
30S 50S
What compound links the outer membrane to the cell in gram-negative bacteria? Multiple choice question. Lipopolysaccharide Braun's lipoprotein Teichoic acid Integral protein
Braun's lipoprotein
Why do gram-negative bacteria have more basal body rings for flagella than gram-positive bacteria? Multiple choice question. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall. Gram-negative bacteria are more energy efficient. Gram-negative bacteria have two membranes. Gram-positive bacteria are rarely motile.
Gram-negative bacteria have two membranes.
The nucleoid-associated protein found in almost all bacteria is _____. Multiple choice question. FtsZ PHB HU MreB
HU
Which structural component of the flagellum is responsible for the "bend" in the flagellum? Multiple choice question. Basal body Filament Hook
Hook
The two sugars found in peptidoglycan are abbreviated as
NAG and NAM
Which of the following best describes why bacterial cells are so small? Multiple choice question. Surface area to volume ratio Inefficient metabolism Light avoidance Predation avoidance
Surface area to volume ratio
Ribosomes are the site of which process? Multiple choice question. Translation Transduction Conjugation Transcription
Translation
The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed a
bacilli
Bacterial magnetosomes function to ____. Multiple choice question. segregate heavy metals from enzymes capture energy from Fe3O4 determine orientation in the planetary magnetic field enclose the cell's energy conservation molecules
determine orientation in the planetary magnetic field
Bacterial surface structures external to the plasma membrane and the membrane itself are collectively referred to as the cell
envelope
Which of the following attributes is found in bacterial cells but not in animal cells? Multiple choice question. Cell wall Have cell membranes Size and arrangement Have ribosomes
Cell wall
Which component of LPS anchors the compound in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria? Multiple choice question. O antigen NAM-NAG chains Core polysaccharide Lipid A
Lipid A
Which component of LPS can act as a toxin in a gram-negative bacterial infection? Multiple choice question. Lipid A O antigen Core polysaccharide
Lipid A
The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the _______ antigen.
O or O side chain
Which term describes the space between the inner and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria? Multiple choice question. Cytoplasm Matrix Periplasmic space Cytosol
Periplasmic space
Match the color with the cell type following a properly executed gram stain. Pink Gram-negative Purple Gram-positive
Pink Gram-negative Purple Gram-positive
Exoenzymes are necessary because some nutrient sources are too large for transport across the Multiple choice question. Capsule Plasma membrane Peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane
Exoenzymes are necessary because some nutrient sources are too large for transport across the Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan Plasma membrane Capsule
Plasma membrane
Which of the following terms describes a bacterial cell that is variable in shape and lacks a single characteristic form? Multiple choice question. Bacillus Coccus Pleomorphic Spiral
Pleomorphic
Which compounds typically gives gram-positive bacterial cell walls their net-negative charge? Multiple choice question. Peptide interbridge Teichoic acids NAM Lipopolysaccharides NAG
Teichoic acids
Select all that apply Which five of the following are cell wall components found in gram-positive bacteria? Multiple select question. Teichoic acids Nucleotides NAM Periplasm Lipopolysaccharide NAG Amino acids Stem peptide
Teichoic acids NAM NAG Amino acids Stem peptide
Flagella are about ____ wide and up to ____ long. Multiple choice question. 20 μm // 20 nm 20 μm // 20 mm 20 μm // 20 μm 20 nm // 20 μm
20 nm // 20 μm
Select all that apply Which two subunits are found in all bacterial ribosomes? Multiple select question. 40S 30S 50S 60S 70S
30S 50S
Which of the following describes the function of the FtsZ protein? Multiple choice question. Aids in signal transduction Aids in binary fission Aids in motility Aids in attachment
Aids in binary fission
Which of the following steps will decolorize cells during the gram staining process? Multiple choice question. Alcohol step Iodine step Safranin step Crystal violet step
Alcohol step
How does penicillin kill some bacteria? Multiple choice question. Induces water flow out of the bacterial cell Forms a channel that transports ATP out of the cell Fills the lumen of porin proteins Allows osmotic stress to lyse the cell
Allows osmotic stress to lyse the cell
The carboxysome serves as the site for _____. Multiple choice question. CO2 dehydration CO2 synthesis CO2 storage CO2 fixation
CO2 fixation
Which of the following cell structures aids in resisting phagocytosis? Multiple choice question. LPS Cell wall Plasma membrane Capsule
Capsule
Match the following according to their relationships. Capsule ..... organized protein layer Slime layer .......organized sugar layer S-layer .... unorganized sugar layer
Capsule - organized sugar layerSlime layer - unorganized sugar layerS-layer - organized protein layer
Match Capsule easily detaches well attached Slime layer S-layer aids in cellular shape
Capsule well attached Slime layer easily detaches S-layer aids in cellular shape
Which of the following statements is false concerning carbon fixation in carboxysomes? Multiple choice question. The shell is required to prevent CO2 escape. Without the protein shell, CO2 would diffuse away from RubisCO. Carbonic anhydrase is enclosed within the polyhedral shell. RubisCO is enclosed within the polyhedral shell.
Carbonic anhydrase is enclosed within the polyhedral shell.
What is the name of a structure found in cyanobacteria that is about 100 nm in diameter and is the location for enzymes responsible for CO2 fixation? Multiple choice question. Polyhydroxyalkonate granule Carboxysome Carbonosome Peroxisome
Carboxysome
Which of the following components of an endospore protects it from the action of lysozyme? Multiple choice question. Cortex Exosporium Coat Germ cell wall
Coat
Select all that apply Which two of the following are functions of nucleoid-associated proteins? Multiple select question. Bind the chromosome to the plasma membrane Mark the chromosomal origin of replication Attract ribosomes to express genes Compact the chromosome during binary fission Bridge distant sections of the chromosome
Compact the chromosome during binary fission Bridge distant sections of the chromosome
Sex pili are associated with which of the following processes? Multiple choice question. Conjugation Motility Carbohydrate transport DNA replication
Conjugation
Select all that apply Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharide? Contributes to the negative charge of the cell Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Provides energy for flagellar rotation Aids in genome replication Maintains cell shape as a structural support Makes a permeability barrier Stabilizes the outer membrane
Contributes to the negative charge of the cell Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Makes a permeability barrier Stabilizes the outer membrane
Polyphosphate granules store the phosphate needed for synthesis of ______. Multiple choice question. internal membranes the cytoskeleton peptidoglycan DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA
As food is harvested, cleaned, and cooked, which bacterial form can spread disease? Multiple choice question. Mycelium Flagella Endospores Hyphae
Endospores
Which of the following best describes why the food industry has trouble dealing with human pathogens that make endospores? Multiple choice question. Endospores are resistant to many cooking techniques. Endospores can spread quickly from hand to hand of their employees. Endospores are very water soluble. Endospores cannot be seen by staff workers.
Endospores are resistant to many cooking techniques.
Which is the outermost layer of an endospore? Multiple choice question. Exosporium Outer membrane Germ cell wall Coat
Exosporium
True or false: Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella. True false question. True False
False
True or false: Plasmids replicate only when the bacterial chromosome replicates. True false question. True False
False
Which of the following events during endospore germination occurs first? Multiple choice question. Cortex peptidoglycan is broken down Germinant receptors detect sugars and amino acids Water enters the cell to rehydrate its components Calcium-dipicolinate complexes are released
Germinant receptors detect sugars and amino acids
Which term describes the external polysaccharide coat that encompasses the terms capsule and slime layer? Multiple choice question. Glycocalyx Lipopolysaccharides Teichoic acids Phagocyte
Glycocalyx
Which of the following components of an endospore is primarily impermeable to various chemicals that would typically cause DNA damage? Multiple choice question. Cortex Coat Inner membrane Exosporium
Inner membrane
Select all that apply Which three of the following are eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements? Multiple select question. Intermediate filaments Microtubules Actin filaments Flagellins Cell wall polysaccharides Inclusions
Intermediate filaments Microtubules Actin filaments
Which of the following is responsible for gram-positive bacteria remaining purple after the alcohol step during gram-staining? Multiple choice question. Crystal violet Iodine Safranin
Iodine
Which step occurs between the crystal violet step and the alcohol step during gram-staining? Multiple choice question. Safranin step Iodine step Heat fixation
Iodine step
Which of the following polymers is composed of lipids and sugars? Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan LPS Teichoic acid Braun's lipoprotein
LPS
Select all that apply Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton? Multiple select question. Participate in phagocytosis Aid in transport of nutrients Act as a support structure for energy conservation Localize specific proteins within the cell Determine cell shape Participate in cell division
Localize specific proteins within the cell Determine cell shape Participate in cell division
Will penicillin typically kill a bacterium residing in an isotonic environment? Multiple choice question. Yes No
No
Match each cytoplasm components with its description.
Nucleiod - composed of dna and protein Ribosome - composed of rna and protein Plasmid - circular dna that is not essential Cytoskeleton - network of protein polymers
What is the trigger for sporulation? Multiple choice question. Temperature increase Viral infection Radiation damage Nutrient limitation
Nutrient limitation
Which of the following structures can be associated with DNA uptake (e.g., conjugation)? Multiple choice question. Pseudopodia Cilia Pili Flagella
Pili
Which of the following words most closely matches "fimbriae"? Multiple choice question. Cilia Flagella Glycocalyx Pili
Pili
Which of the following words most closely matches "fimbriae"? Multiple choice question. Cilia Glycocalyx Pili Flagella
Pili
If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear? Multiple choice question. Pink Blue Purple Green
Pink
Select all that apply Which five of the following are found in the bacterial cell cytoplasm? Multiple select question. Plasmids Flagella Cytoskeleton Cell wall Peptidoglycan Chromosome Pili Nucleoid Lipid A Inclusion bodies
Plasmids Cytoskeleton Chromosome Nucleoid Inclusion bodies
What charge does crystal violet have? Multiple choice question. Positive Negative Neutral
Positive
Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it? Multiple choice question. Protoplast Cytoplasm Envelope Cytosol
Protoplast
Select all that apply Which two of the following are functions of bacterial inclusions? Multiple select question. Promote energy conservation Reduce osmotic pressure Cell division Storage Quorum sensing
Reduce osmotic pressure Storage
Which of the following bacterial structures is the site of protein synthesis? Multiple choice question. Cell wall Ribosome DNA (chromosome) Plasma membrane
Ribosome
The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the Multiple choice question. slime layer capsule S-layer
S-layer
Which of the following aids in the cell shape? Multiple choice question. Slime layer Capsule S-layer
S-layer
Which of the following can form (oligomerize) spontaneously from simple subunits? Multiple choice question. Capsule Slime layer S-layer
S-layer
Which of the following can form (oligomerize) spontaneously from simple subunits? Multiple choice question. S-layer Slime layer Capsule
S-layer
Which of the following is composed of protein or glycoprotein? Multiple choice question. S-layer Capsule Slime layer
S-layer
Which of the following structures is usually composed of sugars arranged in a zone of diffuse, unorganized material that can be removed from the cell fairly easily? Multiple choice question. Capsule Cell wall Slime layer LPS
Slime layer
Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain? Multiple choice question. Staphylococcus Diplococcus Streptococcus Pallisades
Streptococcus
Which of the following statements is false regarding flagellum filament assembly? Multiple choice question. The filament is a solid structure that grows from the base. Individual flagellin subunits are transported to the tip of the hollow filament. The filament cap is at the end farthest from the cell envelope. Flagellin subunits spontaneously aggregate to form the filament.
The filament is a solid structure that grows from the base.
Which of the following statement is true regarding protein denaturation in the endospore core? Multiple choice question. The presence of Ca-DPA in an endospore core prevents protein denaturation at high temperature. There is very little protein present in an endospore core, so denaturation is of little consequence. Endospore core proteins are protected by the presence of small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs). The low water content of an endospore core immobilizes proteins, which promotes renaturation after germination.
The low water content of an endospore core immobilizes proteins, which promotes renaturation after germination.
Which of the following statement is false regarding the contribution of low water content to endospore resistance? Multiple choice question. Upon germination, the proteins in the endospore core assume their active structure. The low water content of an endospore core prevents protein denaturation at high temperature. The low water content of an endospore prevents protein-protein interactions. The low water content of an endospore prevents rotation of enzymes.
The low water content of an endospore core prevents protein denaturation at high temperature.
Which of the following describes the "protoplast"? Multiple choice question. The plasma membrane and all structures outside of it. Structures outside the plasma membrane. Structures found in the region bounded by the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane and all structures within it.
The plasma membrane and all structures within it.
Thermotaxis stimulant = temperature Phototaxis stimulant = light Osmotaxis stimulant = osmotic pressure Aerotaxis stimulant = oxygen
Thermotaxis stimulant = temperature Phototaxis stimulant = light Osmotaxis stimulant = osmotic pressure Aerotaxis stimulant = oxygen
True or false: Bacteria are the only organisms that have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. True false question. True False
True
True or false: Bacteria have a cytoskeleton. True false question. TrueFalse
True
True or false: During endospore germination, the endospore cell wall must be degraded by enzymes already present in the core. True false question. True False
True
True or false: The term lysis means "the bursting of a cell". True false question. True False
True
Which type of bacterial motility requires type IV pili? Multiple choice question. Swarming motility Twitching motility Swimming motility Spirochete motility
Twitching motility
Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true? Multiple choice question. Twitching motility requires a type VI secretion system. Twitching motility is characterized by smooth motions. Twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis. Twitching motility is normally seen in cells in a liquid suspension.
Twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis.
Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is false? Multiple choice question. Twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force. Twitching motility requires a type IV pilus that extends and retracts. Twitching motility is characterized by short jerky motions. Twitching motility is normally seen on moist surfaces.
Twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force.
Select all that apply Which four of the following are characteristics associated with bacterial carboxysomes in cyanobacteria? Multiple select question. Polyhedral protein coat Carbonic anhydrase Lipid membrane-bound Stores carbon compounds Location for CO2 fixation Gas vesicles Type of inclusion body
Type of inclusion body Polyhedral protein coat Carbonic anhydrase Location for CO2 fixation
Which term describes a bacterial cell that is a slightly "bent rod" shape, also called comma-shaped? Multiple choice question. Spirochete Spirilla Bacillus Pleomorphic Vibrio Coccus
Vibrio
Pores in the outer membrane are composed of ____. Multiple choice question. a cluster of three porin proteins several hundred sugars wrapped in a barrel shape polymers of LPS a barrel of lipids that spans the membrane
a cluster of three porin proteins
Bacterial gas vesicles are composed of ____. Multiple choice question. a lipid membrane a nucleic acid coat a sugar capsule a protein coat
a protein coat
Most bacterial flagella are powered by ____. Multiple choice question. GTP ATP a proton motive force an electron transport chain
a proton motive force
____________ is used to decolorize bacterial cells during the gram-staining process.
alcohol
Which portion of the flagellum spins during the swimming motion? Multiple choice question. All three components Just the filament The hook and filament Just the basal body
all three components(hook, filament ,basal body)
The core polysaccharide of LPS is composed of ____. Multiple choice question. 2 sugar derivatives of glucosamine about 10 teichoic acids about 10 sugars the O antigen
about 10 sugars
Bacterial inclusions is ____. Multiple choice question. the invagination of the plasma membrane during cell division a membrane-bound storage vesicle an aggregate of materials within the cell aggregated internal membranes for metabolic activity
an aggregate of materials within the cell
Bacterial internal membranes differ from the plasma membrane in that the internal membranes Multiple choice question. are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes are enriched in proteins involved in energy conservation are composed of lipids with an unusual bilayer structure have very few integral membrane proteins
are enriched in proteins involved in energy conservation
Select all that apply Sex pili are different from fimbriae in that sex pili ____. Multiple select question. are required for conjugation are shorter are found in eukaryotes are larger attach to the LPS
are required for conjugation are larger
Enzymes called sortases are responsible for Multiple choice question. attaching teichoic acids to peptidoglycan joining the peptide interbridges of two peptidoglycan strands attaching secreted proteins to the peptidoglycan joining individual peptidoglycan strands to the growing sacculus
attaching secreted proteins to the peptidoglycan
Which of the following best describes organisms capable of producing endospores? Multiple choice question. most archaea bacteria in the Clostridium genus most but not all bacteria gram-negative bacteria
bacteria in the Clostridium genus
The bacterial flagellum is anchored to the cell envelope by the _____. Multiple choice question. basal body hook filament peptidoglycan
basal body
A potential industrial use of the carbon storage compound PHB is in Multiple choice question. biodegradable plastics drug delivery spontaneously-assembling structures energy transfer
biodegradable plastics
In the absence of a chemical gradient, E. coli cells move randomly, with Multiple choice question. short runs and frequent tumbles both runs and tumbles of comparable length long runs and infrequent tumbles
both runs and tumbles of comparable length
Bacterial gas vacuoles are principally used for ____. Multiple choice question. buoyancy cell division food storage membrane production
buoyancy
The well-organized _________ layer is located outside of the cell membrane and is known to aid in resistance to phagocytosis.
capsule
Select all that apply LPS is composed of _____. Multiple select question. carbohydrates amino acids lipids nucleotides
carbohydrates lipids
Polyhydroxyalkonate (PHA) granules are used to store ______. Multiple choice question. carbon nitrogen amino acids sugar
carbon
Almost all bacteria have a(n) ____ outside the plasma membrane. Multiple choice question. slime layer cell wall outer cell membrane flagella
cell wall
For bacterial cells, the cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____. Multiple choice question. capsule glycocalyx cell wall outer membrane
cell wall
For bacterial cells, the cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____. Multiple choice question. glycocalyx outer membrane cell wall capsule
cell wall
In most bacterial cells, the cell _________ is the structural "sugar bound with protein" layer surrounding the cell, external to the plasma membrane.
cell wall
Movement away from a repellent is termed _____. Multiple choice question. osmotaxis phototaxis chemotaxis aerotaxis
chemotaxis
Complexing with calcium dipicolinate and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) are mechanisms that protect the _____ of an endospore from harsh environmental conditions. Multiple choice question. plasma membrane chromosome peptidoglycan ribosomes
chromosome
Select all that apply Which two of the following are found in the core of an endospore? Multiple select question. chromosome ribosomes peptidoglycan cortex protein coat phospholipid bilayer
chromosome ribosomes
In most bacteria, the chromosome(s) are ______. Multiple choice question. fragmented branched circular linear
circular
Select all that apply Which two of the following describes typical plasmids? Multiple select question. composed of DNA single-stranded double-stranded composed of RNA
composed of DNA double-stranded
Plasmids that facilitate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are termed _____ plasmids. Multiple choice question. conjugative R virulence multicopy
conjugative
Select all that apply Endospore forming bacteria like those in the genus Bacillus cycle between vegetative growth and endospores. Which two of the following events occur during vegetative growth? Multiple select question. synthesis of small acid-soluble proteins division by binary fission formation of an exosporium decrease in peptidoglycan cross-linking conversion of nutrients to biomass
conversion of nutrients to biomass division by binary fission
Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) protect the DNA in an endospore core from UV radiation damage by Multiple choice question. inserting between the nitrogenous bases coating single-stranded denatured DNA converting the DNA from B form to A form neutralizing the negative charge on the phosphate backbone
converting the DNA from B form to A form
In lipopolysaccharide, lipid A connects to the O antigen via the ___________ polysaccharide.
core
Which of the following components of an endospore is composed of peptidoglycan? Multiple choice question. Inner membrane Coat core wall Exosporium
core wall
Select all that apply Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediated by flagella? Multiple select question. corkscrew movement swimming twitching swarming gliding
corkscrew movement swimming swarming
Select all that apply Which two of the following are mechanisms to protect the DNA in an endospore? Multiple select question. extensive cross-linking of proteins in the endospore coat layer covering the DNA with small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) stabilizing denatured DNA so that it renatures during germination maintaining a low water content in the core inserting complexes of calcium-dipicolinic acid between the bases
covering the DNA with small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) inserting complexes of calcium-dipicolinic acid between the bases
Chains of NAM-NAG in the peptidoglycan are linked to form the sacculus by Multiple choice question. Inserting stem peptides between NAM chains and NAG chains linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains crosslinking stem peptides on each chain crosslinking NAM chains with NAG chains
crosslinking stem peptides on each chain
Chains of NAM-NAG in the peptidoglycan are linked to form the sacculus by Multiple choice question. linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains crosslinking stem peptides on each chain crosslinking NAM chains with NAG chains Inserting stem peptides between NAM chains and NAG chains
crosslinking stem peptides on each chain
The process of spontaneously losing a plasmid or purposefully forcing a plasmid to be lost is called
curing
The network of proteins that crisscross the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and give structural strength and architectural support is called the
cytoskeleton
Peritrichous refers to ____. Multiple choice question. anchoring of flagella at both ends of the cell distribution of flagella around the cell anchoring of flagella at one end of the cell flagella anchored in the periplasmic space
distribution of flagella around the cell
Endospores are defined as ____. Multiple choice question. dormant cells formed within a living cell a sex cell (akin to sperm and egg) a structure that forms at the end of a hypha the fruiting body of a bacterium (akin to mushrooms)
dormant cells formed within a living cell
Some bacteria can make a dormant structure, called a(n) __________ which is resistant to many environmental conditions.
endospore or Bacterial Endospore
The term cytoplasm is inclusive of ____. Multiple choice question. only the liquid fraction of the cell only the cellular organelles water and a dilute salt solution everything within the plasma membrane
everything within the plasma membrane
Enzymes that are secreted outside the cell to degrade large compounds so that their subunits can be imported are called
exoenzymes
The genome packaging problem is best described as the challenge to Multiple choice question. fit a large chromosome into the nucleoid express genes when they are in a supercoiled state repair DNA when it is associated with NAPs segregate two daughter chromosomes after every replication event
fit a large chromosome into the nucleoid
In most bacteria, the proton motive force powers ____. Multiple choice question. pseudopodia movement cilia movement fimbriae movement flagella movement
flagella movement
Relative to the cell, the bacterial __________ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility.
flagella or flagellum
The filament of a flagellum is composed of repeating protein subunits called ___________
flagellin
Select all that apply Fimbriae can ____. (Choose three.) Multiple select question. split the cell during binary fission function in motility attach to surfaces transport nutrients to the cytoplasm transport DNA to the cytoplasm
function in motility attach to surfaces transport DNA to the cytoplasm
Common bacterial microcompartments composed of a protein shell enclose ______. Multiple choice question. functioning enzymes sulfur granules components of motility carbonosomes
functioning enzymes
The role of teichoic acids appear to be to _____. Multiple choice question. aid in the motility of the cell bind to the gram-staining dyes which results in the purple color bind to the gram-staining dyes which results in the pink color give added strength to the cell wall
give added strength to the cell wall
The term _______ can refer to either capsules or slime layers.
glycocalyx
The filament of the bacterial flagellum is attached to the basal body by the ___________
hook
There are several bacterial motility patterns: run-tumble, run-stop, and run-reverse-flick. These differ in Multiple choice question. how many flagella a single cell has where the energy to move the flagellum comes from the arrangement of bacterial flagella on the cell surface how the cell changes direction after a run
how the cell changes direction after a run
Plasmolysis occurs when a cell is in ____ solutions. Multiple choice question. hypotonic hypertonic isotonic
hypertonic
A mycelium consists of a network of long branched ______. Multiple choice question. hyphae pili fimbriae cilia
hyphae
The motor that drives flagellar rotation is located Multiple choice question. where the hook and filament meet in the filament in the basal body in the hook
in the basal body
Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____. Multiple choice question. anammoxosomes vesicles intracytoplasmic membranes inclusions
inclusions
When endospore-forming bacteria detect nutrient limitation, they Multiple choice question. release the endospore from the mother cell initiate endospore development begin depositing endospore coat layers initiate the germination process
initiate endospore development
Bacterial magnetosomes are enclosed by ______. Multiple choice question. invaginations of the plasma membrane invaginations of the outer membrane a polyhedral protein shell a sticky carbohydrate capsule
invaginations of the plasma membrane
The cortex layer of an endospore contains peptidoglycan (PG) that differs from the PG in vegetative cells in that cortex PG Multiple choice question. is less cross-linked has only NAM-NAG chains is crosslinked with dipicolinic acid is more cross-linked
is less cross-linked
Spheroplasts are formed when a bacterial cell ____. Multiple choice question. loses its LPS is lysed by some form of stress is placed in a hypotonic solution is treated with lysozyme
is treated with lysozyme
The location of the cell wall is ____. Multiple choice question. surrounding the nucleus just inside the plasma membrane surrounding the mitochondria just outside the plasma membrane
just outside the plasma membrane
Mycoplasmas are different from other gram-negative bacteria in that they ______. Multiple choice question. have 80S ribosomes have mitochondria lack phospholipid membranes lack a cell wall
lack a cell wall
The bacterial chromosome is ____ (relative to its cell volume) and therefore it ____. Multiple choice question. large // requires special cutting enzymes to limit its size small // can simply anchor on the side of the cell membrane large // requires organized packaging small // does not need a nuclear membrane
large // requires organized packaging
Bacterial microcompartments (a type of inclusion) are composed of ______ that enclose one or more enzymes. Multiple choice question. large protein polyhedrons a coiled-coil of sugars and lipids a lattice of sugars a small, spherical lipid membrane
large protein polyhedrons
Flagella are ____ compared to fimbriae. Multiple choice question. about the same size smaller larger
larger
What size molecules would not be able to pass through the peptidoglycan sacculus? Multiple choice question. smaller than 1,000 molecular weight only water and gases can pass through smaller than 35,000 molecular weight larger than 50,000 molecular weight
larger than 50,000 molecular weight
A strand of peptidoglycan subunits is formed by Multiple choice question. Inserting stem peptides between NAM chains and NAG chains crosslinking NAM chains with NAG chains crosslinking stem peptides linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains
linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains
In a chemical gradient, E. coli cells exhibit _____ when moving toward the attractant. Multiple choice question. long runs and infrequent tumbles both runs and tumbles of comparable length short runs and frequent tumbles
long runs and infrequent tumbles
Plasmid curing results in a plasmid integrating into the chromosome elimination of antibiotic resistance genes a highly supercoiled DNA molecule loss of the plasmid from a bacterial cell
loss of the plasmid from a bacterial cell
The term that describes a cell bursting open is
lysis
The enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan is
lysozyme
The high concentration of macromolecules in the cytoplasm results in a viscous solution that affects fundamental physical and chemical processes. This phenomenon is termed _____. Multiple choice question. the salting out effect organization by the cytoskeleton macromolecular crowding the DNA packaging problem
macromolecular crowding
Select all that apply Which three of the following are factors that contribute to nucleoid organization? Multiple select question. macromolecular crowding supercoiling nucleoid-associated proteins polyploid genomes plasma membrane invagination presence of thousands of ribosomes
macromolecular crowding supercoiling nucleoid-associated proteins
The bacterial chromosome is typically _____ the bacterial cell. Multiple choice question. about the same size as many times longer than many times shorter than
many times longer than
monotrichous - single flagellum amphitrichous - flagella located at both cell poles lophotrichous - a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of the cell peritrichous - flagella spread across the entire surface of the cell
monotrichous - single flagellum amphitrichous - flagella located at both cell poles lophotrichous - a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of the cell peritrichous - flagella spread across the entire surface of the cell
The flagella arrangement that consists of a single flagellum at the end of a cell is termed
monotrichous, polar, or polar flagellum
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is _____ the bacterial cytoskeleton. Multiple choice question. equally as complex as more complex than less complex than
more complex than
Plasmids that are present in more than 100 copies per cell are termed _____ plasmids. Multiple choice question. virulence multicopy R conjugative
multicopy
Some bacteria form a network of hyphae that are collectively called
mycelium
Crystal violet is attracted the bacterial cell's _____ charge. Multiple choice question. positive negative
negative
Gram-Blank __________ bacteria have an inner membrane and an outer membrane.
negative
Lipopolysaccharides are found in gram-____ bacteria. Multiple choice question. negative positive and negative positive
negative
Plasmids are considered ______ for bacterial survival. Multiple choice question. nonessential essential
nonessential
The Braun's lipoprotein links the ____ in gram-negative bacteria. Multiple choice question. outer membrane to the capsule plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan plasma membrane to the outer membrane outer membrane to the peptidoglycan
outer membrane to the peptidoglycan
The __________ interbridge is a short chain of amino acids found in many gram-positive bacteria that links the stem peptide of one peptidoglycan strand to that of another.
peptide
The component of peptidoglycan which connects the stem peptide of one peptidoglycan chain to the stem peptide of another is referred to as the ____. Multiple choice question. peptide crosslink peptide interbridge periplasmic crosslink polysaccharide interbridge
peptide interbridge
Bacterial cell walls are typically composed of ________, a complex of sugars and amino acids, that forms a meshlike structure.
peptidoglycan
The function of bacterial internal membranes is to Multiple choice question. confer a characteristic shape to the cell provide a larger membrane surface for metabolic activity allow for more rapid diffusion of nutrients into the cell segregate certain enzymes into primitive organelles
provide a larger membrane surface for metabolic activity
Select all that apply Teichoic acids are polymers of _____ or _____, joined by phosphate groups. Multiple select question. ribitol glycerol NAG NAM glucose
ribitol glycerol
The ______ is a structure found in all cells and is the location for protein synthesis.
ribosomes
Select all that apply Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells? Multiple select question. Ribosomes Mitochondria Slime layer Flagella Cell wall Capsule Chloroplasts
ribosomes, cell wall, slime layer, capsule, flagella
Select all that apply Which are the two components of the flagellum motor? Multiple select question. rotor hook filament stator peptidoglycan
rotor stator
When a bacterium is moving smoothly in a single direction, then it is said to be in a ______. Multiple choice question. run tumble marathon pursuit
run
Gliding bacteria often have ____ which aid in their motility. Multiple choice question. lipopolysaccharide capsules flagella slime layers
slime layers
The molecules that protect endospore DNA form UV radiation damage are called _____. Multiple choice question. small acid-soluble proteins B form DNA calcium dipicolinate highly cross-linked proteins
small acid-soluble proteins
Secreted proteins that are covalently bound to the peptidoglycan are attached by enzymes called _____. Multiple choice question. peptidases transferases exoenzymes sortases
sortases
Select all that apply Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three] ______. Multiple select question. spherical vesicles spirals in the periplasmic space secreted vesicles tubular membranes lipopolysaccharide flattened vesicles
spherical vesiclestubular membranesflattened vesicles
If a gram-negative bacterial cell were treated with lysozyme in an isotonic environment, the cell would form a(n) ____. Multiple choice question. endospore cyst spore spheroplast
spheroplast
For bacterial motility, the major difference between a run and a tumble is ____. Multiple choice question. spinning or whipping movement of the flagellum which flagellum is "told" to work flagellum = runs and fimbria = tumble spin direction of the flagellum
spin direction of the flagellum
Bacteria swim by ____. Multiple choice question. adhering to surfaces and pulling the cell akin to a person climbing a ladder spinning the flagellum filament like a propeller whipping the flagellum filament back and forth like an oar constantly changing the electrical charges to pull and repulse
spinning the flagellum filament like a propeller
The process of endospore formation is called __________
sporulation
Which three of the following describe the peptidoglycan sacculus? Multiple select question. chemically reactive tightly woven strong elastic brittle porous
strong elastic porous
Capsules are typically composed of ____. Multiple choice question. proteins lipids sugars nucleic acids
sugars
Select all that apply In general, peptidoglycan is composed of Multiple select question. nucleotides sugars amino acids lipids
sugars amino acids
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of ______. Multiple choice question. lipids and nucleotides sugars and amino acids sugars and lipids lipids and amino acids sugars and nucleotides
sugars and amino acids
Sulfur globules are formed by bacteria that use Multiple choice question. sulfur compounds as a macronutrient sulfur-containing lipids for internal membranes sulfur compounds as an electron source sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine)
sulfur compounds as an electron source
Bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for their energy-conserving metabolic processes often form _____. Multiple choice question. polyribosomes PHB inclusions carboxysomes sulfur globules
sulfur globules
Motility that occurs on moist surfaces when groups of cells move in unison is termed _____. Multiple choice question. swimming twitching swarming gliding
swarming
Select all that apply Endospore forming bacteria like those in the genus Bacillus cycle between vegetative growth and endospores. Which two of the following events occur during sporulation? Multiple select question. synthesis of small acid-soluble proteins conversion of nutrients to biomass formation of an exosporium division by binary fission
synthesis of small acid-soluble proteins formation of an exosporium
While most ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm, some are membrane-associated. These membrane-associated ribosomes Multiple choice question. synthesize the same types of proteins as the cytoplasmic ribosomes are not functional, and are in a storage state for later use synthesize proteins that will be transported out of the cell assemble lipoproteins from their lipid and protein components
synthesize proteins that will be transported out of the cell
Molecules too large to pass through the porins in the outer membrane are transported into the cell by Multiple choice question. symporters the TonB complex passive diffusion lipopolysaccharide
the TonB complex
The target of lysozyme is ____. Multiple choice question. teichoic acids the interbridge the bonds between NAG and NAM lipopolysaccharide the penta-glycine crossbridge
the bonds between NAG and NAM
The bacterial cytoplasm is organized by Multiple choice question. macromolecular crowding the cytoskeleton thousands of ribosomes invaginations of the plasma membrane
the cytoskeleton
Bacterial sporulation can be defined as ____. Multiple choice question. converting an endospore to a vegetative cell the generation of an endospore conjugation the generation of hyphae that fuse to form spores
the generation of an endospore
Gram-negative bacteria typically stain pink because ___. Multiple choice question. the peptidoglycan layer is thinner of the presence of lipopolysaccharide of the unique charge of the gram-negative cell membrane of the unique charge of the gram-negative cell wall
the peptidoglycan layer is thinner
To rotate the flagellum, protons move across the plasma membrane through channels composed of Multiple choice question. the flagellum hook protein phospholipids the rotor proteins the stator proteins
the stator proteins
Macromolecular crowding refers to Multiple choice question. the confinement of the bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid the density of membrane proteins rendering the membrane less fluid the viscosity and high concentration of cytoplasmic macromolecules the organization of the cytoplasm by the cytoskeleton
the viscosity and high concentration of cytoplasmic macromolecules
A flagellum filament grows in length by adding flagellin subunits _____. Multiple choice question. to the base, near the hook to the tip, by the filament cap randomly within the filament
to the tip, by the filament cap
The process of protein synthesis on the ribosome is called ____. Multiple choice question. conjugation translation transcription transduction
translation
Select all that apply Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria? Multiple select question. transport proteins energy conservation proteins integral membrane proteins exoenzymes enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan porin proteins
transport proteins energy conservation proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
Select all that apply Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria? porin proteins transport proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan exoenzymes energy conservation proteins integral membrane proteins
transport proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan energy conservation proteins
True or false: Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria. True false question. True False
true
When a swimming bacterium changes direction, it will ____. Multiple choice question. flip toss run tumble
tumble
Endospores have ___ membranes surrounding the core. Multiple choice question. no one two
two
Lipid A of LPS is composed of ____. Multiple choice question. two alanine amino acid derivatives two glucosamine sugar derivatives repeats of NAG and NAM glycine crossbridge
two glucosamine sugar derivatives
Bacterial twitching motility requires ____. Multiple choice question. type IV pili pseudopodia cilia flagella
type IV pili
During endospore germination, enzymes in the core become active when Multiple choice question. SASPs are released from the chromosome water enters the cell to rehydrate the components peptidoglycan in the cortex is broken down calcium dipicolinate is released from the chromosome
water enters the cell to rehydrate the components
Capsules are typically ____. Multiple choice question. well organized yellow in color loosely organized
well organized
Capsules are typically ____. Multiple choice question. yellow in color loosely organized well organized
well organized
Spirochetes that exhibit corkscrew motility have their flagella _____. Multiple choice question. whip back and forth to "wiggle" the bacterium within the periplasmic space anchored at both ends of the cell so both sides spin in opposite directions evenly dispersed across the cell membrane (peritrichous)
within the periplasmic space
In gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space may constitute about ____ of the total cell volume. Multiple choice question. 100% 10% 20 to 40% 80%
20 to 40%
In gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space is ____ wide. Multiple choice question. 30 to 70 μm 30 to 70 nm 30 to 70 mm 30 to 70 cm
30 to 70 nm
Substances of approximately ____ or smaller can pass through porin proteins in the outer membrane. Multiple choice question. 600 daltons 1 dalton 100 daltons 10 daltons
600 daltons
A strand of peptidoglycan subunits is formed by Multiple choice question. Inserting stem peptides between NAM chains and NAG chains linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains crosslinking stem peptides crosslinking NAM chains with NAG chains
linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains crosslinking stem peptides
Bacterial cells that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic form are called ____________ in shape.
pleomorphic
A repeating strand of glycerol (or ribitol) and phosphate groups is called _______ acid.
teichoic
The smaller the cell, _______. Multiple choice question. the lower the surface area by ratio the more volume (cytosol) it contains the greater the surface area by ratio
the greater the surface area by ratio
Gram-positive bacteria typically stain purple because ___. Multiple choice question. of the unique charge of the gram-positive cell wall of teichoic acids the peptidoglycan layer is thicker of the unique charge of the gram-positive cell membrane
the peptidoglycan layer is thicker
In Gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in Multiple choice question. the periplasmic space the plasma membrane the outer membrane the cytoplasm
the periplasmic space
In Gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in Multiple choice question. the plasma membrane the periplasmic space the outer membrane the cytoplasm
the periplasmic space
A bacterial cell envelope is ____. Multiple choice question. all surface layers external to the cell wall the plasma membrane and all surface layers external to it capsules or slime layers the plasma membrane and cell wall
the plasma membrane and all surface layers external to it
The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is considerably ____ than that of gram-positive bacteria. Multiple choice question. thinner more rigid thicker stronger
thinner
In peptidoglycan, the short peptide is attached to the structure Multiple choice question. between each NAM and NAG through NAM at the end of a strand through NAG
through NAM
The TonB complex in the outer membrane functions to Multiple choice question. generate the proton motive force anchor the lipopolysaccharide to the membrane transport periplasmic molecules to the cytoplasm transport molecules too large to pass through porins
transport molecules too large to pass through porins
Which of the following bacterial shapes can be described as 1 μm wide and 2-6 μm long? Multiple choice question. Pleomorphic Spiral Bacillus Coccus
Bacillus
The ___________ ___________component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria.
Lipid A
Which term describes long chains of cells found in cyanobacteria? Multiple choice question. Bacilli Mycelia Spirochete Filamentous
Filamentous
Which of the following compounds is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances? Multiple choice question. Teichoic acids LPS Braun's lipoprotein Fimbriae
LPS
Which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer? Multiple choice question. Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
Which of the following seems a reasonable strategy for a large cell to deal with surface area to volume ratio problems? Multiple choice question. Have a highly convoluted cell membrane Increased motility Rely on photosynthesis pathways Have a much thinner cell wall
Have a highly convoluted cell membrane
Select all that apply Which two of the following are the sugar monomers found in peptidoglycan? Multiple select question. N-acetylmannose N-acetylgalactose N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramic acid Glucose Sucrose
N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramic acid
Which three of the following are characteristics of teichoic acids? Multiple select question. Negatively charged Found in gram-negatives Can be bound to lipids Can be bound to peptidoglycan Can aid motility
Negatively charged Can be bound to lipids Can be bound to peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharides are composed of lipid A, core-polysaccharide and the _____ antigen.
O
Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections? Multiple choice question. Lipid A O antigen Core polysaccharide
O antigen
The bacterial shape known as bacillus is different from coccus because bacillus is __________. Multiple choice question. motile smaller larger a spherical shape a rod shape
a rod shape
Which two of the following are differences between spirochetes and spirilla? Multiple select question. Spirochetes have a unique internal flagella arrangement, spirilla have one or more flagella at one or both the ends. Spirochetes are more flexible, spiral shaped structures, spirilla are more rigid spiral shaped structures. Spirochetes have one or more flagella at one or both the ends, spirilla have a unique internal flagellar arrangement. Spirochetes are more rigid spiral shaped structures, spirilla are more flexible, spiral shaped structures.
Spirochetes have a unique internal flagella arrangement, spirilla have one or more flagella at one or both the ends. Spirochetes are more flexible, spiral shaped structures, spirilla are more rigid spiral shaped structures.
Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes? Multiple choice question. Staphylococcus Streptococcus Pallisades Diplococcus
Staphylococcus
Which of the following determines cellular size in bacteria? Multiple choice question. Cell membrane lipids Cell wall structure Glucose metabolism Surface area to volume ratio
Surface area to volume ratio
The bacterium E. fishelsoni is one of the largest bacteria known and it also happens to have a highly convoluted cell membrane. Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis for this structure? Multiple choice question. To deal with motility problems of being large. To deal with surface area to volume ratio problems of being large. To deal with phagocytosis problems of being large. To deal with cell division problems of being large.
To deal with surface area to volume ratio problems of being large.
What is the role of porin proteins? Multiple choice question. To provide a mode of sexual reproduction for the cell. To facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane. To facilitate the formation of endospores. To facilitate the movement of the cell through the environment.
To facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane.
As a cell gets larger, which feature increases the most? Multiple choice question. Volume Surface area
Volume
Which of the following describes the average size of a rod-shaped bacterium like Escherichia coli? Multiple choice question. about 1 μm wide and 2-6 μm long about 1 pm wide and 2-6 pm long about 1 cm wide and 2-6 cm long about 1 nm wide and 2-6 nm long
about 1 μm wide and 2-6 μm long
Teichoic acids are common among ___. Multiple choice question. gram-positive bacteria eukaryotic microbes gram-negative bacteria pathogenic bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
Teichoic acids anchor the _____ to the plasma membrane Multiple choice question. capsule periplasm carbohydrates peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan
The bacterial cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is referred to as the ____ layer. Multiple choice question. polysaccharide outer membrane peptidoglycan periplasmic slime
peptidoglycan
The bacterial cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is referred to as the ____ layer. Multiple choice question. slime periplasmic peptidoglycan polysaccharide outer membrane
peptidoglycan
Select all that apply Which two of the following statements regarding the amino acid component of peptidoglycan are false? Multiple select question. The amino acids are attached to each NAG in peptidoglycan. The amino acids in peptidoglycan are all the L isomer. Some of the amino acids are found only in peptidoglycan, not in proteins. The amino acids form a short peptide called the stem peptide.
The amino acids are attached to each NAG in peptidoglycan. The amino acids in peptidoglycan are all the L isomer.
Select all that apply If gram-stained correctly, a bacterial cell should appear either ___ or ___. Multiple select question. purple pink green black brown yellow
pink or purple
