Ch. 3

Carbohydrate

a large group of organic compounds occurring, and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body:

Macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

How does DNA differ from RNA?

1. RNA is single stranded molecule, while DNA is double stranded. 2. RNA has adenine cytosine, guanine and uracil as nucleotides. DNA has adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine as nucleotides. 3. DNA has deoxyribose sugar RNA has a Ribose sugar (o in 3rd carbon)

Nucleotide (What are they made of?)

3 parts - 5 Carbon sugar (pentose) - Nitrogen containing base (made of C, H and N) - A phosphate group

Nucleotide (What are they?)

4th type of macromolecule, chemical link between generations, the source of genetic information in chromosomes

In a hydrolysis reaction ___, and in this process water is ____.

A Polymer breaks up to form monomers.....consumed

Peptide Bond

A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules

Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

Hydrolysis of a protein would produce what?

Amino Acids

Glucose molecules are to starch as _________ are to proteins

Amino acids

Name Examples of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

List the four main classes of macromolecules

Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic Acid, Lipid

What are the four main categories of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Which of the following is a protein Starch Cholesterol Enzymes Cellulose

Cholesterol

Nucleotide (What do they do?)

Dictate amino-acid sequence in proteins. Give information to chromosomes.

The most concentrated source of stored energy is a molecule of

Fat

How does glucose differ from sucrose, cellulose, and starch?

Glucose is a monosaccharide. Sucrose is a dissaccharide. Cellulose and Starch are both polysaccharides.

A biochemist is analyzing a potato plant for the disaccharide sucrose. Where would he be most likely to find it?

In grains in the cells of underground tubers

Nucleic Acid

Information-rich polymers of nucleotides

Estrogen, cholesterol, and other steroids are examples of

Lipids

Estrogen, cholesterol, and other steroids are examples of ______

Lipids

Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers

Monomers are single units, and polymers are a large group of monomers

A flower's color is determined by the geneitc instructions in its

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA are composed of monomers called

Nucleotides

The "building blocks" of nucleic acid molecules are called

Nucleotides

A major type of lipid found in cell membranes

Phospholipids

Cellulose is a _______ made of many_____.

Polymer...glucose molecules

Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all?

Polysaccharides

The actual sequence of amino acids in a protein is which structural level?

Primary

Which of the following are a lipid A) Steroids B) Glucose C) Enzymes D) DNA

Steroids

The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide is called?

Tertiary Structure

Explain what is meant by the term "double helix"

The 2 strands intertwine, forming a double-helix that winds around a central axis. Running in opposite directions.

Pleated sheet

The second form of regular secondary structure in proteins.

Briefly explain why all starch molecules are pretty much the same, but there are millions of kinds of protein molecules.

There is only 1 monomer in starch, a carbohydrate called glucose. Proteins are assembled from any one of 23 different amino acid monomers. This offers an almost infinite number of ways the monomers can be linked together.

What do nucleic acids and proteins have in common?

They are large polymers

Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than other plant oils. Because they _________ than other plant oils, they can contribute to cardiovascular disease.

They contain mainly saturated fatty acids, that means they have fewer double bonds.

A major characteristic that all lipids have in common is ___________

They don't dissolve well in water

A major characteristic that all lipids have in common is ______?

They don't dissolve well in water.

Another name for fat

Triglycerides

Polypeptide

a organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule.

Contractile proteins

are found within muscle

Transport proteins

carry oxygen

Carbon Skeleton

chain of carbons

The storage form of carbohydrates is _____ in animals and ________ in plants

glycogen and starch

Defensive proteins

include antibodies of the immune system

Structural proteins

provide associations between body parts

Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be _______

saturated

Receptor proteins

serve as antenna for outside signals

Functional Group

specific groups of atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by ___________

the chemical properties of their R group

How many different kinds of protein molecules are there in a typical cell?

thousands