ch 4, 5

____________ is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension

fibrocartilage

Your patient doesn't understand why it takes so long for his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear to heal. What would be your best explanation to him?

"Ligaments like the ACL don't have a good blood supply and therefore take much longer to heal than tissues or glands with more blood vessels."

Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.

(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?

Anemia Red blood cells (RBCs) help give blood its color. Anemia is a set of signs and symptoms that appear when a person does not have enough healthy RBCs. Pallor, or paleness, is a sign/symptom of anemia because the blood vessels in the dermal layer lack normal RBCs.

Layer B is composed primarily of __________. simple squamous epithelium areolar connective tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.

Your patient is upset to learn that the biopsy of a lesion on her skin is consistent with basal cell carcinoma. She has heard that skin cancer can be deadly. Which response to her distress is most appropriate?

Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other tissues. Removal of the lesion is curative in 99% of cases.

The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are ___________.

Chondrocytes

Which of the following statements is true? a. Dense connective tissue is dominated by collagen fibers. b. Dense irregular connective tissue has a high proportion of elastic fibers. c. Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers are characteristic of loose connective tissues. d. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage.

Dense connective tissue is dominated by collagen fibers.

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

Endocrine glands do not use ducts.

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is innervated.

Vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium in our intestines.

FALSE It is true that vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin as modified cholesterol is converted into cholecalciferol when the skin is exposed to UV light. However, vitamin D plays various roles in calcium, not sodium, metabolism. For example, calcium cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract without vitamin D.

New portions of a nail are produced at the nail bed. Is this statement true or false?

FALSE The nail matrix is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed responsible for nail growth. The cuticle is the part of the proximal skin fold, or nail fold, that projects onto the nail body.

Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE Sweating and redistribution of blood flow are two ways in which the skin contributes to thermoregulation. Sweat glands secrete water (sweat) onto the surface of skin, which removes body heat as it evaporates. By dilating cutaneous blood vessels, blood flow to the skin is increased, which increases heat loss to the surrounding environment. By constricting cutaneous blood vessels, blood flow to the skin is decreased, which reduces heat loss from the body. Shivering is an action carried out by the skeletal muscles, not the skin, to generate body heat when we are cold.

All muscle cells contain striations.

False *Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.

Diabetics with poor lower limb circulation often have slow-healing pressure ulcers on the bottom of their feet. In speeding up the healing process, surgical removal (debridement) of dead tissue from an ulcerative area would encourage increased _________.

Granulation tissue formation

What is the role of the hair matrix?

Hair production

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?

Inflammation causes increased blood flow.

Which event must precede all others during tissue repair?

Inflammation occurs in the damaged area.

Liliana's cyanosis is clinically significant because:

It indicates that her blood is low in oxygen.

Liliana's epidermal layer has been damaged. Which statement best explains the significance of this damage?

It's significant because the cells of the epidermis protect against evaporative water loss, UV radiation, and infection.

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

Layer C consists primarily of dense, interwoven fibers of collagen designed to resist tearing from any direction.

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________.

MELANOMA

The middle portion of unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone, and blood develop is called _________.

Mesenchyme

Using your hospital's information portal, your patient reviews the report from her recent biopsy, which includes a reference to "smooth muscle." She asks you if this means her muscles are abnormal. What is the best explanation is?

Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the heart, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth."

Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of __________.

Stratified epithelia

Which structure is a type of sweat gland?

Structure C is an eccrine gland, the most abundant type of sweat (sudoriferous) gland.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body. Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties.

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? a. Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. b. Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. c. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium d. The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air.

The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium

Which of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

The prefix *****- means fiber or fibrous. The prefix *****- means layers. The prefix *****- means cartilage. The prefix *****- means middle or intermediate. The prefix *****- means made like a net or web.

The prefix fibro- means fiber or fibrous. The prefix strat- means layers. The prefix chondr- means cartilage. The prefix mes- means middle or intermediate. The prefix ret- means made like a net or web.

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to secrete their product, while apocrine sweat glands do not. Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands.

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?

The secretory cells release their products by rupturing.

The word root - means tumor. The word root - means under, below, or beneath. The word root - means black or dark. The word root - means skin. The word root - means breast.

The word root -oma means tumor. The word root sub- means under, below, or beneath. The word root melan- means black or dark. The word root derm- means skin. The word root mamm- means breast.

You have learned that tape or adhesive bandages must be removed carefully from the skin on patients who are elderly to avoid tearing their fragile skin. What accounts for the fragility of their skin?

There are fewer collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis as we age, contributing to wrinkling and increased susceptibility to tearing of the skin.

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?

absorption

Which of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland?

a gland that secretes hormones

In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________.

allow the tissue to stretch and recoil

Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma? asymmetry regular borders a size smaller than 6 mm uniform coloration

asymmetry

Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn? renal failure dehydration bacterial infection electrolyte imbalance

bacterial infection

Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary immature cell type?

bone; osteoblast

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner, because they ________.

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

cardiac

Earwax is made by __________. mammary glands sebaceous glands eccrine glands ceruminous glands

ceruminous glands

You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at?

connective tissue

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue?

creates linings

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?

destruction of underlying pain receptors

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland? sebaceous gland ceruminous gland eccrine gland mammary gland

eccrine gland

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

epithelial tissue

The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous. true or false?

false The single most important risk factor for skin cancer is overexposure to the UV radiation in sunlight and tanning beds. UV radiation damages DNA bases and appears to disable tumor suppressor genes, leading to the formation of cancerous cells. There is no such thing as a "healthy tan." Tanning beds use the same types of UV radiation found in natural sunlight, often at even higher intensities, to stimulate melanin production.

Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.

false; Pseudostratified epithelia are found in the linings of the respiratory tract. Cilia are used to move substances across membrane surfaces. Microvilli are used to increase surface area.

Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin?

granular layer

Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change? melanin folic acid hemoglobin carotene

hemoglobin

The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.

inflammation, organization, and regeneration

Smooth muscle __________.

is under involuntary control

Several diseases are characterized by fibrosis, which occurs when fibroblasts produce an abnormal amount of connective tissue. Where would fibrosis most critically affect the function of epithelial tissue supported by lamina propria?

lung

__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells.

mucin

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________.

multicellular simple gland

Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? muscle; endoderm nervous tissue; ectoderm connective tissue; mesoderm epithelium; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

muscle; endoderm

Besides oxygen, what other bloodborne material must be provided to the affected tissues in adequate quantities to promote normal wound healing?

nutrients

____________ is the type of connective tissue that forms a structural net to support other cells

reticular connective tissue

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? protection from UV radiation protection from bacteria lubrication of the skin prevention of water loss

protection from UV radiation

Overactive sebaceous glands can cause...

seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp.

You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen is a single layer of epithelial cells that seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?

simple columnar epithelium

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

skeletal

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function?

stratified squamous epithelium; absorption

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum

stratum basale

What function do transitional epithelia have?

stretching

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ________.

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? the reticular layer the basal layer the papillary layer the granular layer

the reticular layer

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria?

the temperature of the skin

Which types of cell junctions are needed in a mucosal membrane, such as the digestive tract, to keep the digestive enzymes, juices, and bacteria from leaking out?

tight junction

What is the function of the structure at A? to lubricate hair and prevent infection to detect touch to cool the body to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair

to lubricate hair and prevent infection (sebaceous gland)

All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.

true