Ch. 4 carbohydrates
maltose
"malt sugar"; found in germinating seeds. this sugar is also seen in digestion and fermentation processes with starch
lactose
"milk sugar"; mammal-produced sugar found in milk
sucrose
"white sugar" or "refined sugar" or "honey"; many dietary sucrose forms are common - powdered, brown, syrups, molasses, etc. Very small amounts are present in fruits and vegetables
maltose, sucrose, lactose
3 disaccharides:
glucose, fructose, galactose
3 monosaccharides:
adequate fiber intake, adequate fluid intake, exercise
3 things needed for fiber to work:
starch, fiber, glycogen
3 types of polysaccharides:
food allergy
A ____ ____ is the body's negative reaction to a food protein.
added sugars
Moderation, balance, and staying within daily calorie needs is essential when it comes to ______ _____
ketones
Use of fats without sufficient glucose produces potentially harmful fat fragments known as ______
21 to 38
___ to ___ grams is the DRI daily intake for fiber
milk allergy
____ ____ Involves sensitization of the human immune system to the protein in milk
germ
____ contains vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, phytochemicals
insulin
____ is one of two hormones that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood
0 to 10
____ to ___ % is the daily total added sugar intake
45 to 65
____ to ____ % is the daily total carbohydrate intake
saccharin
_____ : oldest sugar substitute, provides no calories, widely used in foods, beverages, vitamins, pharmaceuticals
dietary choices
_____ ____ are one of the keys to blood glucose control
whole grain
_____ ____ foods contain bran, germ, and endosperm; have the most vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemials present in their flours
added sugars
_____ _____ are added to food companies to a variety of foods and beverages; often "empty calories" containing few nutrients
added sugar
_____ ____on food labels appear under a variety of different names. Sugar, honey, molasses,etc. ;are essentially all the same when it comes to nutrient content
complex
_____ carbohydrates or the best form of fiber intake
bran
_____ contains fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals
endosperm
_____ contains mostly starch and small amounts of protein and small amounts of certain vitamins
enriched
_____ grains are thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, and iron added; have all their vitamins, etc. PLUS the small amount of added enrichment nutrients
refined
_____ grains is when milling removes bran and germ leaving only the endosperm resulting in loss of B vitamins, iron, phytochemicals and dietary fiber
reactive
_____ hypoglycemia: blood glucose level below 70 which can occur within minutes to within a few hours after eating; less common condition; symptoms: hunger, shakiness, etc.
glucagon
_____ is another hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. Also released by the pancreas
fiber
_____ is plant structure such as branches, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, roots, trunks
glucose
_____ is the preferred energy source for all cells
protein
_____ is used as an energy source for ATP production instead of being used to build body proteins
Fight or Flight
_____ or _____ response triggers for the stress response resulting in epinephrine/norepinephrine ex: stress, excitement, bleeding, low blood glucose levels
polyols
_____ or sugar alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
glucagon
_____ signals liver to begin converting amino acids (proteins) into glucose-like structures
aspartame
_____: made with two amino acids - aspartic acid and phenylalanine; carries a warning label for people with PKU
neotame
_____: made with two amino acids - aspartic acids and phenylalanine; cannot be digested
lactose
______ (milk sugar) is the disaccharide found in some but not all dairy products
naturally occurring
______ _____ sugars are found in fruits, fruit juices, and dairy; provides more nutrients
diabetes mellitus
______ _____: individual has high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin or insulin resistance
carbohydrates
______ and other factors play a role in cavities
grains
______ are important staple and source of nutrition around the world
gestational
______ diabetes: approximately 18% of pregnancies at any given time; after the birth of the baby, the majority of these women return to their non-diabetic state
insulin
______ directs conversion of excess glucose into glycogen in liver cells, muscle cells, and brain cells
Insulin
______ directs many types of cells to draw glucose inside their cell's immediate needs.
glucagon
______ directs release of glucose from stored glycogen in liver
130
______ grams is the DRI minimum carbohydrate daily intake
fasting
______ hypoglycemia: blood glucose level below 70; symptoms: hunger, shakiness, dizziness, light-headedness; can occur without diabetes
hemoglobin
______ is a substance within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout body
insulin
______ is made and released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate-heavy meal or item is consumed
starch
______ is the plant's storage form of glucose
glycogen
______ is the short-term storage form of glucose
glycogen
______ is the storage form of glucose in animals including humans
glucose
______ is the user friendly form of a carbohydrate which can be used for energy
acidosis
______ may lead to loss of fluids and electrolytes (with potential dehydration), irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness/coma, and even death
energy
______ sources are tapped for stress response
epinephrine
_______ (adrenaline) release occurs which demands that a large amount of energy of both glucose and fats be made available to the body very,very quickly
low fiber intake
_______ _______ _______ , adult fiber intakes below 21 grams of fiber per day, allows more dietary fat, cholesterol, and bile containing cholesterol to be absorbed
oxygen and glucose
_______ and ______ must be available to cells for maximum energy production
glycemic index
________ ______ (GI) and glycemic load classify effects of carbohydrate-containing foods on blood glucose
hemorrhoids
_________ are often formed when a person is trying to expel dry, hard fecal material by increasing pressure inside the colon, rectum, and anus areas
limited
a ______ amount of excess glucose can be stored as short-term glycogen storage
colon cancer
a leading form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths
pancreatic amylase
in the small intestine the pancreas releases juices which contains what to restart the starch digestion process
-water -fats -bile -minerals
in the small intestine, fiber binds to:
fat
in the stress response, there is a rapid release of _____ from fat cells
glucose
in the stress response, there is a rapid release of _____ from the liver's glycogen stores
fat
muscle cells can use glucose for ATP production, but they prefer to use ______ as long as oxygen and glucose is plentiful
protein
normally only a very little ______ is used for every. this allows protein to be saved from being used for energy and allows protein to be used by the body for functions only proteins can do
fat
once glucose has been broken down and reassembled to _____, it can never again be turned back into glucose
liver
only the _____ can release glucose out of its glycogen stores to support the normal glucose blood levels
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins, gums and pectin
other words for fiber are: (5)
lactase
people with a deficiency of the enzyme ____ cannot digest lactose into the individual glucose and galactose sugars
grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, tiny amounts of nuts
plant-based food sources include what?
glucose
produced by plants through the photosynthesis process. Also called dextrose on food labels and in intravenous (IV) solutions. in humans, it is also called blood sugar
fructose
produced by plants. dietary sources are found mainly in fruits and their juices. also called "fruit sugar"
galactose
produced by the mammal females. Dietary sources are found in milk and dairy products in which lactose is present
-biotin -vitamin K -fatty acids (only few carbons long) -gases
bacteria feeding upon the soluble fibers within colon can produce: -these items are available to be absorbed by the colon and/or excreted from the body
weight gain
because excessive calories in a diet can lead to _____ ____; staying within daily calorie needs is essential when it comes to consuming added sugars
glucose
between meals, as blood glucose levels fall, the brain and muscle cells can release ______ from their glycogen stores to supply their immediate needs.
chelation
binding with other substances is usually referred to as ______; example: fiber binding with other items present in the small intestine
glucose
brain cells and nerve cells prefer to use just _______ as their atp energy source
staples
carbohydrate based foods such as rice, potatoes, and grains are ______ in numerous cultures around the world
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
carbohydrates are made of 3 elements
most
carbohydrates are the _____ desirable form of energy for body functions
membrane and immune system structures
carbohydrates main functions in the body
digestible carbohydrates
carbohydrates that are found in plant-based foods and in mammal milk
polysaccharides
complex carbs are also known as what? thousands of glucose units can be used in these forms
sugar and starch
digestible carbohydrate sources are ______ and _____
ATP
digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is the starting point in the production of _____ for the cells
urine, poop, sweat, air
excess water is removed from the body through four main routes. what are they?
heart
excessive sugar intake may increase the risk of _____ disease
cavities
excessive sugar intake may increase the risk of _______ (dental)
starch
fermentable sugars and _____ feed bacteria coating teeth, producing acid to erode tooth enamel
functional fiber
fiber that is added to food for beneficial effect; example: psyllium added to cereal
dietary fiber
fiber that is naturally found in food
insoluble fiber
fiber that reduces the risk of appendicitis
sucrose
glucose + fructose =
lactose
glucose + galactose =
maltose
glucose + glucose =
brain cells, liver cells, muscle cells
glycogen is produced by, stored in, & used by what 3 things
starch
holds water when swells, when wet, becomes sticky, dries to hard substance after being wet are all properties of what?
not
honey and fructose are ____ nutritionally superior to table sugar
starch
humans are able to digest _____
fiber
humans are not able to digest _____
3 to 4
humans routinely consume digestible carbohydrate sources ever _____ to ____ hours while awake. Once consumed, as digestion and absorption occur, blood glucose levels rise in the blood
starch
hundreds of excess glucose units together in long chains are known as ______
glycogen
if blood glucose levels and blood insulin levels are still high after most cells have drawn in more glucose they need for their immediate use, brain cells, muscle cells, and liver cells will begin to draw in more glucose in order to rebuild their ________ stores
acidosis
if excessive amounts of ketones build up in the body, ______ (a drop in the body's pH below 7.35) may occur
amino acids
if the amount of glucose available inside cells is low: _____ ____ from protein are no longer spared to be used for building body protein
true
in diabetes, glucose cannot enter cells. Cells are forced to turn to protein and fat for energy to fuel their activities true/false
dietary goal
in people with milk allergies, the ______ _____ is to obtain calcium and vitamin D from foods and beverages that do not contain milk proteins
true
research does NOT support claims that sugar causes hyperactivity or diabetes; true or false
sugars
simple carbohydrates are also known as _____
monosaccharides
single unit sugars are
bile
the liver draws cholesterol from the blood and converts it to _____
glucose
the most abundant carbohydrate energy source in nature is _____
casein
the protein present in the largest amount in milk is called ______
diabetes
the seventh leading cause of death in the US
insoluble fiber
this fiber - doesn't dissolve in water - moves GI tract contents more rapidly through GI tract -holds more liquid which reduces chances of diarrhea
soluble fiber
this fiber -dissolves in water -holds small amounts of water -lowers blood cholesterol
insoluble fiber
this fiber has mechanisms by which it reduces the risk of colorectal cancer
type 1 diabetes
what type of diabetes: 5 to 10% of cases; autoimmune disease; insulin-producing cells in pancreas destroyed - insulin injections required
type 2 diabetes
what type of diabetes: 90 to 95%; cells are resistant to insulin. Excessive amounts of insulin are produced by the pancreas. Eventually insulin-producing cells are exhausted and pancreas function decreases.
glucose
when _____ is not needed for energy, it is used as a major component in the respiratory system, resists infection, and protects the interior of the GI tract
lactose intolerance
when lactose maldigestion worsens and results in nausea, cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence
photosynthesis
where do carbohydrates initially come from using carbon dioxide, water and minerals to make glucose
soluble fiber
whole grain oats and whole grain barley are the best sources of what kind of fiber
insoluble fiber
whole wheat products and whole grain brown rice are the best sources of what kind of fiber
fasting
with ______ hypoglycemia, consume adequate amounts of carbohydrate containing foods
fat
without adequate glucose available, the body struggles to release energy from _____ efficiently
increase
yearly consumption of added sugars has continued to ______
carbon dioxide and water
as energy is released from the glucose unit, both _______ ______ and ______ are created within the cell
amylase
what starch-digesting enzyme does saliva contain
glucose
all polysaccharides are long chains of ____
glucose
mature red blood cells can only use _____ for ATP production
prediabetes
may be a precursor of type 2 diabetes; impaired glucose tolerance; blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
cows, goats, sheep, water buffalo, yak, horses, etc.
milk from mammal sources include what?
sucralose
sucrose units that are chemically altered so that they cannot be digested
brain & red blood cells
the _____ & ______ rely heavily upon glucose for their energy source
pancreas
the _____ releases insulin to assist cells in their efforts to take in glucose to meet their needs
whole and chocolate
what two types of milk might be better tolerated if someone is lactose intolerant?
dietary fiber + functional fiber
total fiber is what two fibers put together
disaccharides
two unit sugars are
insoluble fiber
type of fiber that: -nonfermentable -increases fecal bulk; reduces constipation -reduces exposure time to the colon and cancer causing substances -promotes fullness - whole grains, legumes
soluble fiber
type of fiber that: -viscous -lowers blood cholesterol -slows digestion and absorption on monosaccharides -medical benefits - whole grains, legumes
ammonia and urea
use of amino acids for energy produces potentially harmful wastes, _______ and _____
