Ch. 4 carbohydrates

maltose

"malt sugar"; found in germinating seeds. this sugar is also seen in digestion and fermentation processes with starch

lactose

"milk sugar"; mammal-produced sugar found in milk

sucrose

"white sugar" or "refined sugar" or "honey"; many dietary sucrose forms are common - powdered, brown, syrups, molasses, etc. Very small amounts are present in fruits and vegetables

maltose, sucrose, lactose

3 disaccharides:

glucose, fructose, galactose

3 monosaccharides:

adequate fiber intake, adequate fluid intake, exercise

3 things needed for fiber to work:

starch, fiber, glycogen

3 types of polysaccharides:

food allergy

A ____ ____ is the body's negative reaction to a food protein.

added sugars

Moderation, balance, and staying within daily calorie needs is essential when it comes to ______ _____

ketones

Use of fats without sufficient glucose produces potentially harmful fat fragments known as ______

21 to 38

___ to ___ grams is the DRI daily intake for fiber

milk allergy

____ ____ Involves sensitization of the human immune system to the protein in milk

germ

____ contains vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, phytochemicals

insulin

____ is one of two hormones that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood

0 to 10

____ to ___ % is the daily total added sugar intake

45 to 65

____ to ____ % is the daily total carbohydrate intake

saccharin

_____ : oldest sugar substitute, provides no calories, widely used in foods, beverages, vitamins, pharmaceuticals

dietary choices

_____ ____ are one of the keys to blood glucose control

whole grain

_____ ____ foods contain bran, germ, and endosperm; have the most vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemials present in their flours

added sugars

_____ _____ are added to food companies to a variety of foods and beverages; often "empty calories" containing few nutrients

added sugar

_____ ____on food labels appear under a variety of different names. Sugar, honey, molasses,etc. ;are essentially all the same when it comes to nutrient content

complex

_____ carbohydrates or the best form of fiber intake

bran

_____ contains fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals

endosperm

_____ contains mostly starch and small amounts of protein and small amounts of certain vitamins

enriched

_____ grains are thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, and iron added; have all their vitamins, etc. PLUS the small amount of added enrichment nutrients

refined

_____ grains is when milling removes bran and germ leaving only the endosperm resulting in loss of B vitamins, iron, phytochemicals and dietary fiber

reactive

_____ hypoglycemia: blood glucose level below 70 which can occur within minutes to within a few hours after eating; less common condition; symptoms: hunger, shakiness, etc.

glucagon

_____ is another hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. Also released by the pancreas

fiber

_____ is plant structure such as branches, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, roots, trunks

glucose

_____ is the preferred energy source for all cells

protein

_____ is used as an energy source for ATP production instead of being used to build body proteins

Fight or Flight

_____ or _____ response triggers for the stress response resulting in epinephrine/norepinephrine ex: stress, excitement, bleeding, low blood glucose levels

polyols

_____ or sugar alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

glucagon

_____ signals liver to begin converting amino acids (proteins) into glucose-like structures

aspartame

_____: made with two amino acids - aspartic acid and phenylalanine; carries a warning label for people with PKU

neotame

_____: made with two amino acids - aspartic acids and phenylalanine; cannot be digested

lactose

______ (milk sugar) is the disaccharide found in some but not all dairy products

naturally occurring

______ _____ sugars are found in fruits, fruit juices, and dairy; provides more nutrients

diabetes mellitus

______ _____: individual has high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin or insulin resistance

carbohydrates

______ and other factors play a role in cavities

grains

______ are important staple and source of nutrition around the world

gestational

______ diabetes: approximately 18% of pregnancies at any given time; after the birth of the baby, the majority of these women return to their non-diabetic state

insulin

______ directs conversion of excess glucose into glycogen in liver cells, muscle cells, and brain cells

Insulin

______ directs many types of cells to draw glucose inside their cell's immediate needs.

glucagon

______ directs release of glucose from stored glycogen in liver

130

______ grams is the DRI minimum carbohydrate daily intake

fasting

______ hypoglycemia: blood glucose level below 70; symptoms: hunger, shakiness, dizziness, light-headedness; can occur without diabetes

hemoglobin

______ is a substance within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout body

insulin

______ is made and released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate-heavy meal or item is consumed

starch

______ is the plant's storage form of glucose

glycogen

______ is the short-term storage form of glucose

glycogen

______ is the storage form of glucose in animals including humans

glucose

______ is the user friendly form of a carbohydrate which can be used for energy

acidosis

______ may lead to loss of fluids and electrolytes (with potential dehydration), irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness/coma, and even death

energy

______ sources are tapped for stress response

epinephrine

_______ (adrenaline) release occurs which demands that a large amount of energy of both glucose and fats be made available to the body very,very quickly

low fiber intake

_______ _______ _______ , adult fiber intakes below 21 grams of fiber per day, allows more dietary fat, cholesterol, and bile containing cholesterol to be absorbed

oxygen and glucose

_______ and ______ must be available to cells for maximum energy production

glycemic index

________ ______ (GI) and glycemic load classify effects of carbohydrate-containing foods on blood glucose

hemorrhoids

_________ are often formed when a person is trying to expel dry, hard fecal material by increasing pressure inside the colon, rectum, and anus areas

limited

a ______ amount of excess glucose can be stored as short-term glycogen storage

colon cancer

a leading form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths

pancreatic amylase

in the small intestine the pancreas releases juices which contains what to restart the starch digestion process

-water -fats -bile -minerals

in the small intestine, fiber binds to:

fat

in the stress response, there is a rapid release of _____ from fat cells

glucose

in the stress response, there is a rapid release of _____ from the liver's glycogen stores

fat

muscle cells can use glucose for ATP production, but they prefer to use ______ as long as oxygen and glucose is plentiful

protein

normally only a very little ______ is used for every. this allows protein to be saved from being used for energy and allows protein to be used by the body for functions only proteins can do

fat

once glucose has been broken down and reassembled to _____, it can never again be turned back into glucose

liver

only the _____ can release glucose out of its glycogen stores to support the normal glucose blood levels

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins, gums and pectin

other words for fiber are: (5)

lactase

people with a deficiency of the enzyme ____ cannot digest lactose into the individual glucose and galactose sugars

grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, tiny amounts of nuts

plant-based food sources include what?

glucose

produced by plants through the photosynthesis process. Also called dextrose on food labels and in intravenous (IV) solutions. in humans, it is also called blood sugar

fructose

produced by plants. dietary sources are found mainly in fruits and their juices. also called "fruit sugar"

galactose

produced by the mammal females. Dietary sources are found in milk and dairy products in which lactose is present

-biotin -vitamin K -fatty acids (only few carbons long) -gases

bacteria feeding upon the soluble fibers within colon can produce: -these items are available to be absorbed by the colon and/or excreted from the body

weight gain

because excessive calories in a diet can lead to _____ ____; staying within daily calorie needs is essential when it comes to consuming added sugars

glucose

between meals, as blood glucose levels fall, the brain and muscle cells can release ______ from their glycogen stores to supply their immediate needs.

chelation

binding with other substances is usually referred to as ______; example: fiber binding with other items present in the small intestine

glucose

brain cells and nerve cells prefer to use just _______ as their atp energy source

staples

carbohydrate based foods such as rice, potatoes, and grains are ______ in numerous cultures around the world

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

carbohydrates are made of 3 elements

most

carbohydrates are the _____ desirable form of energy for body functions

membrane and immune system structures

carbohydrates main functions in the body

digestible carbohydrates

carbohydrates that are found in plant-based foods and in mammal milk

polysaccharides

complex carbs are also known as what? thousands of glucose units can be used in these forms

sugar and starch

digestible carbohydrate sources are ______ and _____

ATP

digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is the starting point in the production of _____ for the cells

urine, poop, sweat, air

excess water is removed from the body through four main routes. what are they?

heart

excessive sugar intake may increase the risk of _____ disease

cavities

excessive sugar intake may increase the risk of _______ (dental)

starch

fermentable sugars and _____ feed bacteria coating teeth, producing acid to erode tooth enamel

functional fiber

fiber that is added to food for beneficial effect; example: psyllium added to cereal

dietary fiber

fiber that is naturally found in food

insoluble fiber

fiber that reduces the risk of appendicitis

sucrose

glucose + fructose =

lactose

glucose + galactose =

maltose

glucose + glucose =

brain cells, liver cells, muscle cells

glycogen is produced by, stored in, & used by what 3 things

starch

holds water when swells, when wet, becomes sticky, dries to hard substance after being wet are all properties of what?

not

honey and fructose are ____ nutritionally superior to table sugar

starch

humans are able to digest _____

fiber

humans are not able to digest _____

3 to 4

humans routinely consume digestible carbohydrate sources ever _____ to ____ hours while awake. Once consumed, as digestion and absorption occur, blood glucose levels rise in the blood

starch

hundreds of excess glucose units together in long chains are known as ______

glycogen

if blood glucose levels and blood insulin levels are still high after most cells have drawn in more glucose they need for their immediate use, brain cells, muscle cells, and liver cells will begin to draw in more glucose in order to rebuild their ________ stores

acidosis

if excessive amounts of ketones build up in the body, ______ (a drop in the body's pH below 7.35) may occur

amino acids

if the amount of glucose available inside cells is low: _____ ____ from protein are no longer spared to be used for building body protein

true

in diabetes, glucose cannot enter cells. Cells are forced to turn to protein and fat for energy to fuel their activities true/false

dietary goal

in people with milk allergies, the ______ _____ is to obtain calcium and vitamin D from foods and beverages that do not contain milk proteins

true

research does NOT support claims that sugar causes hyperactivity or diabetes; true or false

sugars

simple carbohydrates are also known as _____

monosaccharides

single unit sugars are

bile

the liver draws cholesterol from the blood and converts it to _____

glucose

the most abundant carbohydrate energy source in nature is _____

casein

the protein present in the largest amount in milk is called ______

diabetes

the seventh leading cause of death in the US

insoluble fiber

this fiber - doesn't dissolve in water - moves GI tract contents more rapidly through GI tract -holds more liquid which reduces chances of diarrhea

soluble fiber

this fiber -dissolves in water -holds small amounts of water -lowers blood cholesterol

insoluble fiber

this fiber has mechanisms by which it reduces the risk of colorectal cancer

type 1 diabetes

what type of diabetes: 5 to 10% of cases; autoimmune disease; insulin-producing cells in pancreas destroyed - insulin injections required

type 2 diabetes

what type of diabetes: 90 to 95%; cells are resistant to insulin. Excessive amounts of insulin are produced by the pancreas. Eventually insulin-producing cells are exhausted and pancreas function decreases.

glucose

when _____ is not needed for energy, it is used as a major component in the respiratory system, resists infection, and protects the interior of the GI tract

lactose intolerance

when lactose maldigestion worsens and results in nausea, cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence

photosynthesis

where do carbohydrates initially come from using carbon dioxide, water and minerals to make glucose

soluble fiber

whole grain oats and whole grain barley are the best sources of what kind of fiber

insoluble fiber

whole wheat products and whole grain brown rice are the best sources of what kind of fiber

fasting

with ______ hypoglycemia, consume adequate amounts of carbohydrate containing foods

fat

without adequate glucose available, the body struggles to release energy from _____ efficiently

increase

yearly consumption of added sugars has continued to ______

carbon dioxide and water

as energy is released from the glucose unit, both _______ ______ and ______ are created within the cell

amylase

what starch-digesting enzyme does saliva contain

glucose

all polysaccharides are long chains of ____

glucose

mature red blood cells can only use _____ for ATP production

prediabetes

may be a precursor of type 2 diabetes; impaired glucose tolerance; blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes

cows, goats, sheep, water buffalo, yak, horses, etc.

milk from mammal sources include what?

sucralose

sucrose units that are chemically altered so that they cannot be digested

brain & red blood cells

the _____ & ______ rely heavily upon glucose for their energy source

pancreas

the _____ releases insulin to assist cells in their efforts to take in glucose to meet their needs

whole and chocolate

what two types of milk might be better tolerated if someone is lactose intolerant?

dietary fiber + functional fiber

total fiber is what two fibers put together

disaccharides

two unit sugars are

insoluble fiber

type of fiber that: -nonfermentable -increases fecal bulk; reduces constipation -reduces exposure time to the colon and cancer causing substances -promotes fullness - whole grains, legumes

soluble fiber

type of fiber that: -viscous -lowers blood cholesterol -slows digestion and absorption on monosaccharides -medical benefits - whole grains, legumes

ammonia and urea

use of amino acids for energy produces potentially harmful wastes, _______ and _____