Ch. 4 Church History
Mendicant
"begging"
Dictates of the Pope
27 propositions that spelled out the rights of the pope in relation to secular rulers; written by Pope Gregory VII
1) Christians wanted to regain holy sites in the Holy Land that had fallen under Muslim control 2) Defense of the faith against heretics like Albigensians 3) Reunite the Eastern and Western churches - Christians from both sides would participate in the Crusades
3 reasons for the Crusades
faith, charity, pilgrimage, fasting, and prayer
5 pillars of Islam
St. Boniface
A British monk, bishop, set up monasteries, chopped down an oak tree dedicated to Thor, a Frankish god, and many pagan witnesses converted to the faith (Germany)
Inquisition
A Church tribunal established in the 13th century that was first designed to curb the Albigensian heresy
Albigensianism
A heresy that falsely taught that all matter is evil and the spirit is inherently good; spread throughout France
Lay investiture
A practice in the Middle Ages whereby secular rulers chose the bishops for their territories, thus usurping the right of the pope to choose bishops
Crusades
A series of military expeditions made according to a solemn vow to return holy places to the possession of the Church from the Muslims
Conciliarism
An erroneous idea, popular in the Middle Ages, that an ecumenical council of the Church had more authority than the pope and could depose him if they so desired.
Transubstantiation
Church teaching that holds that the substance of bread and wine is changed into the substance of the Body and Blood of Christ at the consecration at mass
cathedrals built - living memorial to the ancestors of the faith, gothic style - stained glass windows, choir area, bishop's chair
Describe the architecture during the time
Emperor Henry IV
Disagreed with Gregory VII's decree that banned lay or imperial election of bishops of the pope and was excommunicated; wanted his forgiveness, so he stood barefoot on snow when Gregory was about to leave for a council; established power in Germany and tried to dispose of Gregory
St. Patrick
Enslaved in Ireland by pirates; became a bishop and converted most Celtic kings in Ireland to the faith and established monasteries
Kings, Lords, Knights, Peasants
Feudalism levels
St. Augustine of Canterbury
Helped convert the Anglo-Saxon King Ethelbert in England
He gained this nickname for his fiery temperament, intellectual brilliance, and devotion to the Church's independence from secular government
How and why did Gregory VII gain the nickname "Hellbrand?"
1) established monasteries and schools 2) copying of manuscripts 3) appointed educated bishops 4) donated property and money to the church 5) adopted Roman Sacramentary
How did Charlemagne exhibit a genuine love for the Church? (5)
their duke, St. Wenceslaus, got baptized and they followed in his footsteps
How did the Bohemians come to Christianity?
Donation of Pepin - he donated a large part of Italy to the pope; it was important for the pope's secular power and provided a major source of revenue for the papacy
How did the Church come to possess the Papal States?
1) popes organized aid for plague victims and offered sanctuary for Jews who were being scapegoated for causing the plague 2) writers brought the Church hope - Thomas Kempis wrote Initiation of Christ - which promoted a path to personal holiness - following Christ - regardless of the changes confronting a Christian in the external world 3) Holy men and women endangered their lives to administer to the sick
How did the Church provide hope during the Black Death? (3)
St. Boniface was in contact with converts in Germany; story of sacred oak tree
How did the Germans come to Christianity?
St. Patrick traveled through Ireland and converted most local Celtic kings
How did the Irish come to Christianity?
it said that with the gift of faith, believers can see the intrinsic intelligibility of the mysteries of Christianity - the Incarnation, the Resurrection, and the Trinity.
How did the Summa Theologiae show the rationality of faith?
the 3 ancient patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria fell; Byzantine emperor was always busy fending off the Muslims; center of Christianity shifted from the pope's see in Rome to the northern kingdom of Frankish dynasty; Byzantine empire became less able to protect the west because of the aggressive nature of Islam
How did the rise of Islam lead to a further split between Eastern and Western churches?
because of division within Islam over leadership; the Byzantine emperor Leo the Isaurian curtailed the eastward expansion of Islam in 717; in the west, the Franks finally stopped the Muslim advance at the Battle of Tours
How was Islamic expansion slowed?
Because the Church was able to survive a period of papal corruption and yet the people still remained true to the doctrine of the Church and true to the Christian faith
How were the High Middle Ages proof that Christ is indeed faithful to his promise to always remain present in his Church?
Sheepfold
Image of the Church that developed during the Middle Ages, symbolizes a "place where the church's people were protected from the 'wolves' of earthly evil and eternal damnation"
submission
Islam is Arabic for "____"
Pope Urban VI
Italian pope, shouldn't have elected him, obnoxious/erasive behavior, deposed eventually and replaced with Clement VII
Charles Martel
Leader of the Franks, aka "the hammer", helped stop the Muslim advance at the Battle of Tours
fall of Rome, Europe faced an "authority vacuum" (weak civil rulers, absence of government services, Church steps in to fill this void and bring order), Christianization of Germanic tribes, period of a Christian Europe, rise of Islam, establishment of papal states
List developments of the Early Middle Ages.
Great Schism, Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologiae, university system founded, reforms by Gregory VII and 4th Lateran Council, Gothic architecture, new religious orders, crusades, and cluniac reforms
List developments of the High Middle Ages.
Black Death, Church offers Spiritual recourse during this time, rise of strong kings especially in France/England (French kings interfere with papacy), leads to Protestant Reformation
List developments of the Late Middle Ages.
Pope Gregory VII
Nickname "Hellbrand"; wrote Dictates of the Pope
Concordat of Worms
Solved the question of lay investiture in a compromise that distinguished between the temporal and spiritual aspects of conferring power on a bishop
Pepin
Son of Charles Martel, saw advantage in allying with the pope - he would receive status as the legitimate Christian ruler of the Franks, recognized the pope as ruler of a large part of Italy
Charlemagne
Son of Pepin, "Charles the Great", devoted family man, a devout Christian, a visionary ruler, and a powerful knight, ruler for 43 years as king, goal was Christianization of Europe, led victory over Lombards in 774, title: "Protector of Papacy"
Summa Theologiae
St. Thomas Aquinas's masterpiece of theological thought, helped dispel the darkness of the Middle Ages. He showed the rationality or intelligibility of the faith and defended human intelligence as a prelude to the faith
St. Albert the Great
St. Thomas was a student of... ?
Dumb Ox
St. Thomas's nickname
Thomism
Teachings that follow the theology and philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas, especially from Summa Theologiae. St. Thomas presents 5 ways by which humans can infer the existence of God through reason. He also teaches that the highest truths are those which are freely revealed by God
Simony
The controversial practice of selling and buying positions or favor within the Church
Purgatory
The final purification of all who die in God's grace and friendship but remain imperfectly purified. The final cleansing away of all sin and of all consequences of sin.
Muhammad
The founder of Islam, regarded as a prophet by Muslims; had a conversion experience - Angel Gabriel visited him and gave him a series of revelations that were put in a sacred text called the Qur'an
Feudalism
The governing system that prevailed in Europe in the Middle Ages in which a superior or lord granted land to a vassal in return for military services of that vassal
universitas
Universities formed when students and teachers came together for mutual protection, forming a _____, a kind of corporation
The Church is against conciliarism and believes the Pope has authority over the Church. Pope Pius II even condemned the "deadly poison" of conciliarism and threatened to excommunicate anyone who agreed with it
What is the Church's teaching on conciliarism?
She led a French force in the Battle of Orleans that defeated the English, which turned the tide of the war in France's favor
What was St. Joan of Arc's role in the Hundreds Years' War?
Black Death
What was a main cause of strife and suffering in the Late Middle Ages?
The popes lived a lavish lifestyle and wasted money on a magnificent palace to live in. As a result, they imposed heavy taxes on Christians.
What was another large expense to the Church during the Avignon Papacy besides the centralization of the Church government?
He claimed the power to release vassals from loyalty to sinful rulers and decreed that only the pope could make new laws, depose emperors, wear imperial insignia, and convoke councils
What was one ruling Pope Gregory VII expressed in his Dictates of the Pope?
Christian communities all over Europe were unified and some control of the Church was taken away from secular authorities. There no more feudalism and this encouraged strong-minded reformers to reform the Church, such as St. Peter Damian
What was the benefit of monasteries founded in connection with the Benedictine monastery at Cluny?
The Concordat of Worms distinguished between the temporal and spiritual aspects of conferring power on a bishop. The emperor invested the bishop with the temporal sign of office (the scepter), but only other churchmen could invest him with the spiritual signs (Book of Gospels, miter, ring, and pastoral staff).
What was the compromise on lay investiture that was decided by the Concordat of Worms?
decided that the two remaining popes should be deposed and Pope Martin V was elected and took their place. The council said that its rulings were superior to the rulings of the pope (conciliarism)
What was the decision of the Council of Constance?
people in mendicant orders were often on the move, while earlier religious communities always stayed close to the monasteries alone, not serving other people as much
What was the difference between mendicant orders and earlier religious communities that lived in monasteries?
southern universities stressed law and medicine; students controlled the corporation by hiring or firing teachers and determining the curriculum northern universities stressed theology, canon law, and the liberal arts; professors had more authority than the students and there were strict rules to enforce well-behaved manners, such as no gambling and no bad table manners
What was the difference between the southern and northern universities?
to draw attention heavenward, leading parishioners to consider God and heavenly things
What was the purpose of high ceilings in Gothic cathedrals?
the Pope had authority over kings in both spiritual and temporal affairs
What was the subject of the Papal Bull Unam Sanctam, written by Pope Boniface VIII?
"To destroy as few pagan temples as possible" and fill the temples with holy water and relics "so that, if the temples have been well built, you are simply changing their purpose"
What were Pope Gregory the Great's instructions regarding pagan temples after the people had converted to Christianity?
stimulated trade and helped weaken the feudal system → aided the growth of cities and a new merchant class; reopened Europe to the ideas, culture, and art of the East and brought back advances made by Muslim scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, and architects; some semi religious orders of Knights formed based on the rule of St. Benedict of Nursia
What were some of the positive effects of the Crusades?
1) From the See of St. Peter, the pope could better help Christians in the aftermath of the Black Death 2) The pope could help form peace between warring England and France and the continually fighting Italian city-states if he lived in Rome
What were two arguments St. Catherine of Siena gave Pope Gregory XI for moving the Papacy back to Rome?
transubstantiation and Eucharist Adoration
What were two teachings of the Fourth Lateran Council regarding the Eucharist?
476-1450 AD
What years did the entire Middle Ages encompass?
He taught this to emphasize that the Church should be separate from government/secular matters
Why did Pope Gregory VII teach that the Church was above all other human societies, including the state?
Because controlling the papacy would allow them to rule the lands of the Papal States
Why did noble families seek to control the papacy in the ninth to eleventh centuries?
1) Byzantine Emperor was less capable of protecting the West because of Islam 2) Wanted protection
Why did the Western Church align with the Franks?
Because there were many positive developments in science, society, and theology - monasteries became beacons for preservation of Western learning; the Church provided security and fostered education; offered spiritual recourse amid the difficulties of the times
Why might the term Dark Ages really be a misnomer?
Because the Avignon Papacy was like the Jewish history of the Old Testament times when the Chosen People were carried off to exile in Babylon; during the Avignon Papacy, the popes were "exiled" from Rome and resided in France
Why was the period of the Avignon Papacy referred to as the "Babylonian Captivity"?
because many people couldn't yet read or write, and books and other resources were limited and expensive
Why were primarily oral exams used in the universities of the Middle Ages?
Christendom
a Christian Europe; a time of great achievement in the Middle Ages when the Church and Western Society were one; group of nations in which Catholicism was the established religion of the state
Antipope
a person who claims papacy over a legitimately elected pope
papal bull
an official papal document sealed with a red wax seal
Philip the Fair
arrested Pope Boniface after the Unam Sanctam, manipulated the next papal election to secure the papal throne for a French cardinal - Clement V
Hundred Years' War
between England and France, started when the French king tried to take English territories in Southwestern France
Friars
brothers or priests
Council of Basel
called by Pope Martin V and carried out by Pope Eugene IV - re-established papal primacy
King Ethelbert
converted to Christianity with help from St. Augustine; filled pagan temples with holy water and relics rather than destroying the temples
John Wycliffe
criticized the financial policies of the Avignon Papacy and attacked papal authority; dismissed the validity of the hierarchy, the sacraments, and the priesthood
Clericis Laicos
document issued by Pope Boniface VIII that forabe taxation of the clergy and threatened excommunication for anyone who tried to collect or who paid tax without papal permission
Hegira
event when Muslims flew from Mecca to Medina after facing persecution
Council of Pisa
first council convened to address conciliarism, made things worse, added Alexander V and now there's 3 popes
Waldensians
group that responded to the rich and powerful Church
Pope Innocent III
he convoked the 4th Lateran Council; believed that Christ granted both spiritual and secular leadership to the pope
helped the Church grow at a critical time - showed Christians they could live out the Gospel within the hierarchical Church - life of poverty
importance of Mendicant Orders
Pope Gregory XI
last Avignon pope, moved back to Rome after being convinced by St. Bridget and St. Catherine
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
last Church Father; joined a new order of religious - Cisterians - lived strict form of Benedictine Rule; built monastery in France
Cluny
new Benedictine monastery created when William of Aquitaine donated land for it
Western Schism
period when there were 2 or 3 popes at a time, caused by Avignon Papacy - exile of Popes from Rome
Clement V
pope who started the Avignon Papacy
education became more easily accessible to people besides the nobility/people in monasteries, formation of a school system similar to what we have today
positive contributions by universities
1) Free of corrupt control of lords and bishops 2) Free elections of abbots and was answerable only to the pope 3) Primary activity - prayer, and strict observance of Rule of St. Benedict 4) Serious Christian discipleship, sacrifice, and generosity to the poor 5) Unified Christian communities all over Europe 6) Free from feudalism
reforms of Cluny (6)
clerical celibacy; abolish simony and lay investiture was a goal; said Christ founded the Church and commissioned her to welcome all humanity into a single society ruled by divine law; Church is above all other human societies, including the state; Dictates of the Pope; only Pope could make new laws, depose emperors, wear imperial insignia, and convoke councils
reforms of Gregory
1) Instructions to the faithful were to be in vernacular, the language of the people 2) Enforcement of clerical celibacy and elimination of simony 3) Condemnation of heresies like Albigensianism 4) Secrecy of the confessional 5) Requirement of annual Confessions and reception of Eucharist during Easter season 6) 7 sacraments 7) transubstantiation 8) Emphasis on increased devotion to the Eucharist - Eucharistic Adoration
reforms of the 4th Lateral Council (8)
Jan Hus
stressed the authority of the Bible and the important role of preaching, and he denied the ultimate authority of the pope in doctrinal matters
cathedra
the bishop's large chair in a cathedral; symbolized the bishop's teaching authority and power over the Church
Papal States
The territory in modern-day central Italy that was overseen by the pope from the 8th century until 1870
Scholasticism
The theological system that arose during the Middle Ages, developed notably by St. Thomas Aquinas, balancing faith and reason and relying heavily on classical philosophy and the Church Fathers