Ch. 4 Learning and Transfer of Training

Bloom's Taxonomy Comprehension

Understand the meaning, interpretation of instructions or problems. describe, explain, summarize, translate, review, give examples

Bloom's Taxonomy Application

Use a concept in a new situation, apply what was learned. construct, demonstrate, solve, apply, illustrate

Instruction

refers to the trainer's manipulation of the environment in order to help trainees learn

Employees Need to Know the Objectives: objective refers to

the purpose and expected outcome of training activities

Reinforcement Theory

Emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors

Social Learning Theory

Emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons (models) whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable. The theory recognizes that behavior that is reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated.

A training or learning objective has three components

A statement of what the employee is expected to do (performance or desired behavior), A statement of the quality or level of performance that is acceptable (standard/criterion), A statement of the conditions under which the trainee is expected to perform the desired outcome (conditions) Where, when or what is needed?

Goal Setting Theory

Assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions

Adult Learning Theory

Assumptions of the theory: Adults have the need to know why they are learning something, Adults have a need to be self-directed, Adults bring more work-related experiences into the learning situation, Adults enter a learning experience with a problem-centered approach to learning, Adults are motivated to learn by both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators

Need Theory

Helps to explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes. Need: A deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time

Open skills

Linked to more general learning principles

Bloom's Taxonomy Knowledge

Recall data or information. identify, list, tell, define, arrange, recognize, state

Bloom's Taxonomy Analysis

Separate concepts into component parts to better understand the structure or to distinguish between facts and inferences. analyze, generalize, organize, diagram, test, compare/contrast, distinguish

Closed skills

Training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on their job

Employees Need the Training Programs to be Properly Coordinated and Arranged: training administration refers to

coordinating activities before, during, and after the program

Transfer of training is more difficult when tasks during training are

different from the work environment

Employees Need Feedback: feedback is

information about how well people are meeting the training objectives

Employees Learn Through

observation, experience, and interaction

Theory of identical elements

proposes that transfer of training occurs when what is being learned in the training session is identical to what the training has to perform on the job

Employees Need to Commit Training Content to Memory

reflection, automatization, and boosters

Expectancy Theory

suggests that learning is most likely to occur when employees believe: They can learn the content of the program (expectancy), Learning is linked to outcomes such as better job performance, a salary increase, or peer recognition (instrumentality), Employees value these outcomes

Theory of stimulus generalization

suggests that the way to understand the transfer of training issue is to construct training so that the most important features or general principles are emphasized

Theory of cognitive transfer

the likelihood of transfer depends on the trainees' ability to retrieve learned capabilities

Employees Need Opportunities to Practice: practice refers to

the physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge

Employees Need Meaningful Training Content: training context refers to

the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs

Transfer of training refers to

trainees effectively and continually applying what they learned in training to their jobs.