Ch 4,5,7,8 practice test, Biology- Cellular Reproduction, Cellular Reproduction
telophase
-chromosomes uncoil -nuclear membrane reforms -spindle fibers break down -cytokenesis begins
metaphase
-mitotic spindle is formed fully -a pair of centrioles is at either pole of the cell -chromosomes line up end to end at the equator of the cell
Which organelle modifies the contents within vesicles and then repackages them for export?
Golgi apparatus
Compare the number of chromosomes in different species.
Human 46 Chimpanzee 48 Horse 64 Cow 60 Dog 78 Cat 38 Flatworm 16 Fruit fly 8 Ponderosa pine 24 Garden pea 14 Tomato 24 Potato 48 Corn 20 Apple 17 Indian fern 1260
spindle fiber
Made of microtubules and radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for metaphase.
karyotype
Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.
cell plate
Occurs only in plant cells- the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus join together at the midline of the dividing cell.
G1, S, 2, G0
Phases of interphase.
Compare the shapes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes: uncoiled Eykaryotes: coiled
chromosome
Rod shaped structures made of DNA and protein.
Which items in the following pairs are correctly matched?
S phase - DNA replication
Contrast sex chromosomes with autosomes.
Sex chromosomes determine he sex of he organism of the organism and all the other chromosomes are called autosomes.
haploid
Sperm and egg cells, which only contain one set of chromosomes.
histone
The DNA in eukaryotic cells wrapped tightly around the proteins.
As a molecule moves through the plasma membrane it passes through
a hydrophilic layer of phospholipid heads, then a hydrophobic layer of phospholipid tails, and then another hydrophilic layer of phospholipid heads.
The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to __________.
a person descending a flight of stairs one step at a time
The product of the preparatory reaction is __________.
acetyl-CoA
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the
active site.
State the number of chromosomes in normal human body cells and sex cells.
body cells- 46 sex cells- 23
Mitochondria are found in
both plant cells and animal cells.
Without gap junctions in certain tissues,
cells would not be able to communicate with each other.
When glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O, ________ energy is released and converted into ________.
chemical; ATP
Surface-to-volume ratio is an important characteristic for cell function; some cells increase their ratio by
developing finger-like projections.
Which form of passive transport allows small noncharged molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane?
diffusion
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible under a microscope?
during mitosis
Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a carrier protein in
facilitated diffusion.
Name the proteins that DNA wrap around to form a chromosome in eukaryotic cells.
histones
Multicellular organisms undergo mitotic cell division to
increase the size of the organism.
The figure below shows a cell in which stage of the cell cycle?
interphase
Carrie would like to observe the cilia on the surface of a live paramecium—a single-celled organism. The best device to do this would be a(n)
light microscope.
A tadpole that is undergoing metamorphosis into a frog and no longer requires a tail. Which organelle would help assist in the tail loss?
lysosomes
Which of the following is a correct match of a molecule and the location where it is principally used?
mRNA - nucleus and cytoplasm
the mitotic spindle is composed of ________, which originate from the __________.
microtubules; centrosome
Both plants and animals need mitochondria to
produce ATP.
Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function.
surface-area-to-volume ratio
Which of the following occurs prior to prophase?
synthesis of DNA
What would occur in a cell if the production of cyclins halted during the cell cycle?
the cell would remain in the G2 phase and would not enter into mitosis
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
the skier traveling downhill
If three molecules of glucose went through glycolysis and eventually into the citric acid cycle, how many times did the preparatory reaction occur?
Six
Two ATP are invested in glycolysis in order to __________.
break glucose into two molecules
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used immediately to _______
concentrate H+ in the intermembrane space
somatic cell
A body cell that contains all 46 chromosomes.
gamete (germ cell)
A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
n the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell?
ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.
Which process is used to make bread rise?
Alcohol fermentation
Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ________ during fermentation.
CO2 gas
diploid
Cells that have two sets of chromosomes, each has two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosomes.
What cellular process uses oxygen to produce ATP from glucose and other organic molecules?
Cellular respiration
homologous chromosome
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure,and that pair during meiosis.
centrioles
Cylinder structures composed of short microtubules.
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
DNA and proteins.
Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
binary fission
The division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells. The DNA is copied, then a new cell membrane develops between two DNA copies. The cell grows until it reaches approx. twice the original size of the cell. The growing cell membrane pushes inward and the cell is constituted in the center. A new cell wall forms around the new membrane. (old book pg. 154)
Susan suffered from a heart attack. When the doctors tested her heart muscle, they found that she had an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvate in her heart. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the skewed ratio?
The heart cells had not received enough oxygen
chromatin
The less tightly wound DNA-protein complex where transcription and translation occurs.
Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes.
The nucleus and the cytoplasm are both equally divided during cell division in Eukaryotes. Division of the nucleus is called Mitosis. Division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis.
synapsis
The pairing of homologous chromosomes only in meiosis 1 (prophase 1), not in mitosis.
centromere
The point at which chromatids are attatched.
crossing-over
The process of portions of chromatids breaking off and attaching to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome. Occurs in prophase I of mitosis.
oogenesis
The production of mature egg cells in the ovaries.
asexual reproduction
The production of offspring from one parent.
sexual reproduction
The production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg cell.
The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic cellular respiration is __________.
oxygen
Which of the types of cellular activities listed below can proceed without ATP energy?
passive transport
Identify the organelle - function pairing that is mismatched.
plasma membrane - outermost barrier of a plant cell
Which of the following methods of transport uses a coated pit to take in a specific type of molecule?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which of the following is the correct sequence through the endomembrane system for material that is destined to be secreted from the cell?
rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane
the term metastasis refers to the fact that cancer cells tend to
spread
Compare the functions, cellular processes, and cellular products of asexual and sexual reproduction.
-Offspring produced by asexual reproduction inherit all of their chromosomes from a single parent. The type of cell division responsible for asexual reproduction and for growth and maintenance of multi-cellular organisms is called mitosis. -Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm. The production of egg and sperm cells involves a special type of cell division called meiosis, which occurs only in reproductive organs.
anaphase
-centromeres split and sister chromatids separate -chromosomes are pulled by their centromeres to opposite sides of the cell
prophase
-chromosomes coil and condense -mitotic spindle forms -nuclear membrane breaks apart and disappears -nucleolus (nucleoli-plural) disappears
How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that enter the electron transport chain?
30
What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract
ATP
Your friend has been on a diet and loses 15 pounds of fat. After studying cellular respiration, you explain to her that the fat was converted to __________.
ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
autosomes
All chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
nondisjunction
An error in cell division cause homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing cell.
chromosome mutation
An unpredictable change that occurs in a chromosome. These changes are most often brought on by problems that occur during meiosis (cell division process of gametes) or by mutagens (chemicals, radiation, etc.). These can result in changes in the number of chromosomes in a cell or changes in the structure of a chromosome and impact the entire chromosome.
Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Autosomes are chromosomes that determine traits of the organism. Sex Chromosomes determine the sex of the organisms.
sex chromosomes
Chromosomes the determine the sex of the organism, and may contain genes for other characteristics.
mitosis
Creates new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell.
Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.
Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes and haploid cells have 23 chromosomes.
polar body
Extra three products of loge edits of meiosis I that eventually degenerate. Each of the three cells are haploid.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
What do the numbers and letter n mean in the statement 2n=46? Does this statement refer to a diploid or haploid cell?
N=the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell (one set of chromosomes) 2n is the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes)
cytokenesis
The division of a cell's cytoplasm.
spermatogenesis
The production of sperm cells in the testes.
Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.
The prokaryotic cell has it's DNA copied, then the cell begins to divide, then the cell completely divides, which makes 2 identical haploid cells.
independent assortment
The random separation of the homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic variation.
germ cell mutation
These mutations take place in the germ cells (eggs and sperm) they are inheritable and affect the offspring of the individual whose germ cells are mutated. The overall effect of course depends on the mutation. Some mutations don't change the amino acid sequence at all when the cell produces proteins and some may have quite extreme effects.
Which of the following is a mechanism used to regulate enzyme activity?
feedback inhibition
If the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) _________________environment.
isotonic.
Identify the type of chromosome that determines the sex of an organism and identify the type that does not determine the sex.
sex chromosomes, autosome
Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy __________.
stored in food to energy stored in ATP
cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into _____
ATP
stomatic cell mutation
These mutations happen in cells like liver, heart, skin, muscle cells etc. If the mutation escapes the DNA correction mechanisms, they are inherited to the daughter cells of the originally mutated cell - not for the offspring of the individual.
the production of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is accomplished by __________.
substrate-level ATP synthesis
The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is the __________.
the diffusion of hydrogen protons down their electrochemical gradient
Cancer occurs when
the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs.
Identify differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.
-A prokaryotic chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA, circular in shape. A prokaryotic cell also only has one chromosome. -A eukaryotic cell has more than one chromosome. It is also linear, not circular, in other words it has two ends. Each chromosome contains one molecule of DNA for the first half or so of interphase, then the DNA replicates, and the two DNA molecules remain together (as sister-chromatids) in the same chromosome for the rest of interphase. This does not happen in prokaryotic cells. -prokaryotic chromosomes consist only of a naked DNA molecule, but eukaryotic chromosomes also contain many molecules of proteins (mostly histones). The DNA is wound around these proteins.
interphase
The time between cell division, which is one phase of the cell cycle, but has three stages- G1, S, and G2.
