Ch. 5 Short Term & Working Memory

episodic buffer

"backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory

Which of the following has the shortest rate of decay? a. an exit sign b. a finger snap c. a trumpet note d. an opera aria

a. an exit sign

Funahashi and Stokes both focused on which concept relating to memory? a. delay b. rotation c. decay d. imagery

a. delay

If someone is showing perseveration, then they've likely had damage to the ___ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

a. frontal

If memory can be seen as a crowded city, what is the central executive? a. a main street b. a bus dispatcher c. a taxi driver d. a subway car

b. a bus dispatcher

According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________. a. sensation b. attention c. rotation d. perseveration

b. attention

Daneman and Carpenter's research on reading span looked at differences in memory ________ among individuals. a. structure b. capacity c. buffering d. rehearsal

b. capacity

By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others' phone numbers? a. mental rotation b. chunking c. digit span d. phonological similarity

b. chunking

Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you're repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you'll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___. a. report method; rehearsal b. control process; rehearsal c. control process; chunking d. report method; chunking

b. control process; rehearsal

Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295? a. phonological similarity b. digit span c. articulatory rehearsal d. chunking

b. digit span

According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place? a. central executive b. short-term memory c. working memory d. sensory memory

b. short-term memory

According to the phonological similarity effect, we're more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar. For example, "F" is more likely to be misidentified as ___. a. sound; "E" b. sound; "S" c. look; "E" d. look; "P"

b. sound; "S"

According to Stokes's model of activity-silent working memory, where is energy being directed during the silent state? a. axons b. synapses c. dendrites d. neurons

b. synapses

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch's concept of working memory? a. visual b. unlimited c. temporary d. proactive

b. unlimited

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____. a. sound; vision b. vision; sound c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. long-term memory; short-term memory

b. vision; sound

sensory memory

brief stage of processing information that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second

When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 96

c. 24

Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory? a. a song lyric b. a shopping list c. a firefly's glow d. a friend's greeting

c. a firefly's glow

According to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________. a. at remembering and the synaptic state b. only at stimulus input c. at stimulus input and remembering d. only at remembering

c. at stimulus input and remembering

Which of the following will most engage the visuospatial sketch pad? a. painting a wall b. doing a jigsaw puzzle c. building a birdhouse d. writing a sentence

c. building a birdhouse

Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ________ memory from ________ memory. a. semantic; procedural b. procedural; episodic c. episodic; long-term d. semantic; working

c. episodic; long-term

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of the ___ at work. a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. visuospatial sketch pad

c. sensory memory

At this point in time, what is considered the primary function of the episodic buffer? a. controlling processes b. accelerating processes c. storing information d. sorting information

c. storing information

activity-silent working memory

changes in connectivity which last only a few seconds

chunk

collection of elements strongly associated with one another

chunking

combination of small units into larger ones

phonological store

component that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds

persistence of vision

continued perception of light for a short time after the original stimulus has been extinguished

Which of the following student names is least likely to be remembered by a substitute teacher? a. Prab Banerjee b. Carlos Ortiz c. James Fontana d. Ekaterina Kornikova

d. Ekaterina Kornikova

___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

Currently, it is generally believed that the upper limit for short-term memory is ___. a. limitless b. 7 plus or minus 2 items c. between 10 and 14 items d. about 4 items

d. about 4 items

What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory? a. location b. stimuli c. speed d. complexity

d. complexity

Which of the following will present the greatest challenge for storing in short-term memory? a. yellow cubes b. colored circles c. striped boxes d. plaid polygons

d. plaid polygons

While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following? a. iconic memory b. sensory memory c. executive memory d. semantic memory

d. semantic memory

Suppose you're shown five rows containing five letters each. You're then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you're utilizing ___. a. persistence of vision b. the whole report method c. the delayed partial report method d. the partial report method

d. the partial report method

What is a key function of the phonological loop? a. to fire neurons b. to increase capacity c. to rotate images d. to prevent decay

d. to prevent decay

When you're trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process? a. phonological loop b. phonological store c. articulatory rehearsal d. visuospatial sketch pad

d. visuospatial sketch pad

perseveration

difficulty in switching from one behavior to another

delayed-response task

function in which information is provided, a time-gap is imposed, and then memory is tested

change detection

identifying differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another

articulatory suppression

interference with memory by repetition of an irrelevant word during tasks requiring the phonological loop

working memory

limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as learning

digit span

measurement of the capacity for short term memory

control process

mechanism governable by a person and that may differ from one task to another

episodic buffer

mechanism of memory that can store information, thereby increasing capacity

short-term memory (STM)

mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time

central executive

part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the other components

visuospatial sketch pad

part of working memory that holds and processes pictures and dimensions

phonological loop

part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

articulatory rehearsal process

procedure involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying

partial report method

procedure whereby participants describe only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display

decay

process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time

recall

process in which subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

rehearsal

process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it

phonological similarity effect

reaction that occurs when letters or words that sound alike are confused

memory

retaining, retrieving, and using information about various stimuli after the original information isn't present

visual icon

sensory memory of an image

echoic memory

stage of processing auditory stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished

iconic memory

stage of processing visual stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished

delayed partial report method

technique in which letters are flashed with a cue tone after a short delay

modal model of memory

theory that individuals process information through a series of stages

structural features

three types of memory that make up the modal model of memory

mental rotation

turning of an image of an object in the mind

visual imagery

type of mental representation in which a picture is experienced without a physical stimulus