Ch. 5 Short Term & Working Memory
episodic buffer
"backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory
Which of the following has the shortest rate of decay? a. an exit sign b. a finger snap c. a trumpet note d. an opera aria
a. an exit sign
Funahashi and Stokes both focused on which concept relating to memory? a. delay b. rotation c. decay d. imagery
a. delay
If someone is showing perseveration, then they've likely had damage to the ___ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital
a. frontal
If memory can be seen as a crowded city, what is the central executive? a. a main street b. a bus dispatcher c. a taxi driver d. a subway car
b. a bus dispatcher
According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________. a. sensation b. attention c. rotation d. perseveration
b. attention
Daneman and Carpenter's research on reading span looked at differences in memory ________ among individuals. a. structure b. capacity c. buffering d. rehearsal
b. capacity
By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others' phone numbers? a. mental rotation b. chunking c. digit span d. phonological similarity
b. chunking
Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you're repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you'll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___. a. report method; rehearsal b. control process; rehearsal c. control process; chunking d. report method; chunking
b. control process; rehearsal
Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295? a. phonological similarity b. digit span c. articulatory rehearsal d. chunking
b. digit span
According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place? a. central executive b. short-term memory c. working memory d. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
According to the phonological similarity effect, we're more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar. For example, "F" is more likely to be misidentified as ___. a. sound; "E" b. sound; "S" c. look; "E" d. look; "P"
b. sound; "S"
According to Stokes's model of activity-silent working memory, where is energy being directed during the silent state? a. axons b. synapses c. dendrites d. neurons
b. synapses
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch's concept of working memory? a. visual b. unlimited c. temporary d. proactive
b. unlimited
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____. a. sound; vision b. vision; sound c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. long-term memory; short-term memory
b. vision; sound
sensory memory
brief stage of processing information that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second
When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 96
c. 24
Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory? a. a song lyric b. a shopping list c. a firefly's glow d. a friend's greeting
c. a firefly's glow
According to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________. a. at remembering and the synaptic state b. only at stimulus input c. at stimulus input and remembering d. only at remembering
c. at stimulus input and remembering
Which of the following will most engage the visuospatial sketch pad? a. painting a wall b. doing a jigsaw puzzle c. building a birdhouse d. writing a sentence
c. building a birdhouse
Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ________ memory from ________ memory. a. semantic; procedural b. procedural; episodic c. episodic; long-term d. semantic; working
c. episodic; long-term
The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of the ___ at work. a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. visuospatial sketch pad
c. sensory memory
At this point in time, what is considered the primary function of the episodic buffer? a. controlling processes b. accelerating processes c. storing information d. sorting information
c. storing information
activity-silent working memory
changes in connectivity which last only a few seconds
chunk
collection of elements strongly associated with one another
chunking
combination of small units into larger ones
phonological store
component that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds
persistence of vision
continued perception of light for a short time after the original stimulus has been extinguished
Which of the following student names is least likely to be remembered by a substitute teacher? a. Prab Banerjee b. Carlos Ortiz c. James Fontana d. Ekaterina Kornikova
d. Ekaterina Kornikova
___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex
d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex
Currently, it is generally believed that the upper limit for short-term memory is ___. a. limitless b. 7 plus or minus 2 items c. between 10 and 14 items d. about 4 items
d. about 4 items
What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory? a. location b. stimuli c. speed d. complexity
d. complexity
Which of the following will present the greatest challenge for storing in short-term memory? a. yellow cubes b. colored circles c. striped boxes d. plaid polygons
d. plaid polygons
While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following? a. iconic memory b. sensory memory c. executive memory d. semantic memory
d. semantic memory
Suppose you're shown five rows containing five letters each. You're then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you're utilizing ___. a. persistence of vision b. the whole report method c. the delayed partial report method d. the partial report method
d. the partial report method
What is a key function of the phonological loop? a. to fire neurons b. to increase capacity c. to rotate images d. to prevent decay
d. to prevent decay
When you're trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process? a. phonological loop b. phonological store c. articulatory rehearsal d. visuospatial sketch pad
d. visuospatial sketch pad
perseveration
difficulty in switching from one behavior to another
delayed-response task
function in which information is provided, a time-gap is imposed, and then memory is tested
change detection
identifying differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another
articulatory suppression
interference with memory by repetition of an irrelevant word during tasks requiring the phonological loop
working memory
limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as learning
digit span
measurement of the capacity for short term memory
control process
mechanism governable by a person and that may differ from one task to another
episodic buffer
mechanism of memory that can store information, thereby increasing capacity
short-term memory (STM)
mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time
central executive
part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the other components
visuospatial sketch pad
part of working memory that holds and processes pictures and dimensions
phonological loop
part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
articulatory rehearsal process
procedure involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying
partial report method
procedure whereby participants describe only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display
decay
process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time
recall
process in which subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard
rehearsal
process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it
phonological similarity effect
reaction that occurs when letters or words that sound alike are confused
memory
retaining, retrieving, and using information about various stimuli after the original information isn't present
visual icon
sensory memory of an image
echoic memory
stage of processing auditory stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished
iconic memory
stage of processing visual stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished
delayed partial report method
technique in which letters are flashed with a cue tone after a short delay
modal model of memory
theory that individuals process information through a series of stages
structural features
three types of memory that make up the modal model of memory
mental rotation
turning of an image of an object in the mind
visual imagery
type of mental representation in which a picture is experienced without a physical stimulus