Ch. 6 + 7 - Psychology
what is true regarding short-term memory
- it can store information longer than sensory memory - it is a limited-capacity memory system
what tips help you encode information successfully
- use imagery. make mental pictures of the information - make associations that connect the information to your own life - pay attention to the information
Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?
Amanda never really encoded the material
T/F: memories in the brain are stored in a specific location
F
_____ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections
connectionism
___ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time
memory
what are the circumstances that illustrate motivated forgetting
- a person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful - someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma
examples of recall task
- a student is given an essay test - a student is asked to identify and explain the factors that lead up to. WWII
examples of recognition tasks
- a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs - a student taking a multiple choice test
what is true regarding eyewitness testimonies
- bias may be involved - witnesses may share their thoughts - memory can fade - memory can be distorted by new information
what are the concepts of working memory
- it consists of three parts - it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory - it is a mental blackboard - based on Baddeley's work
what is true of explicit memory
- it has two subsets of memory; episodic and semantic - it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory
what can cause retrieval failure
- personal reasons for remembering - errors in storage - effects of time
What are the explanations for why the primacy effect occurs
- the first few items are rehearsed more - the first few items are more elaborately processed - when the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time
what explain why the last several items on a list are remembered
- the items may still be on working memory - the items' regency makes them easier to recall
memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
short-term
Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. Which of the following brain areas are involved in the release of stress related hormones?
amygdala and hippocampus
Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. The ___ and the ___ (brain areas) are involved in the release of stress-related hormones.
amygdala; hippocampus
___ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.
anterograde
H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of
anterograde amnesia
Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is
chunking
What involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?
chunking
___ involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.
chunking
The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of ___
connectionism
Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.
conscious
___ is the process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed.
consolidation
the process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed is called ___
consolidation
Brenda was somewhat rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes would be held in a different lecture hall than the one the class is normally in. She just finished a learning and behavior class, so she understands the principle that applies to this situation. What principle would that be?
context-dependent memory
People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes
context-dependent memory
What theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting?
decay
___ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting.
decay
Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is also known as ___ memory
declarative
Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _____ memory
declarative
___ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory
encoding
the process by which information gets into memory storage is ___
encoding
The ___ principle identifies the idea that information present at the time of learning tends to make an effective retrieval cue
encoding specificity
During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is ___ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is ___ , memory.
episodic; semantic
During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory.
episodic; semantic
The two main components of long-term memory are ___ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and ___ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.
explicit; implicit
In forensic psychology, most of the interest in ___ testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.
eyewitness
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a ___ memory.
flashbulb
___ memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct.
flashbulb
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a
flashbulb memory
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory
implicit
___ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience
implicit
What is the role of the amygdala in memory?
it plays an important role in emotional memory
rehearsal increases ___
length of time that information can be held in short-term memory
According to the connectionist network perspective, our _____ are organized sets of neurons that are activated together.
memories
In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that
memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time
Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that
memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better
What is the term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?
motivated forgetting
From a connectionist network perspective, memories are organized sets of ___ that are routinely activated together
neurons
Encoding failure occurs when the information was
never entered into long-term memory
Before using memory processes, you must first ___ the information you are about to study.
organize
Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.
permanent
The ___ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.
primacy
Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as ___
priming
If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used ___, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance
priming
You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of
proactive interference
Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's last name. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer last name. This is an example of
proactive interference
Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.
procedural
Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory
procedural
Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.
prospective
______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items
recall; recognition
In the context of serial position, the ___, effect is when one can recall items at the end of the list.
recency
Oscar was asked to memorize a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. He found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the ___ effect.
recency
The ___ effect occurs because those items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall
recency
A multiple-choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _____ task
recognition
The conscious repetition of information is also known as
rehearsal
While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a ___ memory
repressed
allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologists call _____ memory
repressed
Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ___ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.
retrieval
Memory ___ is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something
retrieval
___ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something
retrieval
After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for red in Spanish is required, you correctly say rojo. But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of
retroactive interference
After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing ___ amnesia
retrograde
___ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.
retrograde
The term used to describe remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is ___ memory.
retrospective
Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of _____ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of _____ memory.
retrospective; prospective
___ memory involves remembering information from the past, whereas ___ memory involves remembering to do something in the future
retrospective; prospective
A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information
schema
David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory
semantic
When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?
sensory
___ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
sensory
the three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ___ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
sensory
what type of memory holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
sensory memory
The ___ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle
serial
According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is ___ plus or minus ___
seven; two
Saving information for future use is called
storage
When using memory retrieval, the information that an individual is searching for comes out of
storage
information must be encoded and ___ in order to be retrieved later
stored
what concept suggest that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened
the concept of long-term potential
Rehearsal involves ______ information.
the conscious repetition of
Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who he is. This is an example of
the encoding specific principle
Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates ___
the serial position effect
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____
there is no one memory center in the brain
Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized
traumatic character of memories and emotional memories
the concept of ___ memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.
working
What best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?
This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened
