Ch 6

the four processes necessary for observational learning

ARRM- Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Extinction

"The schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed."

Fixed interval

"The schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses."

Fixed ratio

"Occurs when an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in conditioning."

Generalization

"Occurs when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus."

Higher-order conditioning

The food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize nutrition gained in relation to energy expended to locate and eat the foods.

Optimal foraging strategy

"Giving an unpleasant consequence that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response."

Positive punishment

"Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the arrival of a rewarding (presumably pleasant) stimulus."

Positive reinforcement

"A species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not in others."

Preparedness

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response.

Shaping

"A standard operant chamber in which an animal's responses are controlled and recorded."

Skinner box

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous recovery

"A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias (or anticipatory naseua)."

systematic desensitization

"The response to an unconditioned stimulus."

Unconditioned response (UCR)

"A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response."

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

"The schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval has elapsed."

Variable interval

"The schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses."

Variable ratio

" Founded behaviorism; examined the generalization of conditioned fear in a boy known as ""Little Albert."""

Watson

presenting the UCS before the NS (not very effective)

backwards conditioning

"Occurs when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring."

Avoidance Learning

"Person who described and extensively investigated the process of observational learning."

Bandura

"A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning."

Behavior Modification

"The most common name for a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus."

Classical conditioning

"Type of learning involving mental processes, such as attention and memory. May not involve observable behaviors or external rewards."

Cognitive learning

"Two or more reinforcement schedules simultaneously available for two or more different responses."

Concurrent schedule

"A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning."

Conditioned respons (CR)

A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

"Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced."

Continuous reinforcement

Occurs when an organism learns not to respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in conditioning.

Discrimination

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.

Discriminative stimulus

"Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment"

Imprinting

"A mental process marked by the sudden and expected solution to a problem"

Insight learning

"Occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes."

Instinctive Drift

"The name for all schedules of reinforcement in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. "

Intermitment reinforcement

Law stating that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. (Thorndike)

Law of Effect

"Learning may occur but may not always be measured by, or immediately evident in, performance (term coined by Bandura)"

Learning performance distinction

"A mental representation in the brain of the layout of an environment and its features"

Mental map

Process where fear is acquired through CC, and maintained through OC

Mowrer's two process theory of avoidance

"Removal of a pleasant stimulus that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response."

Negative Punishment

"Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus."

Negative reinforcement

"Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models."

Observational Learning

"Stimulus events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs."

Primary reinforcer

Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.

Resistance to extiction

"Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers."

Secondary reinforcers

Under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, rate of responding tends to match the rate of reinforcement available on each alternative response.

matching law (hypothesis)

when an external incentive decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior or participate in an activity

overjustification effect