NSC 170 Chapter 5

Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with when you haven't eaten for a while

1. blood glucose levels drop 2. the pancreas releases glucagon 3. glycogen is broken down in the liver 4. blood glucose levels normalize

Rank the order of the blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal

1. eating a meal 2. elevated blood glucose 3. insulin released from the pancreas 4. blood glucose level returns to normal

polysaccharides contain a minimum of ____ monosaccharides

10

Approx how many times sweeter are nonnutritive sweeteners compared to sugar

200 to 300 times sweeter

What is the adequate intake level of dietary fiber

38 grams

Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid

Aspartame

Symptoms of hypoglycemia include irritability, restlessness, shaking and sweating. true or false

TRUE

in response to hypoglycemia the body secretes the hormone

adrenaline

sweeteners added to food that provide few or no calories are called

alternative sweeteners

people with PKU should avoid what artificial sweetener

aspartame

Soluble fiber improves heart health by binding to ________ in the GI tract

bile components

Soluble fiber can

bind cholesterol, delay gastric emptying, and slow glucose absorption

Which conditions may result from long-term uncontrolled blood glucose

blindness, kidney failure, and amputations

traditional symptoms of diabetes

blurred vision, extreme thirst, and frequent urination

starchy foods include

breads

Starch is identified as

carb

Plants use energy from the sun to combine carbon dioxide and water to form

carbohydrates

Methods for monitoring diabetes are

daily blood glucose testing, and measuring HbA1c levels

in which category is galactose typically found

dairy

Insulin

decreases blood glucose

Risk of consuming sugars in a diet

dental caries

Suspected causes of hyperactivity

environmental factors and genetic factors

When people fast or eat a low carb diet they depend more on using _____ for energy

fat

ketone bodies result from the incomplete metabolism of

fat

when glycogen storage reaches maximum capacity, the liver will convert excess glucose into

fat

Dietary polysaccharide that is not digested and thus passes through the intestinal tract is

fiber

People who lost weight on a high carbohydrate diet are often consuming high amounts of

fiber

Difference between fiber and starch

fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can

Intestinal gas resulting from the consumption of dietary fiber is produced by

fiber metabolism by bacteria that live in the colon `

what is true about high fiber intake

fiber tends to be "filling" resulting in a low calorie intake

Lactose is composed of

galactose and glucose

Examples of monosaccharides

galactose, fructose, glucose

Diabetes is diagnosed when the body is unable to regulate blood levels of

glucose

Primary energy fuel for muscle and other cells is

glucose

The fetus of a mother with poorly controlled gestational diabetes will receive too much _______ from its mother

glucose

To meet their energy needs, a starving person will sacrifice their muscle tissue to produce the macronutrient

glucose

Sucrose is comprised of

glucose and fructose

Maltose is comprised of

glucose and glucose

Varying blood glucose response to different carbohydrate containing foods can be rated by the

glycemic index

the polysaccharide that breaks down in animal muscle soon after an animal dies is

glycogen

Which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing diabetes

having a sedentary lifestyle

Fructose is found naturally in

honey, fruit, and cabbage

to prevent metabolic syndrome one should

increase intake of fruits, vegetables and nuts

Glucagon

increases blood glucose

What type of fiber is associated with increasing fecal bulk and easing bowel movements

insoluble fiber

In type 1 diabetes the pancreatic cells no longer produce

insulin

What events occur in the large intestine

intestinal gas is produced, soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria, and very little dietary carb is excreted

Diets high in fiber can lower the risk for developing which of the following diseases

intestinal tract disorders, heart disease, stroke

When consumed, dietary fiber

is undigested and excretes as feces

During low carbohydrate consumption the body will begin producing

ketone bodies

Examples of disaccharides

lactose, maltose, sucrose

Small intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides include

maltase, sucrose, and lactase

Examples of sugar alcohols

mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol

natural sources of sucrose

maple syrup, and sugar beets

why can some lactose intolerant individuals consume hard cheese w/o experiencing any digestive tract problems

milk loses its lactose when processed to hard cheese

Eating excessive amounts of fiber may interfere with the intestinal absorption of certain

minerals

basic chemical unit of a carbohydrate is

monosaccharide

Molecules which can yield 4 kcalories per gram include

monosaccharides, disaccharides, table sugar

Salivary amylase initiates carb digestion in the

mouth

In humans glycogen is stored in

muscle and liver cells

What type of sweetner provides energy to the body

nutritive

what populations are more likely to have lactose intolerance

older adults, african, and asian

In a lactose intolerant person, dietary lactose is

passed into the colon and incompletely digested

Added sugar is sugar added to food during

processing and preperation

foods that satisfy hunger

protein and fiber

low glycemic index foods are

slowly absorbed and high in fiber

Type of fiber that can reduce blood cholesterol and glucose levels is what kind of fiber

soluble

Based on their carbohydrate content, seeds roots and tubers are considered what kind of food

starchy

Chemical name for table sugar is

sucrose

Types of carbohydrates include

sugars, fibers, and starches

polysaccharides can be used by a plant cell

to store energy and to make plant stems

By following a low GI/GL diet, you may be able to reduce your risk of

type 2 diabetes and heart disease

Eating too much digestible carbs contributes to

weight gain

Is milk a natural source of sucrose

yes

When added to your food, alternative sweeteners can contribute

zero calories and less calories than sugar