CH 6

smiling in order to elicit an adult response is an early example of ____________________________

Piaget's secondary circular reactions

A fussy infant receives more attempts from parents to soothe her than a less fussy infant. This is a possible example of a(n) __________ on temperament. a. bidirectional effect of genes and environment b. oppositional effect of genes and environment c. purely genetic influence d. purely environmental impact

a. bidirectional effect of genes and environment

The large NICHD Study of Early Child Care that was conducted in the 1990s and studied security and attachment among infants who were cared for outside the home found __________. a. no difference in security of attachment for the infants of mothers who worked compared with those whose mothers stayed at home b. that the child-care provider's level of sensitivity was the strongest determining factor in attachment c. that 20 hours or more per week of child care resulted in children who were much less likely to be securely attached to their mothers d. that time spent in non-maternal care was consistently associated with insecure attachment

a. no difference in security of attachment for the infants of mothers who worked compared with those whose mothers stayed at home

The following are ways that parents can make use of their child's increasing communication skills to help their toddler be more cooperative except __________. a. reminding the child to do as you say because you are the parent b. phrasing directions as questions and asking for agreement c. providing consistent routines d. giving the child a choice of two acceptable options

a. reminding the child to do as you say because you are the parent

According to Bowlby, anyone who regularly cares for an infant will come to be recognized as a __________, a safe place from which to explore and return for physical and emotional comfort. a. secure base b. source of oral gratification c. positive reinforcer d. source of contact comfort

a. secure base

The Still Face procedure is used to demonstrate __________. a. that infants expect their social partners to interact b. evidence of self-awareness c. examples of a self-conscious emotion d. social referencing

a. that infants expect their social partners to interact

The classic study conducted in two types of kibbutz facilities in Israel revealed __________ was related to the achievement of a secure attachment. a. that time spent together at night b. that time spent together during the day c. that the use of child-care during the day d. that the increased independence fostered by separation reduces stranger anxiety, and thus

a. that time spent together at night

what does the amygdala do

controls emotional responses, particularly fear & heart rate

Occasionally toddlers get into a conflict over a toy, at which point it is probably best for caregivers to find satisfactory toys for both children. Which type of play is least likely to result in this kind of conflict? a. mutual imitation b. solitary play c. simple social play d. parallel play

d. parallel play

3 different types of play in toddlers

solitary parallel simple social play

3 different temperamental types in children

easy difficult and slow to warm up children

which two psychiatrists studied temperament

thomas and chess

what 4 distinct emotional display patterns are observed between 4-6 months

(SOAP) social engagement object engagement active protest passive withdrawal

effortful control attention/persistence vs inhibitory control

(attention) attention focus and control; constant persistence (inhibitory control) listening to rules, planning and detecting errors

negative emotionality behavioral vs anger

(behavioral inhibition) inhibition of behavior with novel people and situation (anger) aggressive or irritable behavior when frustrated

attachment behavioral system

(bowlby) a system of behaviors of infants and caregivers that ensures proximity to the caregiver

positive emotionality high vs low intensity vs activity level

(high) pleasure/excitment in social play/interaction , hyped up (low) happy but in a toned down mode (activity) briskiness, motor movement

seperation anxiety

a distress reactions to separation from primary caregivers

Hayley had an insecure attachment to her mother at 12 months, but her mother became more competent at parenting between 12 and 24 months and showed a higher degree of sensitivity and responsiveness. Based on the longitudinal study of Belsky and Fearon (2002), we would expect that __________. a. Hayley's attachment security and social competence would increase with time b. Hayley would be likely to show higher cognitive ability but not social competence c. Hayley would remain insecurely attached as she had moved beyond the sensitive period of the first 12 months d. Hayley would be more likely to become insecurely attached because of her mother's inconsistent behavior

a. Hayley's attachment security and social competence would increase with time

__________ refers to the way that adults in societies gradually communicate the rules of the family and society. a. Socialization b. Social referencing c. Sensitive-responsive caregiving d. Secure attachment

a. Socialization

Each of the following is an emotional display pattern that develops between 4 and 6 months except __________. a. active withdrawal b. active protest c. social engagement d. object engagement

a. active withdrawal

Because of substantial research into ASD, it is now viewed as a disorder caused by __________ that lead(s) to deviations in brain development occurring in the first 2 years after birth. a. diverse but not fully understood biological factors b. vaccines c. a single genetic anomaly d. environmental toxins, such as pesticides

a. diverse but not fully understood biological factors

Between birth and 12 months, infants need help with __________, but during the second year, toddlers develop more strategies due to increasing cognitive skills as well as encouragement from adults. a. emotion regulation b. empathy c. social smiling d. social referencing

a. emotion regulation

A toddler shows a sad look and pats her mother on the arm after she witnesses her mother hurt her finger. This reflects the self-conscious emotion __________. a. empathy b. fear c. guilt d. shame

a. empathy

According to Bowlby, the driving evolutionary purpose behind the attachment system is to __________. a. ensure proximity between infant and caregiver b. ensure that the infant receives food and oral gratification c. develop a basic sense of trust as quickly as possible d. ensure that ''contact comfort'' is provided

a. ensure proximity between infant and caregiver

Each of the following is an emotion regulation strategy developing between 12 and 24 months except __________. a. distracting oneself from a fearful situation b. asking an adult to tell a bedtime story c. comforting oneself with a favorite object d. communicating an emotion to an adult

b. asking an adult to tell a bedtime story

A shy child meeting a new relative can benefit from her parents remaining in the room with her and the relative allowing the child to take her time in making social overtures. This is an example of __________. a. genetically based temperament b. goodness of fit c. a difficult child d. an easy child

b. goodness of fit

Longitudinal testing of inhibited and uninhibited children in the period from infancy to adolescence revealed differences indicative of higher physiological arousal in the inhibited children, including all of the following except __________. a. higher right-frontal lobe activity b. higher left-frontal lobe activity c. dilated pupils d. higher heart rates

b. higher left-frontal lobe activity

Improved understanding and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are occurring because researchers have identified specific aspects of social behavior or social understanding that are missing or delayed in children with autism. Examples of these missing or delayed behaviors or understanding include each of the following except __________. a. social imitation b. playing with objects c. joint attention d. attention to social as opposed to nonsocial stimuli

b. playing with objects

Juan, age 2, is playing with blocks. His father tells him that it is time to put the blocks away and eat his lunch. Based on the findings of researchers studying socialization, what is Juan most likely to do? a. have a ''terrible-twos'' tantrum b. put the blocks away and have lunch c. ignore his father and keep playing with the blocks d. throw a block at his father and return to playing

b. put the blocks away and have lunch

In a classic series of studies that illustrate goodness of fit in action, Dutch researchers provided sensitivity and responsiveness training for some mothers of irritable infants, which resulted in greater levels of __________ among the children. a. effortful control b. secure attachment c. aggression toward peers d. activity

b. secure attachment

minor neuron system

brain of an individual generates a low level motor response simply by observing another individual perform an action

Which of the following is a key behavior that securely attached infants tend to show in Ainsworth's Strange Situation? a. The infant clings to his mother and does not explore the room. b. The infant appears dazed and confused, approaching the mother, but then freezing. c. The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration. d. The infant shows little distress when the mother leaves and avoids her when she comes back.

c. The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration.

Kagan and colleagues obtained evidence that a common characteristic of adults with a history of behavioral inhibition in childhood is __________. a. shyness persisting into adulthood b. insecure attachment to parents in adulthood c. an over-reactive amygdala d. a lack of effortful control

c. an over-reactive amygdala

All of the following are aspects of the temperamental dimension positive emotionality except __________. a. activity level b. low-intensity pleasure c. behavioral inhibition d. high-intensity pleasure

c. behavioral inhibition

Studies of environmental stressors in families' lives reveal that attachment classification __________. a. is less secure when the parents demonstrate low marital conflict b. is not as closely related to environmental stressors as to the infant's innate temperament c. can become more or less secure as the amount of stress in families' lives changes d. results almost entirely from parental behavior in the home

c. can become more or less secure as the amount of stress in families' lives changes

The last major category of temperament to emerge in development, __________, is not seen until age 2 to 3 years, when children have greater emotional regulation and communication skills. a. behavioral inhibition b. negative emotionality c. effortful control d. positive emotionality

c. effortful control

It is adaptive, in an evolutionary sense, for infants to recognize fearful expressions from adults shortly after they learn to crawl (around 6 to 9 months) because __________. a. fearful expressions are used to punish children and teach them right from wrong b. fearful expressions in adults are the first emotional expressions infants learn c. it enables infants to receive warnings about dangerous situations d. infants would regularly fall off cliffs if adults did not constantly watch over them

c. it enables infants to receive warnings about dangerous situations

Each of the following is a potential predictor of disorganized attachment at 12 months except __________. a. the infant's temperament b. parental neglect or abuse c. parenting that is sometimes sensitive/responsive and sometimes not d. having been raised in an institution

c. parenting that is sometimes sensitive/responsive and sometimes not

Researchers interested in learning whether the changes in infants' understanding of their own and others' communication and social goals at the end of the first year are universal studied infants and young children ages 9 months to 3 years in rural areas in Canada, Peru, and India. These researchers noted that the 9- to 12-month-old infants and the children ages to 3 years in all three cultures engaged in the following behaviors at similar ages, except a. imitation b. communicative pointing c. pretend play d. gaze following

c. pretend play

Maya, 22 months, and Ryan, 21 months, are playing together in the toddler room at their child care facility. The teacher notices that they are chatting together, trading toys, and smiling. This is an example of __________. a. solitary play b. empathy c. simple social play d. parallel play

c. simple social play

According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, expectations about the reliability, consistency, warmth, and effectiveness of the caregiver's responses form an integrated "concept" termed ____________________________. a. organized attachment b. the secure base phenomenon c. the internal working model d. sensitive-responsive caregiving

c. the internal working model

All of the following are considered reliable signs of self-awareness in an infant between 18 and 24 months except __________. a. showing embarrassment when praised by adults b. the use of personal pronouns such as me or you c. trying to touch the "baby" in the mirror with a spot of rouge on its nose d. wanting to do certain tasks by oneself

c. trying to touch the "baby" in the mirror with a spot of rouge on its nose

still face procedure

caregiver interacts in a normal manner and then ceases to respond for a short period of time infants are distressed and try to reengage the parent

sensitive-responsive caregiving

caregiving that is sensitive to the infant's signals and responsive to the infant's needs and social overtures

solitary play

children play by themselves

parallel play

children play close together but dont interact or communicate

simple social play

children play with others

self-conscious emotions

concept of how the current state related to the status of the self in relation to a desired goal or outcome

Security of attachment at about 12 months is correlated with each of the following except __________. a. social competence with peers in early childhood b. lower levels of aggression c. the frequency of externalizing and internalizing problems in childhood d. academic achievement only through preschool and the early elementary grades

d. academic achievement only through preschool and the early elementary grades

Infants' expressions of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety reflect cognitive advances including __________. a. the ability to recognize their mother's face for the first time at 6 to 9 months b. the ability to display negative emotions c. the ability to walk more effectively d. advances in memory allowing them to compare past and present situations/people and find the present situation or person unacceptable

d. advances in memory allowing them to compare past and present situations/people and find the present situation or person unacceptable

Temperamental ratings are stable, meaning that they correlate moderately well with later ratings __________. a. over the period from infancy to early childhood b. over the period from infancy to early childhood, but only for anger and aggression c. for boys and not for girls d. beginning about age 3

d. beginning about age 3

According to Bowlby, the driving evolutionary purpose behind the attachment system is to __________. a. ensure proximity between infant and caregiver b. ensure that the infant receives food and oral gratification c. develop a basic sense of trust as quickly as possible d. ensure that ''contact comfort'' is provided

d. ensure that ''contact comfort'' is provided

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to show the following behaviors except __________. a. atypical communication skills b. repetitive behavior c. restricted interests d. normal social development through age two, followed by deviations

d. normal social development through age two, followed by deviations

Cross-cultural studies have revealed that one aspect of attachment that is consistent across cultures is __________. a. that there is no consistency b. the quality of non-maternal care c. use of multiple attachment figures d. reliance on the caregiver as a secure base

d. reliance on the caregiver as a secure base

According to Ainsworth's studies and many follow-up studies, the main characteristic(s) of mothers and fathers associated with the development of a secure attachment is/are __________. a. contact comfort and physical closeness b. intermittent responsiveness—sometimes attending to the baby's needs, while other times letting the baby self-soothe c. a constant high level of activity with the baby d. sensitivity and responsiveness

d. sensitivity and responsiveness

Much work on temperament has been done since the pioneering studies of Thomas and Chess. Today, developmental scientists generally speak in terms of traits rather than types of children. All of the following terms are used by contemporary developmental scientists to discuss temperament except __________. a. positive emotionality b. effortful control c. negative emotionality d. slow to warm up

d. slow to warm up

Ten-month-old Carrie is startled by the loud noise made by a new toy. She starts to cry and looks at her mother. When her mother laughs at the toy, Carrie laughs, too. She continues to play with the toy without fear. Carrie's response to her mother is an example of __________. a. stranger anxiety b. separation anxiety c. joint attention d. social referencing

d. social referencing

The advent of __________ initiates true social coordination in which parent and infant exchange looks and facial expressions. a. newborn imitation b. clear facial expressions of emotion c. active protest d. the social smile

d. the social smile

temperament

differences among infants in emotions, activity, and attention

one self conscious emotion that emerges at about 18-24 months is :

empathy

insecure-avoidant attachment

infant does not use the caregiver as a secure base, does not seek contact with the caregiver, does not show separation anxiety, and ignores or avoids the caregiver upon reunion

insecure-ambivalent attachment

infant seeks proximity with the caregiver shows high seperation anxiety and is not soothed by the caregiver upon return

insecure-disorganized

infant seems confused by separation and reunion episodes and shows contradictory behavior in the strange situation

secure attachment

infant uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration, seeks contact with the caregiver, shows separation anxiety, displays positive reactions upon reunion

why do infants begin to pay attention to fearful face sat this age

infants begin to venture away from the caregiver and possibly head into danger

secure base

infants use of the primary caregiver as a base for exploration as well as a source of physical and emotional comfort

social referencing

infants use of their caregivers emotional displays to regulate their own behavior

passive withdrawal

irritable vocalizations sad facial expressions, and indicators of stress such as spitting up or hiccuping

what factors lead to the development of self recognition

maturation of the brain & cognitive development & sociocultural influences

what can be used to demonstrate self awareness in infants

mirror self recognition test (rouge test)

mirror neuron system

neural circuit that generates similar levels and types of brain activity either when the individual performs an action or observes someone else

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

neurodevelopmental disorder involving impairments in social communication and a restrictive range of interests and activities

what is mirror self recognition test

researchers dab a spot on infants face and sees whether or not they notice that the spot is on their face through the mirror

at about 6 to 8 weeks infants begin to ____________ as a specific response to other people (otherwise known as _____ ______)

smile; social smile

2 phases in the first 6 months

social coordination & basic emotional communication

(SOAP)??

social engagement object engagement active protest passive withdrawal

Ainsworth and Wittig invented:

strange situation

empathy

the ability to feel an emotion similar to one another person is feeling

emotion regulation

the ability to moderate one's emotional arousal depending on the situation

attachment relationship

the close relationship that forms between infants and their caregivers

internal working model

the set of expectations a child has about the availability, consistency, sensitivity, and responsivity of the attachment figure

developmental psychopathology

the study of atypical physical, cognitive, social and emotional development

why were children in village environments delayed by several months in mirror self recognition

they prioritized social relationship sin their conversations and behavior with the children

how were middle class environments affect children?

they prioritized the toddlers individuality and personal achievements

3 coordinated emotional and attentional responses at 9-12 months

use of pointing and gesturing joint attention social referencing

socialization

when parents and other adults teach children what behaviors are appropriate or inappropriate in their family and culture

object engagement

gazing/ mouthing objects, general scanning of environment facial expression of interest

prior to 9 months, infants can understand the _______ of other directed at them

goals

self conscious emotions

how the current state relates to the status of the self in relation to a desired goal or outcome

externalizing vs. internalizing problems

Outside of you vs inside of you e: actions toward the external environment such as being aggressive towards others, disobeying rules, damaging property i: excessive levels of anxiety, withdrawal, or depression

4 types of attchment

Secure insecure-avoidant insecure-ambivalent insecure-disorganized

social smile

a smile that occurs in response to seeing a human face

strange situation

a structured observation used to clarify the nature of the attachment relationship between infant and caregiver

active protest

angry facial expressions, scanning behavior, attempts to escape, irritable vocalizations, and indicators of stress

a revolution in social interactions occurs when children:

become aware that they exist as a separate individual

stranger anxiety

distress of strangers

social engagement

facial expression positive vocalizations, and gazing at caregiver

goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

3 emotional states in the first month

(CID) contentment interest distress

why do infants get anxiety about unfamiliar people?

1. improvements in memory allow infants to retrieve familiar faces from memory and compare them to the face of a stranger 2. infants goals and expectations for social interaction 3. infants perceptual skills advance at this time 4. culture plays a role

at what age can infants recognize fear reactions?

6 months

between _______ and ___ months infants begin to understand that their own and others ________ may be _________

9-12; goals; coordinated