Chapter 7-10
The definition of _____ is a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope.
Stress
Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections? .
Stress hormones suppress the activity of the immune system.
How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?
Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.
Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?
The immune system is weakened.
Dr. Mitchell is a brilliant lecturer who strongly prefers reading to the company of others. Despite being an introvert, she is VERY outgoing while she lectures. She is so outgoing during lecturing that her students commit the _______ in labeling her an extrovert.
fundamental attribution error
________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
group polarization
Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to decide that Freire did poorly because
he is unmotivated to do well in school.
Because of testicular cancer, 35-year-old Joshua had to have his testicles removed. Research suggests that:
he may experience decreased interest in sexual activity.
Desmond is sexually attracted only to members of his own sex. By definition Desmond is a:
homosexual.
Lacking a sense of control over stressful events can result in a(n):
increase in corticosteroid and catecholamine levels.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
increases respiration and decreases salivation.
Sometimes, we change our attitudes or behaviors to match those of other people because we want to be liked. This is called ________ conformity.
informational
Lincoln thought he smelled smoke for a second. He looked at others in the classroom and at the teacher. No one seemed concerned, so Lincoln continued taking his test along with his other classmates. This is MOST likely an example of _____.
informational social influence
On hearing you describe Milgram's results, your friend remarks that the participants must have been really weak-willed. This explanation of the participants' behavior reflects a _________ attribution for the behavior of the participants.
person
Addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those with
personal control.
We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.
personality traits; situational constraints
Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
physiological
Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.
posttraumatic stress disorder
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _________ emotional experiences.
precede
Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?
problem focused
Derek has had an orgasm and is unable to have another one just yet. His wife, Emma, however, has not had an orgasm yet. Her heart rate and blood pressure are rising, but at a slowing rate. In addition, the muscles in her vagina are tightening. With respect to the human sexual response cycle, Derek is in the __________, while Emma is in the ________.
refractory period; plateau stage
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
In response to stress, the adrenal gland releases
stress hormones.
A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.
stressor
During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she'd soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit college. Their different reactions to the same stressful event emphasizes the importance of:
their respective cognitive appraisals of the event.
Which neural pathway carries crude information about a threatening stimulus and activates a rapid instinctual alarm response?
the thalamus→amygdala pathway
Transgender hormone therapy is ________.
the use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex
Jun is from China, and she observes a man push another lady to the side. Given her upbringing in a collectivistic culture, how would Jun interpret the man's behavior?
The man is late for work
Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.
ageist
When Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope, he is surprised to find a pink slip noting that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?
alarm reaction
Which of the following is NOT a "basic" emotion?
amusement
Adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation is called:
conformity.
When Justine made an oral presentation in class, Meagan joined her classmates in applauding at the end, even though she did not think the presentation was very clear or well organized. Meagan's behavior in this example illustrates:
conformity.
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?
"I'm glad that we are again in agreement about this decision"
f you are exhibiting the self-serving bias, which would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test?
"The professor doesn't know how to teach."
As he began his internship in a hospital emergency room, George felt very anxious. Throughout the internship he experienced intense and prolonged stress, did not eat well, and did not get enough sleep. When he successfully completed his internship, he felt completely worn out and got very sick with the flu. George is probably experiencing the:
"exhaustion" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once when they knew their answer to be false?
76%
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
When we want to be correct but are uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information. This is referred to as:
Informational social influence
Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the
James-Lange theory
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.
NOT ********* moderately elevated rates of lung cancer
Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.
NOT distress; eustress
Which of the following factors in Milgram's experiment would DECREASE obedience?
NOT he educational setting and lab coats worn by experimenters
In a replication of _____ classic experiment investigating _____, Manjit joined a group of six other people whose task it was to state which of three comparison lines matched the standard line in length.
Solomon Asch's; conformity
Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality.
Type B
According to Schachter and Singer, our emotions are based on:
a physiological response and cognitive evaluation
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval
Mrs. Pedersen lives in a nursing home that allows its residents to make choices about their daily activities and encourages them to make decisions that affect their lives. Compared to her friend Mrs. Ghormley, who lives in a nursing home where staff members make all these types of decisions, Mrs. Pedersen is likely to:
be more active, alert, sociable, and healthier.
A therapist advises his depressed client to make himself smile for at least a few seconds every hour. This therapist may _____.
believe in the facial-feedback hypothesis regarding emotions
Early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe:
believed that any change that required a person to adjust his or her behavior or lifestyle would cause stress.
Before Mark had even heard the details of how Allison's car accident had happened, he commented, "Allison is so absentminded, I'm sure it happened because she was probably talking on her cell phone and not paying attention." Mark's response illustrates an attributional pattern called:
blaming the victim.
Kidnapped at knifepoint from her bedroom in the middle of the night, 14-year-old Elizabeth Smart was held captive for over nine months by a drifter and his female companion. When police finally found her and the details of her captivity were widely publicized, some observers publicly questioned why the girl never tried to escape or get the attention of the police. Such responses illustrate an attributional pattern called:
blaming the victim.
Minor everyday stressors such as taking an exam:
can temporarily alter immune system functioning
Extrinsic rewards tend to decrease enjoyment of an activity because they _____.
change our explanation for engaging in an activity
On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be MOST likely to lead to improved performance?
counting backward from 10 to 1
Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
depersonalization
Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify? Selected Answer:
depersonalization
Ehab is a high school science teacher. He recently received a Teacher of the Year award for his district, but he believes he only received it because no one else bothered to apply for it. He is a popular teacher, but he is convinced the students only pretend to like him so they will get better grades. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
diminished personal accomplishment
Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.
fight-or-flight
Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?
emotion focused
A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
emotion; mood
During Nick's first trip abroad he was surprised to find that people in other cultures ate such foods as snails, squid, insects, lizards, earthworms, seaweed, and rotten-looking cheeses. "One day they will become civilized like us and eat normal foods like Krispy Kreme donuts, pizza, hot dogs, and hamburgers and cheese fries," he wrote to his parents. Nick's beliefs about other cultures illustrate a form of in-group bias called:
ethnocentrism.
At which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome are individuals the most likely to show negative consequences of stress?
exhaustion
As he began his internship in a hospital emergency room, George felt very anxious. Throughout the internship he experienced intense and prolonged stress, did not eat well, and did not get enough sleep. When he successfully completed his internship, he felt completely worn out and got very sick with the flu. George is probably experiencing the:
exhaustion" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
Which stage of the General Adaptation model is correctly matched with an example?
exhaustion—coming down with a bad cold the day after you hand in a big paper.
At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the difference between S
explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes.
Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.
extrinsic
People view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling. Selected Answer: collective
informational*****
Milgram's participants were told that the study concerned:
learning
Holmes and Rahe are noted for their development of a scale measuring:
life stressors
An African American person is given a job because he or she is the best-suited person for the job. This is an example of _______.
neither prejudice nor discrimination
Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.
normative
After the first week at his new school, Gratias had his hair cut the way others were wearing theirs and started tucking in his shirt the way other boys on campus did in order to fit in. This is an example of _____.
normative social influence
Nadine is a casual dresser who loves wearing jeans and hates worrying about clothes. However, when she went for a job interview she decided to wear a good tailored suit. Nadine's behavior best illustrates the importance of:
normative social influence
According to the facial-feedback hypothesis,
our facial expressions may determine our emotional experience.
Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
sexist
Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates
social facilitation.
Students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
social loafing.
Karmine has reviewed all the relevant literature concerning biological factors and homosexuality. She is likely to conclude that:
some biological factors are correlated with homosexual orientation.
Sixty-five-year-old Bernice is taking courses at the university with the intention of completing a bachelor's degree. Some members of her family think she is not likely to succeed because she is much too old to learn new information. These family members are demonstrating:
stereotyped thinking
Mrs. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mrs. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:
stereotyped thinking.
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
stereotypes.
As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
When Jana took her first driving lesson, she experienced a number of physiological reactions, such as a racing heart, sweaty palms, and tension in her muscles. These physiological reactions involved the activation of her _____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Compared to individualistic cultures, this is less commonly seen in collectivistic cultures.
the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
Carol is restless during class because her professor's pained facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is upset because he sees Carol's restlessness as a sign of boredom. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of
the fundamental attribution error.
The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called:
the fundamental attribution error.
In the psychology of health and stress, Hans Selye is associated with the study of:
the general adaptation syndrome
If we do well on a test, we say, "I got an A!" If we do poorly, we say, "She gave me an F." This best illustrates:
the self-serving attributions
When Ainslie did poorly on the physics midterm exam, she blamed her low score on the unfair exam and the lousy professor. But when the final grades in the course were curved and she received an A-, she concluded that she had a real talent and mental capacity for logical scientific thinking. This example illustrates:
the self-serving bias.
Gender identity refers to
the sense of being male or female.
Which of the following is an example of eustress?
training for a marathon
If you were a subject in Milgram's original obedience experiment, it is very likely that:
you would play the role of the teacher and get to "shock" the learner.