CH 6 ADV LEC
Which describes the bacterial causative agents of cholera, botulism, and diphtheria? All are gram-negative bacteria. All are intracellular pathogens. All have undergone lysogenic convergence.
All have undergone lysogenic convergence.
What type of molecule is Azidothymidine (AZT)? Altered nucleotide Altered lipid Altered carbohydrate Altered amino acid
Altered nucleotide
Which of the following is not effective treatment for viral infections? Vaccines Anti-serum (administration of specific antibodies) Antibiotics
Antibiotics
Why do antiviral drugs often have side effects in host cells? Antiviral drugs often increase viral replication within host cells Antiviral drugs often stimulate the host immune response to kill virally infected host cells Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions
Antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting host cell functions
Which antiviral drug targets the HIV synthesis stage? Integrase inhibitor Protease inhibitor Azidothymidine (AZT)
Azidothymidine (AZT)
What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria? Archaea Viroid Plasmid Prion Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage
_______ is the persistence of bacteriophage DNA within a host chromosome.
Blank 1: Lysogeny, Latency, or Prophage
________ cell culture is the type of tissue culture used when freshly isolated animal tissue is placed in a growth medium.
Blank 1: Primary
_______ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composed only of protein.
Blank 1: Prion or Prions
The _______ agent is a naked strand of RNA that is only expressed in the presence of hepatitis B virus. Listen to the complete question
Blank 1: delta
Bacteria that are lysogenized with phage may produce ________ that are harmful to the host.
Blank 1: toxins or enzymes
Prions affect the normal proteins in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells in which of the following ways? Causing abnormal folding Causing transformation Breaking covalent bonds
Causing abnormal folding
Which is the typical route of infection for mad cow disease? Insect borne: mosquito Insect borne: tick Consumption of contaminated food Bite from an infected animal Insect borne: fly
Consumption of contaminated food
Which prion-associated spongiform encephalopathy is marked by dementia, impaired senses, and uncontrolled muscle contractions? Poliomyelitis Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Hepatitis B HIV Lyme disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Which of the following are components of T-even phages? Multiple select question.(3) Positive-strand RNA DNA Tail pins and fibers Helical capsid head Icosahedral capsid head
DNA Tail pins and fibers Icosahedral capsid head
Identify 3 signs of viral growth in inoculated eggs. Defects in embryonic development Darkening of the shell Death of the embryo Pocks in the membrane Formation of plaques
Defects in embryonic development Death of the embryo Pocks in the membrane
Which is the main test done to diagnose an HIV infection? Polymerase chain reaction Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood Look at sample with an electron microscope Immunofluorescence
Detection of specific antibodies in a patient's blood
Which of these terms does not belong in this group? Embryonic culture Tissue culture Cell culture
Embryonic culture
T-even and lambda phages have been studied extensively using which of the following bacteria? Proteus vulgaris Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli
Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing "in glass" or outside of a living organism? In situ In vitro In vivo
In vitro
Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following? In vivo In vitro
In vivo
Lysogeny is best described as which of the following? Replication of virions Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome Fragmentation of the host chromosome Lysis of the host cell
Integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome
Which is a naturally produced antiviral protein in humans? Interferon Penicillin Lysozyme
Interferon
Which describes the number of vaccines available against viral infections? Limited number of vaccines Most viral diseases have an effective vaccine
Limited number of vaccines
During the lytic cycle of bacteriophages, the ultimate destiny of a phage-infected bacterial cell is which of the following? Mitosis Fusion Budding Lysis
Lysis
When a bacterium acquires a new trait from a temperate phage, which of the following has occurred? Lysogenic conversion Temperate conversion Induction Lytic conversion
Lysogenic conversion
Which of the following is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease? Transmission from the handling of autopsy tissues Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages Presence of prions in nervous tissues
Lysogenic conversion due to bacteriophages
What is the common name for bovine spongiform encephalopathy? Swine flu Mad cow disease Eastern equine encephalitis Bird flu
Mad cow disease
Which of the following are not found in viroids? Multiple select question.(4) Mitochondrion Envelope Nucleic acid Metabolic pathways Capsid
Mitochondrion Envelope Metabolic pathways Capsid
Bacteriophages infect which of the following? Only bacteria cells Both bacterial and humans cells Only human cells
Only bacteria cells
Which of the following tests can detect and amplify minute amounts of viral nucleic acid in a sample? Immunofluorescence Negative staining PCR Gram stain
PCR
Which of the following describes a "clear" area where a phage-infected cell lysed and infected all of the other cells and lysed them? Pock Syncytium Plaque
Plaque
Freshly isolated animal tissue in a growth medium is called which of the following? Secondary cell culture Latency Primary cell culture
Primary cell culture
Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently incorporated into the bacterial host genome? Lysogenic Temperate Persistent infection Prophage Bacteriophage
Prophage
Which antiviral drug targets HIV virion assembly? Integrase inhibitor Protease inhibitor Azidothymidine (AZT)
Protease inhibitor
Prions are composed of what molecule? Nucleic Acid Neither protein nor nucleic acid Protein
Protein
Which of the following best describes a prion? Proteinaceous-infectious agent Obligate aerobe Obligate intracellular parasite RNA-based infectious agent
Proteinaceous-infectious agent
What is a problem with viral propagation in embryonic bird eggs? Feeding the bird tissues The shell Seldom visible signs of CPE Not a sterile environment
Seldom visible signs of CPE
Which describes most viral infections? Self-limiting Chronic for life Lethal
Self-limiting
What is the purpose of vaccines? Kill viruses that infect a host Stimulate host immune system Prevent viruses from entering host cells
Stimulate host immune system
A(n) _______ phage is a bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage.
Temperate
Which is not a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? The egg is self-supporting. The egg contains a tissue monolayer. The interior environment of the egg is sterile.
The egg contains a tissue monolayer.
Protease inhibitors have which effect on HIV? They prevent release. They prevent DNA integration. They prevent RNA to DNA conversion. They prevent virus assembly.
They prevent virus assembly.
Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation? Animals Tissue culture Bird eggs
Tissue culture
Identify 3 purposes of viral cultivation. To extract antibiotics To prepare vaccines To study effects on host cells To determine appropriate agar for growth To identify viruses in clinical specimens
To prepare vaccines To study effects on host cells To identify viruses in clinical specimens
It is possible for a lysogenized bacteria to produce which of the following that are harmful to people? Viruses Antibodies Toxins
Toxins
Genes for toxin production and drug resistance can be transferred by bacteriophages between bacteria during which process? Binary fission Mitosis Transduction Conjugation
Transduction
True or false: It is common for some antiviral drugs to have negative side effects in people because the drugs target host cell metabolic functions.
True
True or false: It is possible for a bacterial cell infected with a temperate phage to replicate before induction occurs.
True
True or false: Most viral infections do not result in death of the host organism.
True
True or false: Prions are resistant to high temperatures.
True
True or false: Virus cultivation is an important skill because viral stocks are needed for vaccines.
True
Which bird eggs are the most common choices for viral propagation? Multiple select question.(3) Hawk Turkey Duck Geese Chicken
Turkey Duck Chicken
Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915? Watson and Crick Koch Lister Pasteur Twort and d'Herelle
Twort and d'Herelle
Which of the following is composed of only RNA? Bacterium Virus Prion Viroid
Viroid
Which of the following enables some viruses to propagate better in a particular animal compared to others? Animal age Virus-specific animal receptors Animal diet Animal behavior Animal immunocompetence
Virus-specific animal receptors
Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live animal inoculation with viruses? White mice Rats Dogs Cats Hamsters
White mice Rats Hamsters
AAV can only replicate in cells infected with _______.
adenovirus
It is well known that have ______ no effect on treating viral infections.
antibiotics
Identify all the types of nucleic acid genomes which have been discovered carried by various bacteriophages. Multiple select question.(3) Both ss and ds RNA in a single phage Both ss and ds DNA in a single phage dsDNA ssDNA ssRNA Both RNA and DNA in a single phage
dsDNA ssDNA ssRNA
What term is used to define the process of a prophage being activated and entering into the lytic cycle? Induction Lysis Adsorption Lysogeny
induction
_________ are natural antiviral proteins produced in humans that have shown some potential for prevention of viral infection and cancer treatment.
interferons
Bacterial host cells undergo _______ due to the splitting open and release of bacteriophages.
lysis
The growth of viruses in cell culture is detected by the observation of ________, clear areas representing lysis of infected cells.
plaques
Phages can serve as transporters of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another in a a process called ___________.
transduction
