Ch. 6 The Human Population Part 2 (Sections 6.3 & 6.4)

Although steps have been taken to reduce human population growth and TFRs overall are just below replacement levels,

the global population is still growing fast enough to add 2-3 billion more people during this century

How will newer technologies affect less developed countries?

Some believe that less developed countries will transition over the next few decades due to newer technologies that help develop economically and reduce poverty

Demographic transition

States that as countries become industrialized and economically developed, their per capita incomes rise, poverty declines, and their populations tend to grow more slowly

What does family planning do?

Varies from culture to culture, but most provide information on birth spacing, birth control, and healthcare for pregnant women and infants

What does family planning reduce?

The number of unintended pregnacies, births, and abortions

Age Structure (of a population)

The numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups in that population

Demographic momentum

The tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline due to a young age distribution

How will tax be affected as the number of working adults declines in proportion to the number of seniors?

There may be political pressure to increase tax revenues to help support the growing senior population.

The "Graying of America"

In 2011 the first baby boomers began turning 65. The number of Americans older than age 65 has grown at the rate of ~10,000 and will continue though 2030

Demographic transition takes place in four stages

1. Preindustrial 2. Transitional 3. Industrial 4. Postindustrial

Americans born between ____-____ overtook baby boomers to become the largest generation living in the U.S.

1980-2005

Only about ___ of the world's girls are enrolled in secondary education

30%

The American Baby Boom

Between 1946-1964, 79 million people were added to the U.S. This is ~25% of the U.S. population

In most societies women have fewer rights and educational and economic opportunities than men.

-Do almost all of the domestic work and child care for little or no pay -Provide more unpaid healthcare (within their families) than do all of the world's organized health care services combined

Studies show women tend to have fewer children if:

-They are educated -They can control their own fertility -Earn an income of their own -Live in societies that don't suppress their rights

What do American baby boomers impact?

-U.S. economy -Deciding who is elected to public office -What laws are passed or weakened

There are three major problems hindering family planning:

1. According to the UN Population Fund and the Guttmacher Institute, about 40% of all pregnancies in less developed countries were unplanned and about half of these pregnancies end with abortion 2. An estimated 225 million women, primarily in 69 of the world's poorest countries, lack access to family planning services 3. Largely because of cultural traditions, male domination, and poverty, one in every three girls in less developed countries is married before age 18 and one in nine in married before age 14

3 Ways of Slowing Human Population Growth

1. Economic development 2. Educating and empowering women 3. Family planning

Women are >__ of the world's poor and __ of the world's 800 million illiterate adults

50%, 66%

The UN estimates by 2050, the global number of people ___ will equal or exceed the number of people under the age of __

60+, 15

A country with a large percentage of people younger than 15 will experience rapid population growth unless death rates rise sharply. Why is this an issue?

An aging population plus a lower fertility rate results in fewer working-age adults having to support a large number of seniors.

Aging populations in Japan decline rapidly

By 2050 Japan's population is projected to drop from 127 to 97 million; a 24% decline

Family planning affects on population size

Had TFRs not dropped in the 1970s, the world's population today would be about 8.5 billion instead of 7.6 billion -Played an important role in countries that have stabilized their populations

Age structure (and TFR) is an important factor in determining whether a population of a country. . .

Increases or decreases

How can rapid population growth, extreme poverty, war, increasing environmental deflation, and resource depletion affect some developing countries?

It could leave some countries with high population growth rates (2.5 to 3%) stuck in stage 2 of the demographic transition Ex: Afghanistan, Iraq, Guatemala, Pakistan, Yemen, Nigeria and a number of African countries

The global population of seniors (65+ years old) is projected to triple between 2015 and 2050.

One of every six people will become a senior

Population age-structure diagram

Percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in each of three age categories

Percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in each of the three categories

Pre-Reproductive (ages 0-14): Normally consists of those too young to have children Reproductive (ages 15-44): Consists of those normally able to have children Post reporductive (ages 45 and older): Normally too old to have children

Family planning

Programs that provide education and clinical services to help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them

Family planning financial benefits

Studies show that each dollar spent on family planning in countries such as Thailand, Egypt, and Bangladesh saves $10 to $16 in health, education, and social service costs by preventing unwanted births

Poor women who cannot read often have ~_ to _ children.

~5 to 7